101-690: Frunze may refer to: Places [ edit ] The former name of Bishkek , the capital of Kyrgyzstan Frunze, Osh , a village in Nookat District, Osh Region, Kyrgyzstan Frunze, Chuy , a village in Sokuluk District , Chuy Region, Kyrgyzstan Frunze, Russia , several rural localities in Russia Frunze, Tajikistan , a town in Sughd Province, Tajikistan Frunze, former name of Hacırüstəmli ,
202-480: A unitary parliamentary republic ; however, it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Throughout its existence, the country has continued to endure ethnic conflicts, revolts, economic troubles, transitional governments and political conflict. Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States ,
303-483: A 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 13th globally out of 172 countries. The climate varies regionally. The low-lying Fergana Valley in the southwest is subtropical and extremely hot in summer , with temperatures reaching 40 °C (104 °F). The northern foothills are temperate and the Tian Shan varies from dry continental to polar climate , depending on elevation. In
404-490: A Mediterranean-influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dsa ), as the average mean temperature in the winter is below 0 °C (32.0 °F). Average precipitation is around 440 millimetres (17 in) per year. Average daily high temperatures range from 3 °C (37.4 °F) in January to about 31 °C (87.8 °F) during July. The summer months are dominated by dry periods, punctuated by
505-448: A coalition, and a new government was established under President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and Prime Minister Felix Kulov . The nation's capital was looted during the protests. Political stability appeared elusive, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to organized crime jockeyed for power. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 were assassinated, and another member
606-541: A critical concern due to its proximity to the Issyk-Ata fault line. Compounded by the inadequately seismic-proof architecture of most of these buildings, this situation poses a serious threat to the safety of residents and has sparked criticism. Limited land availability propels private developers to encroach into socialist-era residential zones, resulting in the loss of green spaces and vital social infrastructure, including sports fields and playgrounds. Those unable to afford
707-573: A decree of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and replaced by businessman and former first deputy prime minister Daniar Usenov . In July 2008 former head of the Kyrgyz Railways Nariman Tuleyev was appointed mayor, who was dismissed by the interim government after 7 April 2010. From April 2010 to February 2011 Isa Omurkulov, also a former head of the Kyrgyz Railways, was an interim mayor, and from 4 February 2011 to 14 December 2013 he
808-460: A doubling of prices from 2001 to 2002. This changed by the 2010s when an unprecedented housing boom has transformed the city. By 2021, over 246 construction firms were active in Kyrgyzstan, primarily focusing on upscale residences, often marketed as 'business class' or 'premium class' accommodations. The southern part of the city, where a significant portion of new constructions is concentrated, faces
909-569: A height of 4,895 metres (16,060 ft). North of the city, a fertile and gently undulating steppe extends far north into neighboring Kazakhstan . The river Chüy drains most of the area. Bishkek is connected to the Turkestan–Siberia Railway by a spur line . Bishkek is a city of wide boulevards and marble-faced public buildings combined with numerous Soviet-style apartment blocks surrounding interior courtyards. There are also thousands of smaller, privately built houses, mostly outside
1010-453: A hero lost a paddle used to churn kumis . While looking for it, she suddenly gave birth to a boy, who she named Bishkek. Bishkek would grow up to be a noble figure and after his death, was buried on a mound near the banks of the Alamüdün . There, a tombstone was erected. The building was seen and described by travelers of the 17th and 18th centuries. Based on DNA evidence, the area near Bishkek
1111-780: A news conference that day and declared that there was no need for Russia to send in troops to quell the violence. There were at least 170 people left dead by 15 June 2010 but Pascale Meige Wagner of the International Committee of the Red Cross said the [official] death toll was an underestimate. The UN High Commissioner told reporters in Geneva that evidence suggested that the violence seemed to have been staged up. Ethnic Uzbeks threatened to blow up an oil depot in Osh if they failed to get guarantees of protection. The United Nations said it believed that
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#17328547381391212-459: A press conference on 13 April 2010. On 15 April 2010, Bakiyev left the country and flew to neighboring Kazakhstan , along with his wife and two children. The country's provisional leaders announced that Bakiyev signed a formal letter of resignation prior to his departure. Prime Minister Daniar Usenov accused Russia of supporting the protests; this accusation was denied by Russian Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin . Opposition members also called for
1313-462: A result of clashes with police. A transition government had been established, led by former foreign minister Roza Otunbayeva ( Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan ), that by 8 April 2010 had taken control of state media and government facilities in the capital, but Bakiyev had not resigned from office. President Bakiyev returned to his home in Jalal-Abad and stated his terms of resignation at
