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83-554: The Trocadéro Palace was an eclectic building of Moorish and neo-Byzantine inspiration dating from the second half of the 19th century. Located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, on the Convent of the Visitandines de Chaillot between the Place du Trocadéro and the gardens of the same name , it comprised a 4,600-seat auditorium extended on either side by two curved wings, each housing

166-531: A 10,000-person hall, the Orphéon, which was to have been built on the Place du Château d'Eau . It was the result of a competition, whose requirements included a 10,000-seat festival hall and exhibition galleries; 94 teams entered the competition, but the Davioud-Bourdais project had in fact already been selected. The design features two semicircular wings linked by a circular central section flanked by two towers, in

249-444: A Chambermaid (2015), Eiffel (2021), in the video game The Saboteur (2009) and in the animated film Ballerina (2016). Eclecticism It can sometimes seem inelegant or lacking in simplicity, and eclectics are sometimes criticized for lack of consistency in their thinking. It is, however, common in many fields of study. For example, most psychologists accept certain aspects of behaviorism , but do not attempt to use

332-523: A belief in the 'nation' and its glory and a fundamental belief in national unity ." Hazareesingh believes that although recent research shows Napoleon used forced conscription of French troops, some men must have fought believing in Napoleon's ideals. He says that to argue Bonapartism co-opted the masses is an example of the Marxist perspective of false consciousness : the idea that the masses can be manipulated by

415-545: A few determined leaders in the pursuit of ends. After becoming emperor in 1804, Napoleon I established a Law of Succession, providing that the Bonapartist claim to the throne should pass firstly to Napoleon's own legitimate male descendants through the male line. At that time he had no legitimate sons, and it seemed unlikely he would have any due to the age of his wife Joséphine . He eventually achieved an annulment , without Papal approval, of his marriage to Josephine. He married

498-407: A fine place to be [...]. We just think that the serious question of acoustics needs further study, and we're not the only ones to think so". The auditorium's roof is supported by a metal framework 50 meters in diameter; Gabriel Davioud described it as follows: "12 crossbeams were joined at their feet by a belt of sheet metal and angle irons that prevented them from spreading apart. They were joined at

581-418: A gallery of sculptures punctuated the façade. On 8 June 1878, a journalist from the weekly Le Monde artiste wrote of the first official concert presented in the hall: it was "truly grandiose [...], with a richness bordering on prodigality. Full as it was on Thursday, the hall offered a fairy-tale view. Almost all the gentlemen were in ceremonial dress, the ladies displaying grace, flowers, and diamonds... It's

664-588: A legitimate son, Eugène , who was recognised by Bonapartists as "Napoleon IV" before dying young and unmarried). If Napoleon III's line died out, he decreed that the claim should pass to Jérôme, Napoleon's youngest brother (who had previously been excluded), and his male descendants by Princess Catharina of Württemberg in the male line (excluded were his descendants by his first marriage, to the American commoner Elizabeth Patterson , of which Napoleon I had greatly disapproved). The Bonapartist claimants since 1879, have been

747-481: A long history in Greek philosophy and it is underpinned by a deeper metaphysical and theological conviction concerning the absolute /God as the source of all noble thoughts and that all parts of the truth can be found among the various philosophical systems. The term eclecticism is used to describe the combination, in a single work, of elements from different historical styles, chiefly in architecture and, by implication, in

830-531: A military parade for the French king Charles X , the site's layout was used to depict the battle: the hill of Chaillot represented the "Trocadéro fort" and was to be "conquered" from the Champ-de-Mars , from where the French "troops" set off (a papier-mâché fort was built on the hill). A temporary triumphal arch was erected and the foundation stone laid for a military barracks, which was never built. The obelisk that

913-412: A movement or constituted a specific style: it is characterized precisely by the fact that it was not a particular style. Some martial arts can be described as eclectic in the sense that they borrow techniques from a wide variety of other martial arts. In textual criticism , eclecticism is the practice of examining a wide number of text witnesses and selecting the variant that seems best. The result of

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996-478: A museum (the Musée des Monuments Français and the Musée d'Ethnographie ), as well as conference rooms. Built for the 1878 Exposition Universelle , it was not intended to outlast the event; although the building was eventually preserved for some sixty years, it was widely criticized for its architectural style, its progressive dilapidation, and the poor acoustics of its main hall, which was soon deserted by orchestras. It

