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64-774: The Tunguska Plateau is named after the historical name of the Evenks . The Tunguska Plateau is located in central Krasnoyarsk Krai. To the north it is limited by the Kureika River and to the south by the Stony Tunguska River . To the north and northeast rise the Putorana Mountains and to the east the border with the Syverma Plateau is not clearly defined. To the west the Tunguska Plateau descends quite abruptly towards

128-606: A Yuan-era temple have been excavated near the village of Tyr . During the reigns of the Yongle and Xuande Emperors (early-15th century), the Ming dynasty reached the Amur in their drive to establish control over the lands adjacent to the Ming Empire to the northeast, which would later become known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha reached Tyr several times between 1411 and

192-510: A length as great as 5.6 m (18 ft). It is also home to the northernmost populations of the Amur softshell turtle and Indian lotus . The Russian name Amur may come from the Tungusic term for “river”. Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia . The etymology of

256-440: A life of mobility   ... they wore brief garments of soft reindeer or elk skin around their hips, along with leggings and moccasins, or else long supple boots reaching to the thigh" (49). They also wore a deerskin coat that did not close in front but was instead covered with an apron-like cloth. Some Evenkis decorated their clothing with fringes or embroidery (50). The Evenki traditional costume always consisted of these elements:

320-564: A loincloth made of animal hide, leggings, and boots of varying lengths Facial tattooing was also very common. The traditional Evenki economy was a mix of pastoralism (horses or reindeer), fishing, and hunting. The Evenki who lived near the Okhotsk Sea hunted seal, but for most of the taiga-dwellers, elk, wild reindeer, and fowl were the most important game animals. Other animals included "roe deer, bear, wolverine, lynx, wolf, Siberian marmot, fox, and sable" Trapping did not become important until

384-630: A short military campaign in 1685. The Treaty of Nerchinsk , concluded in 1689, marked the end of the hostilities: it left the entire Amur valley, from the convergence of the Shilka and the Ergune downstream, in Chinese hands. Fedor Soimonov was sent to map the then little explored area of the Amur in 1757. He mapped the Shilka, which was partly in Chinese territory, but was turned back when he reached its confluence with

448-469: Is N (34 %). 18 percent belong to its subgroup N1b-P43 and 16 percent belong to subgroup N1c . Other paternal haplogroups found among them are R1a (14 %), R1b (6 %), F (4 %) and I (2 %). Amur River The Amur River ( Russian : река Амур ) or Heilong River ( Chinese : 黑龙江 ) is a perennial river in Northeast Asia , forming the natural border between

512-640: Is about 2,500,000 km . In all of Russia only the Russians inhabit a larger territory. According to the administrative structure, the Evenki live, from west to east, in: However, the territory where they are a titular nation is confined solely to the Evenk Autonomous Okrug, where 3,802 of the 35,527 Evenki live (according to the 2002 census). More than 18,200 Evenki live in the Sakha Republic . Evenki

576-738: Is also a similarly named Siberian group called the Evens (formerly known as Lamuts ). Although related to the Evenki, the Evens are now considered to be a separate ethnic group. The Evenki are spread over a huge territory of the Siberian taiga from the River Ob in the west to the Okhotsk Sea in the east, and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to Manchuria and Sakhalin in the south. The total area of their habitat

640-569: Is believed there are at least 123 species of fish from 23 families inhabiting the Amur. The majority are of the Gobioninae subfamily of Cypriniformes , followed in number by Salmonidae . Several of the species are endemic . Pseudaspius and Mesocottus are monotypic genera found only in the Amur and some nearby coastal rivers. Other animals inhabiting this region include the Amur falcon , Amur leopard and Amur tiger ; while some notable local flora include Amur cork tree , Amur maple and

704-881: Is forbidden to torment an animal, bird, or insect, and a wounded animal must be finished off immediately. It is forbidden to spill the blood of a killed animal or defile it. It is forbidden to kill animals or birds that were saved from pursuit by predators or came to a person for help in a natural disaster." Prior to contact with the Russians, the belief system of the Evenki was animistic . Many have adopted Tibetan Buddhism . The Evenki, like most nomadic, pastoral, and subsistence agrarian peoples, spend most of their lives in very close contact with nature. Because of this, they develop what A. A. Sirina calls an "ecological ethic". By this she means "a system of responsibility of people to nature and her spirit masters, and of nature to people"(9). Sirina interviewed many Evenki who until very recently spent much of their time as reindeer herders in