1414-408: A shortage of food and other essential commodities with more than 200 killed and 1,685 people hurt, as of 12 June 2010 . The Russian government, however, said it would be sending humanitarian aid to the troubled nation. According to local sources, there was a clash between two local gangs and it did not take long for the violence to spread to the rest of the city. There were also reports that
1515-444: A state of emergency. Police and special services arrested many opposition leaders. In response, protesters took control of the internal security headquarters (former KGB headquarters) and a state television channel in the capital, Bishkek. Reports by Kyrgyzstan government officials indicated that at least 75 people were killed and 458 hospitalized in bloody clashes with police in the capital. Reports say that at least 80 people died as
1616-501: A tumultuous time for Bishkek. In June 1990, a state of emergency was declared following severe ethnic riots in southern Kyrgyzstan that threatened to spread to the capital. The city was renamed Bishkek on 5 February 1991, and Kyrgyzstan achieved independence later that year during the breakup of the Soviet Union . Before independence, the majority of Bishkek's population were ethnic Russians . In 2004, Russians made up approximately 20% of
1717-849: A village in Imishli District, Azerbaijan Frunze, former name of Tuganbay , a village in Almaty Province, Kazakhstan Frunze, former name of Kadamjay , a town in Batken Region, Kyrgyzstan Frunze, former name of Sabriston , a town in Sughd Region, Tajikistan Frunze, former name of Sentianivka , a town in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine People [ edit ] Frunze Dovlatyan (1927–1997), Armenian film director and actor Mikhail Frunze (1885–1925), Russian Bolshevik leader Other [ edit ] Frunze Airport, former name of
1818-766: Is Sunni Islam , but since many Russians live in Kyrgyzstan, there is also a large Russian Orthodox community. The Bishkek Central Mosque is one of the largest in Central Asia. Bishkek is home to the Roman Catholic Apostolic Administration of Kyrgyzstan . Bishkek is home to Dolen Omurzakov Stadium , the largest football stadium in Kyrgyzstan and the only one eligible to host international matches. Several Bishkek-based football teams play on this pitch, including six-time Kyrgyzstan League champions, Dordoi Bishkek . Others include Alga Bishkek , Ilbirs Bishkek , and RUOR-Guardia Bishkek . Bishkek hosted
1919-511: Is Emil Abdykadyrov, who was elected on 24 February 2022. Bishkek city covers 169.6 square kilometres (65.5 square miles) and is administered separately and not part of any region. Besides the city proper, one urban-type settlement and one village are administered by the city: Chong-Aryk and Orto-Say . The city is divided into 4 districts: Birinchi May , Lenin , Oktyabr and Sverdlov . Chong-Aryk and Orto-Say are part of Lenin District. Since
2020-416: Is about 300 km away directly from the country's second largest city Osh . However, its nearest large city is Almaty of Kazakhstan, which is 190 km to the east. Furthermore, it is 470 km from Tashkent (Uzbekistan), 680 km from Dushanbe (Tajikistan), and about 1,000 km each from Astana (Kazakhstan), Ürümqi (China), Islamabad (Pakistan), and Kabul (Afghanistan). Bishkek has
2121-461: Is based at a facility that used to be home to a major Soviet military pilot training school; one of its students, Hosni Mubarak , later became president of Egypt . Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic , is a landlocked country in eastern Central Asia , lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city . Kyrgyzstan
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#17328547381392222-440: Is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north , Uzbekistan to the west , Tajikistan to the south , and China to the east and southeast . Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's over 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians . Kyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at
2323-659: Is considered one of the possible origins of the Black Death between AD 1346 and 1353. Originally a caravan rest stop, possibly founded by the Sogdians , on one of the branches of the Silk Road through the Tian Shan range, the location was fortified in 1825 by the khan of Kokand with a mud fort. In the last years of Kokhand rule, the Pishpek fortress was led by Atabek , the Datka . In 1844,
2424-488: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Bishkek Bishkek , formerly known as Frunze , and later Pishpek , is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan . Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the Chüy Region . Bishkek is situated near the border with Kazakhstan and has a population of 1,074,075, as of 2021. The Khanate of Kokand established
2525-466: Is heavily dependent on deposits of gold , coal and uranium . Kyrgyz is derived from the Turkic word for "We are forty", believed to refer to the forty clans of Manas , a legendary hero who united forty regional clans. The Persian suffix -stan means "place of". The 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan is a reference to those same forty tribes and the graphical element in the sun's center depicts