1079-517: A rhinoceros, an ox and a horse). On the Place du Trocadéro side, a series of statues were planned for the gable wall, but their absence from the palace photographs suggests that they were never built. La Renommée , by Mercié, is a statue of a "winged, draped and ringing woman", crowning the large dome of the Salle des Fêtes. While the general structure of the wings and certain underpinnings were preserved (notably

1162-451: A simple esplanade, on the "Eiffel Tower-École Militaire axis", while a "new theater hall [was] built under this square". The style of the new palace is " neo-classical monumentalist". The surface area of the new palace was increased from 17,000 m to 41,000 m. The magazine La Nature noted in its issue for the second half of 1936: "A blow to the Trocadéro arcades: built to last for centuries,

1245-585: A single cohesive framework. This distinction allows for a broader, more inclusive approach in eclecticism, where the selection is based on individual merit or preference rather than an attempt to create a new unified tradition. Eclecticism was first recorded to have been practiced by a group of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers who attached themselves to no real system, but selected from existing philosophical beliefs those doctrines that seemed most reasonable to them. Out of this collected material they constructed their new system of philosophy. The term comes from

1328-509: A vast esplanade both open and covered by a gigantic 190-meter-wide portico, punctuated by 23 columns". However, as economic difficulties piled up, the French government opted to "camouflage" the old palace, a less costly solution. Eight projects were selected in January 1935, won by the Carlu - Boileau - Azéma trio, who planned to permanently camouflage the palace so as to preserve the wings (originally,

1411-475: A vestibule lit by a glass roof. The hall was decorated by Charles Lameire , who painted the large frieze overhanging the stage: La France sous les traits de l'Harmonie accueille les Nations . Pierced by nine bay windows (a modern architectural technique at the time) directly illuminating the large stage, the hall was crowned by a dome, surmounted on the outside by a statue by Antonin Mercié , La Renommée , while below,

1494-531: A visual transition between the main hall and the slender wings. The two wings were each 200 meters long, and formed two galleries (the Passy wing and the Paris wing) punctuated by two intermediate pavilions and terminated by a head pavilion: architect Gabriel Davioud said that these two head pavilions, surmounted by a slate dome with golden edges, should be "massive enough to stop the eye at the extremities, and yet not fight with

1577-704: Is closely associated with Middle Platonism . Eclectic thinkers thrived during the Roman Empire . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , eclecticism "aims at constructing a system broad and vague enough to include, or not to exclude, the principles of the divers schools, though giving at times more importance to those of one school". Roman Empire eclectic figures could belong to a specific philosophical schools while remaining eclectic and drawing on different traditions. Key figures include Asclepiades of Bithynia , Boethius , Panetius of Rhodes , Posidonius , Demetrius

1660-605: Is credited with influencing the Academy so that it finally transitioned from Skepticism to Eclecticism. Other eclectics included Varro and Seneca the Younger . According to Rošker and Suhadolnik, however, even though eclecticism had a Greek origin, the term was rarely used and it was even given a negative connotation by historians of Greek thought, associating it with the description for impure and unoriginal thinking. Scholars such as Clement of Alexandria maintained that eclecticism had

1743-647: The French Revolution , was a contemporary critic of the Second Republic and the Second Empire. He used "Bonapartism" to refer to a situation in which counter-revolutionary military officers seize power from revolutionaries , and use selective reforms to co-opt the radicalism of the popular classes. Marx argued that in the process, Bonapartists preserve and mask the power of a narrower ruling class . Noted political scientists and historians greatly differ on

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1826-742: The Greek ἐκλεκτικός ( eklektikos ), literally "choosing the best", and that from ἐκλεκτός ( eklektos ), "picked out, select". Well known eclectics in Greek philosophy were the Stoics Panaetius and Posidonius , and the New Academics Carneades and Philo of Larissa . Among the Romans , Cicero was thoroughly eclectic, as he united the Peripatetic , Stoic , and New Academic doctrines. Philo's successor and Cicero's teacher Antiochus of Ascalon