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768-681: Is the largest of the northern group of the Manchu-Tungus languages , a group which also includes Even and Negidal . Many Evenki in Russia still engage in a traditional lifestyle of raising reindeer, fishing, and hunting. According to the 2021 census 39,226 Evenki lived in Russia. At the 2000 census, there were 30,505 Evenki in China, mainly made up of the Solons and the Khamnigans . 88.8% of China's Evenki live in

832-572: The Amur honeysuckle . Four species of the Acipenseridae family can be found: the kaluga , Amur sturgeon , Sakhalin sturgeon and sterlet . The Kaluga and Amur sturgeon are endemic. The sterlet was introduced from the Ob in the 1950s. This region is home to the Kaluga fish ( Acipenseriformes ). Flowing across northeast Asia for over 4,444 kilometres (2,761 mi) (including its two tributaries), from

896-613: The Argun . The Russian proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur was viewed as a threat by the Qing. The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of

960-667: The Han Chinese , who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild Jurchens . The Chinese-language term Yúpí Dázi 魚皮韃子 ("Fish-skin Tatars") came to apply to the Nanais and related groups as well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins. The Mongols, ruling the region as the Yuan dynasty , established a tenuous military presence on the lower Amur in the 13th and 14th centuries; ruins of

1024-650: The Hulunbuir region in the north of the Inner Mongolia Province, near the city of Hailar . The Ewenki Autonomous Banner is also located near Hulunbuir. There are also around 3,000 Evenki in neighbouring Heilongjiang Province. The Manchu Emperor Hong Taiji conquered the Evenki in 1640, and executed their leader Bombogor . After the Manchu conquest, the Evenki were incorporated into the Eight Banners . In 1763,

1088-456: The Kangxi era of 1661–1722, they turned their attention to their north-Manchurian backyard. Aigun was re-established near the supposed Ming site in about 1683–84, and a military expeditions went upstream to dislodge the Russians, whose Albazin establishment deprived the Manchu rulers of the tribute of sable pelts that the Solons and Daurs of the area would supply otherwise. Albazin fell during

1152-593: The Manchus . The ancestors of the south-eastern Evenki most likely lived in the Baikal region of Southern Siberia (near the modern-day Mongolian border) since the Neolithic era. Considering the north-western Evenki, Vasilevich claims: "The origin of the Evenki is the result of complex processes, different in time, involving the mixing of different ancient aboriginal tribes from the north of Siberia with tribes related in language to

1216-589: The Qing government moved 500 Solon Evenki and 500 Daur families to the Tacheng and Ghulja areas of Xinjiang , in order to strengthen the empire's western border. Another 1020 Xibe families (some 4000 persons) also came the following year. Since then, however, the Solons of Xinjiang have assimilated into other ethnic groups, and are not identified as such anymore. The Japanese occupation led to many murders of Evenkis, and Evenki men were conscripted as scouts and rangers by

1280-521: The Russian Far East and Northeast China (historically the Outer and Inner Manchuria ). The Amur proper is 2,824 km (1,755 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 1,855,000 km (716,000 sq mi). If including its main stem tributary , the Argun , the Amur is 4,444 km (2,761 mi) long, making it the world's tenth longest river . The Amur is an important river for

1344-607: The Sino–Soviet political split of 1956–1966. For many centuries, inhabitants of the Amur Valley comprised the Tungusic ( Evenki , Solon , Ducher , Jurchen , Nanai , Ulch ), Mongol ( Daur ) people, some Ainu and, near its mouth, the Nivkhs . For many of these groups, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century these peoples were not known to Europeans, and little known to

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1408-729: The Yenisei River valley and to the southeast rises the Angara Range . The largest river having its sources in the plateau is the Bakhta , a right tributary of the Yenisei. Other rivers river flowing from it are: Erachimo, Nimde, Kochumdek, Tutonchana, Degali and Uchami (tributaries of the Lower Tunguska); and Stolbovaya and Kondroma (right tributaries of the Stony Tunguska). The average height of

1472-413: The aquatic fauna of Northeast Asia. The river basin is home to a variety of large predatory fish such as northern snakehead , Amur pike , taimen , Amur catfish , predatory carp and yellowcheek , as well as several species of trout and anadromous salmonids . The largest fish species in the Amur is the kaluga , a sturgeon that is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, attaining

1536-562: The arroyo of Mutnaya Protoka, and the water will meet the Argun River (Ergune) after about 30 kilometres (19 mi). The Amur Basin of the Kherlen − Argun −Amur River system has a total length of 5,052 km (3,139 mi) to its river mouth on the Sea of Okhotsk . The largest tributaries of the Amur are, from source to mouth: There are also numerous lakes in the floodplain of the Amur. Some of