2626-858: Is home to the National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic as well as a number of museums, e.g. the Kyrgyz State Historical Museum or the M. V. Frunze Museum . The national public broadcasting service KTRK or Kyrgyz Television is based in Bishkek. Newspapers in Bishkek include the English-language Bishkek Observer , the world's only dungan-language newspaper called Huimin bao and the Russian-language Vecherniy Bishkek newspaper. The largest religion
2727-582: Is in Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) at 132 meters and the highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range, forming the Chinese border. Peak Jengish Chokusu , at 7,439 m (24,406 ft), is the highest point and is considered by geologists to be the northernmost peak over 7,000 m (22,966 ft) in the world. Heavy snowfall in winter leads to spring floods which often cause serious damage downstream. The runoff from
2828-489: Is located near the centre of Bishkek. This is the largest stadium in the Kyrgyz Republic. The Dordoy Bazaar , just inside the bypass highway on the north-eastern edge of the city, is a major retail and wholesale market. The Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountain range , some 40 kilometres (25 mi) away, provides a spectacular backdrop to the city; the Ala Archa National Park is only a 30 to 45 minutes drive away. Bishkek
2929-552: Is served by Manas International Airport ( IATA code FRU), located approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) north-west of the city centre. In 2001, the United States obtained the right to use Manas International Airport as an air base for its military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq . Russia subsequently (2003) established an airbase of its own ( Kant Air Base ) near Kant , some 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Bishkek. It
3030-483: Is still called Dzerzhinsky Street. An important east–west street is Jibek Jolu (' Silk Road '). It runs parallel to Chüy Avenue about 2 km (1.2 mi) north of it and is part of the main east–west road of Chüy Region . Both the eastern and western bus terminals are located along Jibek Jolu. There is a Roman Catholic church located at ul. Vasiljeva 197 (near Rynok Bayat). It is the only Catholic cathedral in Kyrgyzstan. A stadium named in honour of Dolon Omurzakov
3131-727: Is the ancient town of Osh , located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The principal river is the Kara Darya , which flows west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. Across the border in Uzbekistan it meets another major Kyrgyz river, the Naryn . The confluence forms the Syr Darya , which originally flowed into the Aral Sea . As of 2010 , it no longer reaches the sea, as its water
Frunze - Misplaced Pages Continue
3232-769: Is the east-west Chüy Avenue ( Chüy Prospekti ), named after the region's main river . In the Soviet era, it was called Lenin Avenue. Along or near it are many important government buildings and universities. These include the Academy of Sciences compound. The westernmost section of the avenue is known as Deng Xiaoping Avenue. The main north–south street is Yusup Abdrakhmanov Street, still commonly referred to by its old name, Sovietskaya Street. Its northern and southern sections are called, respectively, Yelebesov and Baityk Batyr Streets. Several major shopping centres are located along with it, and in
3333-411: Is the highest, occasionally exceeding maximum allowable concentrations by several times, especially in the city centre. For example, concentrations of formaldehyde occasionally exceed maximum allowable limits by a factor of four. The hydrogeologist Zheenbek Kulbekov identifies coal-heating mainly in informal settlements ( samozakhvat ), the exhaust from private vehicles and the lack of air circulation as
3434-545: Is withdrawn upstream to irrigate cotton fields in Tajikistan , Uzbekistan , and southern Kazakhstan . The Chu River also briefly flows through Kyrgyzstan before entering Kazakhstan. Kyrgyzstan contains seven terrestrial ecosystems: Tian Shan montane conifer forests , Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe , Gissaro-Alai open woodlands , Tian Shan foothill arid steppe , Pamir alpine desert and tundra , Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows , and Central Asian northern desert . It had
3535-554: The 2014 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia – Division I . Educational institutions in Bishkek include: In addition, the following international schools serve the expatriate community in Bishkek: Public transportation includes buses, electric trolleybuses , and public vans (known in Russian as marshrutka ). The first bus and trolley bus services in Bishkek were introduced in 1934 and 1951, respectively. Taxi cabs can be found throughout
3636-1048: The Eurasian Economic Union , the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , the Organisation of Turkic States , the Türksoy community and the United Nations . It is a developing country ranked 117th in the Human Development Index , and is the second poorest country in Central Asia after neighbouring Tajikistan. The country's transitional economy
3737-963: The Manas International Airport , Kyrgyzstan Frunze Military Academy , in Moscow, active between 1918 and 1998 M.V. Frunze Naval School, former name of the St. Petersburg Naval Institute , Saint Petersburg Soviet ship Frunze , several ships of the Soviet/Russian Navy named for Mikhail Frunze See also [ edit ] Frunzensky (disambiguation) Imeni Frunze , several rural localities in Russia Frunză (disambiguation) , several places in Moldova Frunzeni (disambiguation) , several places in Romania Topics referred to by