1909-477: The Musée de l'Homme . The Trocadéro gardens were designed by Adolphe Alphand . From 1880, a popular observatory, founded by Léon Jaubert, was set up here. Between 1878 and 1925, an Indochinese museum, the result of discoveries made by explorer Louis Delaporte , occupied a third of the palace's Passy wing; the objects on display were then transferred to the Musée Guimet , with the exception of 624 plaster casts from

1992-730: The New Testament (currently, the United Bible Society , 4th ed. and Nestle-Åland, 27th ed.). Even so, the oldest manuscripts, being of the Alexandrian text-type , are the most favored, and the critical text has an Alexandrian disposition. In Hellenistic philosophy , the Eclectics used elements from multiple philosophies, texts, life experiences, and their own philosophical ideas. These ideas include life as connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. This movement

2075-548: The Trocadéro fort , which defended the Spanish port of Cadiz . On 31 August 1823, it was taken by the French expeditionary corps commanded by the Duke of Angoulême, who had been sent by his uncle, King Louis XVIII of France, to restore King Ferdinand VII to his Spanish throne. The Trocadéro site thus refers to a French military victory. In 1826, during a re-enactment of this feat of arms in

2158-658: The Visitation order , which was destroyed during the French Revolution . In February 1811, Emperor Napoleon I decided to build on the site of the Palace of the King of Rome , a building intended to be the residence of his son (one month before the latter's birth). It was to be the center of an imperial administrative and military city. The architects in charge of the project were Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine . Another project, envisaged by Antoine-Marie Peyre in 1824,

2241-406: The doctrine that there is nothing absolutely certain , Antiochus abandoned this to support dogmatism . Among his objections to skepticism was the consideration that without firm convictions no rational content of life is possible. Antiochus pointed out that it is a contradiction to assert that nothing can be asserted or to prove that nothing can be proved; that we cannot speak of false ideas and at

2324-503: The "villa Trocadéro" is an urban planning project centered on a semi-circular square, organized around the commemoration of the recent victory at Trocadéro in Spain by the Duke of Angoulême in 1823, leaving the choice of architecture to the purchasers of the plots. In 1839, Camille Moret designed a tomb for Napoleon I, and in 1841, Hector Horeau proposed the addition of a colossal 30-metre statue of

2407-471: The 1878 Exposition Universelle, the average audience was 3,000, for a hall that could hold 4,600. In 1920, stage director Lugné-Poe declared: "the Trocadéro auditorium is appalling. It is a convention hall and not a theater [...]: the surest way to kill young actors is to have them perform in this hall, which only a few singers can resist". After 1878, apart from organ concerts, the hall was mainly used for political and republican association conventions, such as

2490-658: The 1878 Exposition Universelle. The program for the Concours pour l'Exposition Universelle of 1878 called up for the construction of a "formidable hall for public meetings and solemnities". The palace was designed by architects Gabriel Davioud and Jules Bourdais , inspired by the Giralda in Seville , the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence , and, above all, by Baron Haussmann 's 1864 project for

2573-652: The Champ-de-Mars (the most notable being the Eiffel Tower , also initially built on a temporary basis). On 15 April 1889, a supplement to Le Figaro noted: "If you want to get a good idea of the Exposition Universelle as a whole, the best way is to stand at the central point of the Trocadéro Palace, in the middle of the circular gallery overlooking the gilded statues of the five parts of the world. From there,

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2656-610: The Cynic, Demonax , Philo of Larissa , Antiochus of Ascalon , Andronicus of Rhodes , Aristocles , Alexander of Aphrodisias , Porphyry and Simplicius . Antiochus of Ascalon ( c.  125  – c.  69 BC ) was the pupil of Philo of Larissa , and the teacher of Cicero . Through his influence, Platonism transitioned from the Academic Skepticism of the New Academy to Eclecticism. Whereas Philo had adhered to

2739-472: The Emperor. In 1858, the sculptor Antoine Étex , having proposed a monument to Liberty in 1848, envisaged a "monumental lighthouse or fountain" at the center of a circular square housing the imperial palace and ministerial buildings. In 1868, Hector Horeau proposed a new project for a colossal statue of "intelligent France enlightening the world". But none of this came to fruition. The name "Trocadéro" comes from