1600-515: The mountains of northeastern China to the Sea of Okhotsk (near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure ), it drains a remarkable watershed that includes diverse landscapes of desert , steppe , tundra , and taiga , eventually emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin . The Amur has always been closely associated with

1664-580: The permafrost zone and the soil never thaws at great depths. The climate prevailing in the Tunguska Plateau is subarctic continental . Evenks The Evenki , also known as the Evenks and formerly as the Tungus , are a Tungusic people of North Asia . In Russia, the Evenki are recognised as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North , with a population of 38,396 ( 2010 census ). In China,

1728-503: The 17th century, the Russian empire made contact with the Evenki. Cossacks , who served as a kind of "border-guard" for the tsarist government, imposed a fur tax on the Siberian tribes. The Cossacks exploited the Evenki clan hierarchy, taking hostages from the highest members to ensure payment of the tax. Although there was some rebellion against local officials, the Evenki generally recognized

1792-598: The Amur in writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890. The average annual discharge varies from 6,000 cubic metres per second (210,000 cu ft/s) (1980) to 12,000 cubic metres per second (420,000 cu ft/s) (1957), leading to an average 9,819 cubic metres per second (346,800 cu ft/s) or 310 cubic kilometres (74 cu mi) per year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with 30,700 cubic metres per second (1,080,000 cu ft/s) whereas

1856-738: The Amur will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye , a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast . The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016. In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019. Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020", and then 3rd quarter of 2021. It

1920-866: The Evenki Banner (county) of the Hulunbuir Prefecture, in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. While not a particularly good informant, she described her initiatory illness, her multiyear apprenticeship with a Mongol shaman before being allowed to heal at the age of 25 or 26, and the torments she experienced during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s when most of her shamanic paraphernalia was destroyed. Mongol and Buddhist Lamaist influences on her indigenous practice of shamansim were evident. She hid her prize possession—an Abagaldi (bear spirit) shaman mask, which has also been documented among

1984-458: The Evenki caused them (and other indigenous peoples) language erosion , a decline in traditions, and identity loss, among others. This was especially true during the Soviet regime. Soviet policies of collectivization , forced sedentarization (sometimes referred to as sedentism ), " unpromising villages ", and Russification of the education system compromised social, cultural, and mental well-being of

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2048-679: The Evenki form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognised by the People's Republic of China , with a population of 30,875 ( 2010 census ). There are 537 Evenki in Mongolia (2015 census), called Khamnigan in the Mongolian language . The Evenki or Ewenki are sometimes conjectured to be connected to the Shiwei people who inhabited the Greater Khingan Range in the 5th to 9th centuries, although

2112-890: The Evenki to "colonize vast areas of the eastern taiga which had previously been impenetrable" The Evenki used a saddle unique to their culture, placed on the shoulders of the reindeer to lessen the strain on the animal, and used a stick rather than stirrups to balance. Evenki did not develop reindeer sledges until comparatively recent times They instead used their reindeer as pack animals and often traversed great distances on foot, using snowshoes or skis. The Evenki people did hunt and eat wild reindeer, but not their domesticated reindeer, which they kept for milk. Large herds of reindeer were very uncommon. Most Evenki had around 25 head of reindeer, because they were generally bred for transportation. Unlike in several other neighboring tribes Evenki reindeer-breeding did not include "herding of reindeer by dogs nor any other specific features". Very early in

2176-903: The Evenki. The Evenki were formerly known as tungus . This designation was spread by the Russians , who acquired it from the Yakuts (in the Yakut language tongus ) in the 17th century. The Evenki have several self-designations, of which the best known is evenk . This became the official designation for the people in 1931. Some groups call themselves orochen ('an inhabitant of the River Oro'), orochon ('a rearer of reindeer '), ile ('a human being'), etc. At one time or another tribal designations and place names have also been used as self-designations, for instance manjagir , birachen , solon , etc. Several of these have even been taken for separate ethnic entities. There

2240-833: The Evenkis in China) and the Khamnigans (Ewenkis of Transbaikalia ) had picked up horse breeding and the Mongolian deel from the Mongols . The Solons nomadized along the Amur River . They were closely related to the Daur people . To the west the Khamnigan were another group of horse-breeding Evenki in the Transbaikalia area. Also in the Amur valley a body of Siberian Evenki-speaking people were called Orochen by

2304-468: The Japanese secret service in 1942. Some Evenkis fled to Soviet Siberia across the Amur river after murdering a Japanese officer to avoid punishment from the Japanese. The Evenki of China today tend to be settled pastoralists and farmers. (Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.1% of China's Evenki population.) According to the 2001 census, there were 48 Evenki living in Ukraine . The majority (35) stated that their native language