3838-753: The Mongol Empire and under several Mongol dynasties ; it regained independence, but was later invaded by the Dzungar Khanate . After the fall of Dzhungars , Kyrgyz and Kipchaks were an integral part of Kokand Khanate . In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire , and in 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union . Following Mikhail Gorbachev 's democratic reforms in
3939-473: The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). On 5 May 1993, the official name changed from the Republic of Kyrgyzstan to the Kyrgyz Republic following the adoption of a new constitution . In 2005, an uprising known as the " Tulip Revolution ", took place after the parliamentary elections in March 2005, forcing President Askar Akayev 's resignation on 4 April 2005. Opposition leaders formed
4040-573: The Osh Region (southern Kyrgyzstan), where Uzbeks form a minority of the population. The tensions between Kyrgyzs and Uzbeks in Osis led to 186 deaths. Attempts to appropriate Uzbek collective farms for housing development triggered the Osh Riots . A state of emergency and curfew were introduced and Askar Akayev , the youngest of five sons born into a family of collective farm workers (in northern Kyrgyzstan),
4141-552: The Soviet Union . After the Russian Civil War , the period of the New Economic Policy (NEP), began, which lasted roughly to 1928. The Bolsheviks made an effort to establish a standardized tax system, with higher taxes for nomads to discourage the wandering livelihood and they divided the Central Asia region into five nation-states. Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational, and social life, literacy
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4242-585: The State Emergency Committee assumed power in Moscow, there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from
4343-669: The Treaty of the Economic Community . The new leaders of three out of four Soviet Union's founding republics, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, on 8 December 1991 signed the Belavezha Accords , denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922 , declaring that the Union would cease to exist and proclaimed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place. On 21 December 1991, Kyrgyzstan agreed with
4444-669: The Uyghur Khaganate in 840 AD. From the tenth century, the Kyrgyz migrated as far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years. There is a storytelling tradition of the Epic of Manas , which involves a warrior who unified all of the scattered tribes into a single nation in the 9th century. The trilogy, an element of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List , expresses
4545-545: The Chinese goods imported to CIS countries are sold. Although Bishkek itself is relatively young, its surrounding area has some sites of interest dating to prehistoric times. There are also sites from the Greco-Buddhist period, the period of Nestorian influence, the era of the Central Asian khanates , and the Soviet period. The central part of the city is laid out on a rectangular grid plan. The city's main street
4646-422: The Far East to Europe. Kyrgyz tribes were overrun in the 17th century by the Mongols, in the mid-18th century by the Manchu -led Qing dynasty of China, and in the early 19th century by the Uzbek Khanate of Kokand . In 1842, the Kyrgyz tribes broke away from Kokand and united into the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate [ ky ] , led by Ormon Khan . Following Ormon's death in 1854, the khanate disintegrated. In
4747-438: The Frunze population. Now Bishkek is a predominantly Kyrgyz city, with 75% of its residents Kyrgyz, while European peoples make up around 15% of the population. Despite this fact, Russian is the main language while Kyrgyz continues losing ground, especially among the younger generations. Emissions of air pollutants in Bishkek amounted to 14,400 tons in 2010. Among all cities in Kyrgyzstan, the level of air pollution in Bishkek
4848-429: The Kara-Suu district of Osh Oblast. This National Commission, including representatives of many ethnic groups, was established by a presidential decree. President Roza Otunbayeva also said in August 2010 that an international commission would be formed to investigate the clashes. The international commission conducted an extensive investigation and prepared a report—The Independent international commission of inquiry into
4949-445: The Kyrgyz State Agency of Hydrometeorology . There are seven air-quality monitoring stations in Bishkek, measuring levels of sulfur dioxide , nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, and ammonia . Bishkek uses the Kyrgyzstan currency, the som . The som's value fluctuates regularly but averaged around 86 som per U.S. dollar as of November 2024. The economy in Bishkek is primarily agricultural, and agricultural products are sometimes bartered in
5050-488: The Soviet Union on 31 August 1991 as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan . According to a 2013 Gallup poll, 62% of Kyrgyz people say that the collapse of the Soviet Union harmed their country, while only 16% said that the collapse benefitted it. In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent republic by direct ballot, receiving 95 percent of the votes cast. Together with representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed
5151-418: The USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic . After the Tulip Revolution it became
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#17328547381395252-416: The anniversary of its declaration of independence in 1991. Since independence, Kyrgyzstan has made developments such as creating genuinely free news media and fostering an active political opposition. In late April 2021, a conflict over water escalated into one of the most serious border clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan since independence in 1991. In September 2022, armed clashes, including
5353-402: The armed forces supported ethnic Kyrgyz gangs entering the city, but the government denied the allegations. The riots spread to neighboring areas, and the government declared a state of emergency in the entire southern Jalal-Abad region. To control the situation, the interim government gave special shoot-to-kill powers to the security forces. The Russian government decided to send a battalion to
5454-459: The attacks were "orchestrated, targeted and well-planned". Kyrgyz officials told the media that a person suspected to be behind the violence in Jalal-Abad had been detained. On 2 August 2010, a Kyrgyz government commission began investigating the causes of the clashes. Members of the National Commission, led by former parliament speaker Abdygany Erkebaev, met with people from the predominantly ethnic Uzbek villages of Mady, Shark, and Kyzyl-Kyshtak in
5555-565: The best pasture land, creating much hardship for most of its original inhabitants, Kazakh , Kyrgyz and Turkmen nomads, who were also forced to settle down on soil that hadn't enough agricultural potential. The changes caused unrest, and between 1928 and 1932, nomads and peasants made it clear through methods like passive resistance that they did not agree with these policies, in the Kirgiziya area also guerrilla opposition occurred. The region suffered relatively more deaths from collectivization than any other. The early years of glasnost , in
5656-428: The border and the indirect route (the trains first have to go west for more than a 100 kilometres (62 mi) before they enter the main TurkSib line and can continue to the east or north). For example, as of the fall of 2008, train No. 305 Bishkek-Yekaterinburg was scheduled to take 11 hours to reach the Shu junction—a distance of some 269 kilometres (167 mi) by rail, and less than half of that by road. The city
5757-411: The city centre. Streets follow a grid pattern, with most flanked on both sides by narrow irrigation channels, which provide water to trees which provide shade during the hot summers. Bishkek is supposedly named after the paddle used to churn fermenting milk. The official website of the Bishkek's city hall provides the following etymological justification for the name of the city: the pregnant wife of
5858-408: The city's population, and about 7–8% in 2011. Bishkek is Kyrgyzstan's financial centre, with all of the country's 21 commercial banks headquartered there. During the Soviet era, the city was home to many industrial plants, but most have been shut down since 1991 or now operate on a much-reduced scale. One of Bishkek's largest employment centres today is the Dordoy Bazaar open market, where many of
5959-415: The city. The city is considering designing and building a light rail system. There are two main bus stations in Bishkek. The smaller old Eastern Bus Station is primarily the terminal for minibusses to various destinations within or just beyond the eastern suburbs, such as Kant , Tokmok , Kemin , Issyk Ata , or the Korday border crossing. Long-distance regular bus and minibus services to all parts of
6060-454: The closing of the US-controlled Manas Air Base . Russia's President Dmitry Medvedev ordered measures to ensure the safety of Russian nationals and tighten security around Russian sites in Kyrgyzstan to protect them against possible attacks. The 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes occurred between the two main ethnic groups—the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz—in Osh , the second-largest city in the country, on 11 June 2010. The clashes incited fears that
6161-434: The coldest areas, winter temperatures drop below freezing for approximately 40 days, and even some desert areas experience constant snowfall during this period. In the lowlands the temperature ranges from around −6 °C (21 °F) in January to 24 °C (75 °F) in July. There is one exclave , the tiny village of Barak (population 627), in the Fergana Valley . The village is surrounded by Uzbek territory. It
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#17328547381396262-435: The collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been discussion of replacing the Soviet era district names with ones that reflect Kyrgyz identity and history. Other former Soviet republics have widely replaced Soviet era place names; despite renaming the capital in 1991, Kyrgyzstan is the only nation in Central Asia to retain Soviet era names for districts in its capital. Bishkek is culturally the country's most important city. It
6363-408: The collapse of the Soviet Union. While housing was formerly distributed to citizens in the Soviet era, housing in Bishkek has since become privatised. Though single-family houses are slowly becoming more popular, the majority of the residents live in Soviet-era apartments. Despite the Kyrgyz economy experiencing growth, increases in available housing have been slow with very little new construction and