2822-467: The French Empire was restored to power in 1852, the emperor was Napoleon III, Louis Bonaparte's only living legitimate son (their brother Joseph having died in 1844 without having had a legitimate son, only daughters). In 1852, Napoleon III enacted a new decree on the succession. The claim was given to his own male legitimate descendants in the male line (though at that time he had no son, Louis later had

2905-667: The Fête des Écoles on 13 July 1880. In April 1920, Pierre Rameil , rapporteur for the Beaux-arts budget, announced the transformation of the Trocadéro into the Théâtre national populaire , directed by Firmin Gémier . Its location, far from working-class neighborhoods, and the nature of the hall, which was not very conducive to theater, led to a scaling back of these ambitions, despite a few successes, before becoming an empty shell: "when Gémier died in 1933,

2988-506: The Moorish or neo-Byzantine style; on the square side, the gable is "Flemish-style", although other commentators refer less to the orientalism of the project than to a whimsical style, now typical of all world's fairs since London's Crystal Palace in 1851. Work on the Trocadéro Palace took place between November 1876 and June 1878; in 1877, the square was renamed "Place du Trocadéro", while in July of

3071-514: The Seine and the Champ-de-Mars palace built opposite by Léopold Hardy for the 1878 Exposition Universelle. Numerous sculptures adorned the Trocadéro Palace, notably on the garden side of the building and in the park. Six allegories of the continents bordered the terrace overlooking the gardens ( North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, Asia and Europe ). The large cascading pool was surrounded by four gold-coated cast-iron animal statues (an elephant,

3154-639: The Théâtre national populaire was no more than an empty title, a bad garage for shows without prestige". Engineer Adolphe Alphand , a specialist in Parisian gardens and staging waterfalls, is responsible for the exterior spaces. The gardens were organized around a cascading fountain. They feature a dozen statues, including four animals - Le Bœuf by Auguste Caïn , Le Cheval à la Herse by Pierre Louis Rouillard , Le Jeune éléphant pris au piège by Emmanuel Frémiet and Le Rhinocéros by Henri Alfred Jacquemart - facing

3237-408: The Trocadéro Palace side, a Flemish-inspired stepped gable wall was used to house the stage wall of the palace's large concert hall. In the projected state, an elevator and a spiral staircase gave the public access to the top of each of the towers with which it was flanked", although an elevator system had been planned but never implemented. At the time, these two towers, topped with gilded domes, were

3320-472: The Trocadéro. Since the construction of the Trocadéro Palace and well afterwards, contemporaries have commented on the building's style, expressing astonishment, indignation or, on the contrary, praise: The Trocadéro Palace appears in Claude Autant-Lara's films Love Story (1943), Gigi (1949), A Very Long Engagement (2004), The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec (2010), Diary of

3403-441: The actual forms of the artifacts to which it is applied, and its meaning is thus rather indistinct. The simplest definition of the term—that every work of art represents the combination of a variety of influences—is so basic as to be of little use. In some ways Eclecticism is reminiscent of Mannerism in that the term was used pejoratively for much of the period of its currency, although, unlike Mannerism, Eclecticism never amounted to

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3486-400: The architects to opt for the demolition of the village hall while retaining the two wings in 1937. In the interwar period , the site was already referred to as the "vieux Trocadéro" (the old Trocadéro). As early as 1932, it was the subject of speculation as to its future, in preparation for the 1937 International Exhibition, thanks to a "competition of ideas": while the first project envisaged

3569-411: The central mass [the rotunda] which constitutes the raison d'être of the whole". Conference rooms were installed in the wings, which, on the garden side, featured a portico supported by marble columns along its entire length - including the party room -, freely open to the public; these galleries were soon equipped with lighting and, in the case of the party room, were later closed with glass windows. "On

3652-598: The client. Bonapartism Defunct Defunct Bonapartism ( French : Bonapartisme ) is the political ideology supervening from Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors. The term was used to refer to people who hoped to restore the House of Bonaparte and its style of government. In this sense, a Bonapartiste was a person who either actively participated in or advocated for conservative , nationalist , monarchist , and imperial political factions in 19th-century France. Bonapartism emerged in 1814 with

3735-475: The definition and interpretation of Bonapartism. Sudhir Hazareesingh's book The Legend of Napoleon explores numerous interpretations of the term. He says that it refers to a "popular national leader confirmed by popular election, above party politics, promoting equality , progress , and social change , with a belief in religion as an adjunct to the State, a belief that the central authority can transform society and