2368-417: The Mongols and Dauer peoples in the region. The field report and color photographs of this shaman are available online. Olga Kudrina (c. 1890–1944) was a shaman among the Reindeer Evenki of northern Inner Mongolia along the Amur River 's Great Bend (today under the jurisdiction of Genhe , Hulunbuir ). 40 percent of Evenki men carry haplogroup C-M217 . Their second most common Y-DNA haplogroup

2432-411: The Tunguska Plateau is made up of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks with volcanic rock intrusions —mainly trap rock and tuff . The plateau is part of the East Siberian taiga ecoregion . It is entirely covered by somewhat sparse and undersized larch taiga , except on the highest summits where only mountain tundra grows. There are swamps in the river valleys. The Tunguska Plateau is located in

2496-418: The Tunguska Plateau surface is between 600 meters (2,000 ft) and 800 meters (2,600 ft). The slopes of the mountains are often stepped and river valleys tend to form deep canyons in some areas. The Lower Tunguska River crosses the plateau and divides it roughly into two halves. The highest point is a 962 metres (3,156 ft) high unnamed summit in the southern half of the northern part. Geologically

2560-425: The Turks and Mongols. The language of these tribes took precedence over the languages of the aboriginal population". Elements of more modern Evenki culture, including conical tent dwellings, bone fish-lures, and birch-bark boats, were all present in sites that are believed to be Neolithic. From Lake Baikal, "they spread to the Amur and Okhotsk Sea   ... the Lena Basin   ... and the Yenisey Basin". In

2624-414: The Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais. Russian Cossack expeditions led by Vassili Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov explored the Amur and its tributaries in 1643–44 and 1649–51, respectively. The Cossacks established the fort of Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former capital of the Solons . At the time, the Manchus were busy with conquering China ; but a few decades later, during

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2688-424: The cities of Blagoveshchensk in Russia and Heihe in China, it widens significantly as it is joined by one of its most important tributaries the Zeya . The Amur arcs to the east and turns southeast again at the confluence with the Bureya , then does not receive another significant tributary for nearly 250 kilometres (160 mi) before its confluence with its largest tributary, the Songhua , at Tongjiang . At

2752-445: The confluence of its two major affluents, the Shilka and the Argun (or Ergune) , at an elevation of 303 metres (994 ft). It flows east forming the border between China and Russia, and slowly makes a great arc to the southeast for about 400 kilometres (250 mi), receiving many tributaries and passing many small towns. At Huma, it is joined by a major tributary, the Huma He . Afterwards it continues to flow south until, between

2816-405: The confluence with the Songhua the river turns northeast, now flowing towards Khabarovsk , where it joins the Ussuri and ceases to define the Russia–China border. Now the river spreads out dramatically into a braided character, flowing north-northeast through a wide valley in eastern Russia, passing Amursk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur . The valley narrows after about 200 kilometres (120 mi) and

2880-419: The development of the views of spirit-masters There are few sources on the shamanism of the Evenki peoples below the Amur/Helongkiang river in Northern China. There is a brief report of fieldwork conducted by Richard Noll and Kun Shi in 1994 of the life of the shamaness Dula'r (Evenki name), also known as Ao Yun Hua (her Han Chinese name). She was born in 1920 and was living in the village of Yiming Gatsa in

2944-427: The early 1430s, re-building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least the nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming government. Some sources report also a Chinese presence during the same period on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun

3008-506: The horse and cattle pastoral Evenki as well as some farming Evenki". The Evenki lived mostly in taiga , or boreal forest. They lived in conical tents made from birch bark or reindeer skin tied to birch poles. When they moved camp, the Evenki would leave these frameworks and carry only the more portable coverings. During winter, the hunting season, most camps consisted of one or two tents while spring encampments had up to 10 households Their skill at riding their domesticated reindeer allowed

3072-419: The imposition of the fur tax by the tsarist government. Before they acquired guns in the 18th century, Evenki used steel bows and arrows. Along with their main hunting implements, hunters always carried a "pike"—"which was a large knife on a long handle used instead of an axe when passing through thick taiga, or as a spear when hunting bear". The Evenki have deep respect for animals and all elements of nature: "It

3136-446: The island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the river: "Sakhalin" derives from a Tungusic dialectal form cognate with Manchu sahaliyan ("black", as in sahaliyan ula , "Black River"), while Ainu and Japanese "Karaputo" or " Karafuto " is derived from the Ainu name of the Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described

3200-448: The largest ones are Bolon , Khummi and Udyl . The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) Amur– Shilka – Onon : 4,354 km; Amur– Argun – Hailar –Dayan: 4,444 km; Amur–Argun– Dalan Orom – Kherlen : 5,052 km; Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in the area of the Amur: Manchuria ( Northeast China ) and Outer Manchuria . The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on