6464-421: The country could be heading towards a civil war. Interim leader Otunbayeva sent a letter to the Russian president, Dimitry Medvedev, asking him to send Russian troops to help the country control the situation. Medvedev's Press Attaché, Natalya Timakova , said in a reply to the letter, "It is an internal conflict and for now Russia does not see the conditions for taking part in its resolution". The clashes caused
6565-400: The country to protect Russian facilities. Otunbayeva accused the family of Bakiyev of "instigating the riots". AFP reported "a veil of smoke covering the whole city". Authorities in neighboring Uzbekistan said at least 30,000 Uzbeks had crossed the border to escape the riots. Osh became relatively calm on 14 June 2010, but Jalal-Abad witnessed sporadic incidents of arson. The entire region
6666-410: The country, as well as to Almaty (the largest city in neighbouring Kazakhstan ) and Kashgar , China, run mostly from the newer grand Western Bus Station; only a smaller number run from the Eastern Station. The Dordoy Bazaar on the north-eastern outskirts of the city also contains makeshift terminals for frequent minibusses to suburban towns in all directions (from Sokuluk in the west to Tokmak in
6767-414: The crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road along with other commercial routes. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under larger domination, for example the Turkic nomads , who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states. It was first established as the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate . Later, in the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by
6868-505: The east) and to some buses taking traders to Kazakhstan and Siberia. As of 2007 , the Bishkek-2 railway station sees only a few trains a day. It offers a popular three-day train service from Bishkek to Moscow. There are also long-distance trains that leave for Siberia ( Novosibirsk and Novokuznetsk ), via Almaty , over the TurkSib route, and to Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) in the Urals, via Astana . These services are remarkably slow (over 48 hours to Yekaterinburg), due to long stops at
6969-592: The events in southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2010 (KIC). It stated that "The Provisional Government, which had assumed power two months before the events, either failed to recognize or underestimated the deterioration in inter-ethnic relations in southern Kyrgyzstan". The KIC concluded that the "Provisional Government had the responsibility to ensure that the security forces were adequately trained and appropriately equipped to deal with situations of civil unrest" but were unable to take necessary measures. As of today, Kyrgyzstan celebrates its Independence Day annually on August 31,
7070-422: The fog can last for days at a time. Bishkek is the most populated city in Kyrgyzstan. Its population, estimated in 2021, was 1,074,075. From the foundation of the city to the mid-1990s, ethnic Russians and other peoples of European descent (Ukrainians, Germans) comprised the majority of the city's population. According to the 1970 census, the ethnic Kyrgyz were only 12.3%, while Europeans comprised more than 80% of
7171-421: The forces of Ormon Khan , the leader of the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate [ ky ] , briefly captured the fortress. In 1860, Imperial Russia annexed the area, and the military forces of Colonel Apollon Zimmerman took and razed the fort. Colonel Zimmermann rebuilt the town over the destroyed fort and appointed field-Poruchik Titov as head of a new Russian garrison. The Imperial Russian government redeveloped
7272-407: The fortress of Pishpek in 1825 to control local caravan routes and to collect tribute from Kyrgyz tribes. On 4 September 1860, with the approval of the Kyrgyz, Russian forces led by Colonel Apollon Zimmermann destroyed the fortress. In the present day, the fortress ruins can be found just north of Jibek jolu Street, near the new main mosque. A Russian settlement was established in 1868 on the site of
7373-525: The fortress under its original name, Pishpek. It lay within the General Governorship of Russian Turkestan and its Semirechye Oblast . The Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was established in 1925 in Russian Turkestan, promoting Pishpek to its capital. In 1926, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union renamed the city Frunze , after Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze (1885–1925), who
7474-437: The high housing price within Bishkek, notably internal migrants from rural villages and small provincial towns, often have to resort to informal squatter settlements on the city's outskirts such as Ak Jar, Ak Jol, Ak Örgö, Altyn Kazyk, Archa Beshik, Kalys-Ordo, Kayndy-2, Kelechek, Muras-Ordo and TETS-2 Yntymak. These urban settlements are estimated to house 400,000 people or about 30 percent of Bishkek's population. While many of
7575-507: The indigenous perspective, a difficult and ambivalent one. By the end of the 1920s, the Soviet Union developed a series of five-year plans , centered around industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture , including the creation of huge " kolkhoz " collective farming systems, needed to feed the new workers in the industries. Because of the plan's reliance on rapidity, major economic and cultural changes had to occur, which led to conflicts. In Kyrgyzstan, Russian settlers acquired
7676-508: The last Soviet census in 1989, ethnic Kyrgyz made up only 22% of the residents of the northern city of Frunze (now Bishkek), while more than 60% were Russians, Ukrainians, and people from other Slavic nations. Nearly 10% of the capital's population were Jewish (a rather unique fact, for almost any place in the Soviet Union, except the Jewish Autonomous Oblast ). In June 1990, ethnic tensions between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz surfaced in
7777-452: The late 1980s, had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, Literaturny Kirghizstan , by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function. According to
7878-612: The late nineteenth century, the eastern part of what is today Kyrgyzstan, mainly the Issyk-Kul Region , was ceded to the Russian Empire by Qing China through the Treaty of Tarbagatai . The territory, then known in Russian as "Kirghizia", was formally incorporated into the Empire in 1876. The Russian takeover was met with numerous revolts, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to relocate to the Pamir Mountains and Afghanistan . In addition,
7979-603: The memory of the nomadic peoples . In the 12th century, the Kyrgyz dominion had shrunk to the Altay Range and Sayan Mountains as a result of the Mongol expansion . With the rise of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. The Kyrgyz peacefully became a part of the Mongol Empire in 1207. Issyk Kul Lake was a stopover on the Silk Road , a land route for traders, merchants, and other travelers from
8080-498: The mountains is also used for hydro-electricity . Kyrgyzstan has significant deposits of metals including gold and rare-earth metals . Due to the country's predominantly mountainous terrain, less than 8% of the land is cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern lowlands and the fringes of the Fergana Valley . Bishkek in the north is the capital and largest city, with 937,400 inhabitants (as of 2015 ). The second city
8181-567: The name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its pre-revolutionary name of Bishkek. Despite these political moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union. In a referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union in March 1991, 88.7% of the voters approved the proposal to retain the Soviet Union as a "renewed federation". Nevertheless, secessionist forces pushed Kyrgyzstan's independence through in August of that same year. On 19 August 1991, when
8282-490: The north, it provides access to Dordoy Bazaar . Erkindik ("Freedom") Boulevard runs from north to south, from the main railroad station (Bishkek II) south of Chüy Avenue to the museum quarter and sculpture park just north of Chüy Avenue, and further north toward the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the past, it was called Dzerzhinsky Boulevard, named after a Communist revolutionary, Felix Dzerzhinsky , and its northern continuation
8383-405: The occasional thunderstorm , which produces strong gusty winds and rare dust storms . The mountains to the south provide a natural boundary and protection from damaging weather, as does the smaller mountain chain that runs north-west to south-east. In the winter months, sparse snow storms and frequent heavy fog are the dominating features. There are sometimes temperature inversions, during which
8484-537: The other four Central Asian Republics, Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan to the Alma-Ata Protocols , formally entering the Commonwealth with Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Moldova , and Ukraine . Finally, Kyrgyzstan gained full independence on 25 December 1991. The following day, on 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the United Nations and
8585-441: The outlying regions. The streets of Bishkek are regularly lined with produce vendors in a market-style venue. In most of the downtown area there is a more urban cityscape with banks, stores, markets, and malls. Sought-after goods include hand-crafted artisan pieces, such as statues, carvings, paintings, and many nature-based sculptures. As with many cities in post-Soviet states, housing in Bishkek has undergone extensive changes since
8686-500: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Frunze . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frunze&oldid=1243196804 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
8787-522: The sea . The mountainous region of the Tian Shan covers over 80% of the country (Kyrgyzstan is occasionally referred to as "the Switzerland of Central Asia", as a result), with the remainder made up of valleys and basins. Issyk-Kul Lake , or Ysyk-Köl in Kyrgyz , in the north-eastern Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second largest mountain lake in the world after Titicaca . The lowest point
8888-534: The settlements have lacked basic necessities such as electricity and running water, recently, the local government has pushed to provide these services. Local government is administered by the Bishkek Mayor's Office. Askarbek Salymbekov was mayor until his resignation in August 2005, after which his deputy, Arstanbek Nogoev , took over the mayorship. Nogoev was in turn removed from his position in October 2007 through
8989-432: The site from 1877 onward, encouraging the settlement of Russian peasants by giving them fertile land to develop. In 1926, the city became the capital of the newly established Kirghiz ASSR and was renamed Frunze after Mikhail Frunze , Lenin 's close associate who was born in Bishkek and played key roles during the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 and during the Russian Civil War of the early 1920s. The early 1990s were