3264-408: The latter name, meaning "black water", being the basis of the modern Chinese name Heilongjiang or " Black Dragon River", while the Manchurian name Sahaliyan Ula , the Mongolian names "Amar mörön" (Cyrillic: Амар мөрөн) originates from the name "Amar" meaning to rest and Khar mörön (Cyrillic: Хар мөрөн) mean Black River. The river rises in the hills in the western part of Northeast China at

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3328-517: The name Amur is unknown. One theory dictates that it comes to Russian through either the Evenki word amur or the Even word amar , both meaning "river" in their respective Tungusic languages. However, it is unclear whether Russian borrowed the name Amur from either Tungusic language rather than the other way around. An alternative theory suggests that Amur comes from the Mongolic language Dagur's , word for "big river," mur . Its ancient Chinese names were Yushui , Wanshui and Heishui , with

3392-419: The native land of the majority of Evenki people is in the vast regions of Siberia between Lake Baikal and the Amur River . The Evenki language forms the northern branch of the Manchu-Tungusic language group and is closely related to Even and Negidal in Siberia . By 1600 the Evenki or Ewenki of the Lena and Yenisey river valleys were successful reindeer herders . By contrast the Solons (ancestors of

3456-443: The need for peaceful cultural relations with the Russians. The Russians and their constant demands for fur taxes pushed the Evenki east all the way to Sakhalin island, where some still live today. In the 19th century some groups migrated south and east into Mongolia and Manchuria. Today there are still Evenki populations in Sakhalin, Mongolia, and Manchuria, and to a lesser extent, their traditional Baikal region. Russian invasion of

3520-487: The river again flows north onto plains at the confluence with the Amgun . Shortly after, the Amur turns sharply east and into an estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream of which it flows into the Strait of Tartary . During years with heavy precipitation, the Amur river system is connected with the Kherlen river. The normally exit−less endorheic lake Hulun Lake , into which Kherlen flows, will overflow at its northern shore through

3584-425: The river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well. Later, a combined road and rail bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975; 1400 m) and the road and rail Khabarovsk Bridge (1999; 3890 m) were constructed. The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich , the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia . The railway bridge over

3648-462: The river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussuri and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860). The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge with an overall length of 2,590 metres (8,500 ft), was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway to cross the river year-round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of

3712-401: The south bank of the river takes its name from the river, as does the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred, use the name Sahaliyan Ula (Black River). The Amur is an important symbol of, and geopolitical factor in, Chinese–Russian relations . The Amur became especially prominent in the period of

3776-417: The spring season, winter camps broke up and moved to places suitable for calving. Several households pastured their animals together throughout the summer, being careful to keep "[s]pecial areas   ... fenced off   ... to guard the newborn calves against being trampled on in a large herd" The Evenki wore a characteristic garb "adapted to the cold but rather dry climate of the Central Siberia and to

3840-505: The taiga" The religious beliefs and practices of the Evenki are of great historical interest since they retain some archaic forms of belief. Among the most ancient ideas are spiritualization and personification of all natural phenomena, belief in an upper, middle, and lower world, belief in the soul ( omi ) and certain totemistic concepts. There were also various magical rituals associated with hunting and guarding herds. Later on, these rituals were conducted by shamans. Shamanism brought about

3904-540: The taiga, just like their ancestors. The Evenki people also spoke along the same lines: their respect for nature and their belief that nature is a living being. This idea, "[t]he embodiment, animation, and personification of nature—what is still called the animistic worldview—is the key component of the traditional worldview of hunter-gatherers" Although most of the Evenkis have been "sedentarized"—that is, made to live in settled communities instead of following their traditional nomadic way of life —"[m]any scholars think that

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3968-410: The worldview characteristic of hunter-gatherer societies is preserved, even if they make the transition to new economic models. Although nominally Christianized in the 18th century, the Evenki people maintain many of their historical beliefs—especially shamanism The Christian traditions were "confined to the formal performance of Orthodox rites which were usually timed for the arrival of the priest in

4032-453: Was Russian ; four indicated Evenki as their native language, and three that it was Ukrainian . Traditionally they were a mixture of pastoralists and hunter-gatherers —they relied on their domesticated reindeer for milk and transport and hunted other large game for meat. Today "[t]he Evenki are divided into two large groups   ... engaging in different types of economy. These are the hunting and reindeer-breeding Evenki   ... and

4096-553: Was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that was later relocated during the Qing Dynasty . In any event, the Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle era, the Ming dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria. Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among Amur natives such as

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