9090-478: The suppression of the 1916 rebellion against Russian rule in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz later to migrate to China. Since many ethnic groups in the region were, and still are, split between neighboring states at a time when borders were more porous and less regulated, it was common to move back and forth over the mountains, depending on where life was perceived as better; this might mean better rains for pasture or better government during oppression. Soviet power
9191-460: The three main factors for the grave air pollution in Kyrgyzstan's capital. The latter is mainly due to the haphazard construction of private multi-story buildings - in contradiction to former city plans developed up until the end of the USSR - which prompted discussion on a moratorium on the further construction of high-rise buildings. Responsibility for ambient air quality monitoring in Bishkek lies with
9292-478: The use of artillery, erupted along much of the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia , bordering Kazakhstan , China , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan . It lies between latitudes 39° and 44° N , and longitudes 69° and 81° E . It is farther from the sea than any other individual country, and all its rivers flow into closed drainage systems which do not reach
9393-509: The violence. Media agencies reported on 14 June 2010 that the Russian government was considering a request by the Kyrgyz government. An emergency meeting of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) was held on the same day (14 June) to discuss the role it could play in helping to end the violence. Ethnic violence waned, according to the Kyrgyz government, by 15 June 2010 and Kyrgyz president Roza Otunbayeva held
9494-485: The wooden crown, called tunduk, of a yurt —a portable dwelling traditionally used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. The country's official name is Kyrgyz Republic , used in international arenas and foreign relations. In the English-speaking world, the spelling Kyrgyzstan is commonly used, while its former name Kirghizia is rarely used. The Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after defeating
9595-649: Was assassinated on 10 May 2006 shortly after winning his murdered brother's seat in a by-election. All four were reputed to have been directly involved in major illegal business ventures. On 6 April 2010, civil unrest broke out in the town of Talas after a demonstration against government corruption and increased living expenses. The protests became violent, spreading to Bishkek by the following day. Protesters attacked President Bakiyev's offices, as well as state-run radio and television stations. There were conflicting reports that Interior Minister Moldomusa Kongatiyev had been beaten. On 7 April 2010, President Bakiyev imposed
9696-505: Was born there. Frunze became the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936, during the final stages of national delimitation in the Soviet Union . In 1991, the Kyrgyz parliament changed the capital's name to Bishkek. Bishkek is situated at an altitude of about 800 metres (2,600 ft), just off the northern fringe of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range , an extension of the Tian Shan mountain range. These mountains rise to
9797-582: Was elected president in October of that same year. By then, the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. On 15 December 1990, the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new cabinet composed mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians. In February 1991,
9898-411: Was greatly improved. Economic and social development also was notable. Under Stalin a great focus was put on Kyrgyz national identity . The Soviet state was fighting tribalism: its social organization based on patrilineal kinship contradicted the concept of the modern nation state. In a region that did not previously know national institutions or consciousness, the process of nation-building was, from
9999-683: Was initially established in the region in 1919, and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR). The phrase Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs , who were also referred to as Kirghiz. On 5 December 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was established as a constituent Union Republic of
10100-495: Was re-elected the mayor of Bishkek. Kubanychbek Kulmatov was nominated for election by parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan in city kenesh, and he was elected as a new mayor on 15 January 2014, and stepped down on 9 February 2016. The next mayor, Albek Sabirbekovich Ibraimov, was also nominated for election by parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan in city kenesh, and Bishkek City Kenesh elected him on 27 February 2016. The current mayor
10201-426: Was still under a state of emergency as Uzbeks were reluctant to leave their houses for fear of attacks by the mobs. The United Nations decided to send an envoy to assess the situation. Temir Sariyev , deputy chief of the interim government, said there were local clashes and that it was not possible [for the government] to fully control the situation. He added that there were not sufficient security forces to contain
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