3818-527: The descendants of Jérôme and Catherine of Württemberg in the male line. The Bonapartist laws of succession were far from traditional. The family members ignored primogeniture (by excluding Lucien Bonaparte and his descendants); they annulled marriages to achieve their goals; and they did not submit to the Pope's rights as final arbiter on the validity of marriages. The very claim of the Bonaparte family to rule France

3901-476: The disdain of architects and writers, a style deemed obsolete, and the faulty acoustics of the assembly hall. Viollet-le-Duc nevertheless championed the project, but died in 1879. The press and other personalities mocked the building, such as the humorist Touchatout, who compared the statue overhanging the dome of the Assembly Hall to a "fly on the lid of a soup tureen", or Joris-Karl Huysmans , who referred to

3984-548: The exhibition site, like their comrades in the factories and stores, crossed their arms. But, happier than the other strikers, they are out in the fresh air, with the pleasant green gardens surrounding the Trocadéro to stretch out in. This half-demolished building is a sort of incoherent ruin. On top of the walls and frameworks still standing, the workers, silhouetted against the sky, sing and gesticulate. The more numerous workers below are trying to kill time. Sitting on piles of materials, most converse animatedly. Others are dozing under

4067-403: The exhibition taking place outside Paris, a study published the following year mentioned for the first time the demolition of the palace and the organization of the event on a Champ-de-Mars/Trocadéro axis. In the autumn of 1933, Anatole de Monzie , Minister of Education, who was then overseeing the field of Culture, supported a project to build a Cité des musées in place of the palace, "centered on

4150-410: The fine and decorative arts. The term is sometimes also loosely applied to the general stylistic variety of 19th-century architecture after neoclassicism ( c.  1820 ), although the revivals of styles in that period have, since the 1970s, generally been referred to as aspects of historicism . Eclecticism plays an important role in critical discussions and evaluations but is somehow distant from

4233-764: The first fall of Napoleon. However, it only developed doctrinal clarity and cohesion by the 1840s. After Napoleon, the term was applied to French politicians who seized power in the Coup of 18 Brumaire , ruling in the French Consulate and subsequently in the First and Second French Empires . The Bonapartistes desired an empire under the House of Bonaparte, the Corsican family of Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I of France) and his nephew Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III of France). In recent years,

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4316-646: The form of a fountain ). The Trocadéro Palace was never intended to go beyond the exhibition stage, but in the end, it remained, due to its much higher cost than originally projected (twelve million gold francs instead of seven and a half million, which subsequently led the City of Paris to withdraw from the project, in favor of the State. Alongside this, the Palais du Trocadéro hosted the Exposition Universelle of 1889 and 1900 , whose installations were mainly located on

4399-512: The highest grade of happiness, bodily and external goods are necessary as well. This eclectic tendency was enabled by the fact that most of Plato 's works were non-dogmatic. Middle Platonism was promoted by the necessity of considering the main theories of the post-Platonic schools of philosophy, such as the Aristotelian logic and the Stoic psychology and ethics (theory of goods and emotions). On

4482-548: The mid-1860s onwards, the Chaillot hill underwent "earthworks and levelling" to provide a panoramic view of the 1867 Exposition Universelle facilities on the Rive Gauche (Left Bank), and to create the Champ-de-Mars park. The square, then still called "Place du Roi de Rome", was linked to the Pont d'Iéna by a granite staircase. As early as 1876, there was talk of developing the site for

4565-540: The mosaics at the Opéra Garnier. Other unusual features included glass paving stones and stained-glass windows. The palace's huge, semicircular hall could accommodate 4,600 people (compared with the 10,000 originally planned), and was used for concerts and conferences. At the time, it was the largest hall in Paris (twice the size of the Garnier opera house). It was accessible from the Place du Trocadéro, after passing through

4648-430: The old palace will have been demolished after fifty-seven years". The Trocadéro Palace was a building whose use is not necessarily in keeping with its name ( palace ), insofar as it houses an auditorium. This hall "was flanked by two square towers over 80 meters [82.50 meters] high. On either side, two long curvilinear wings extended the façade to 430 meters"; two pavilions join the festival hall, and these wings, to create

4731-569: The one hand the Middle Platonists were engaged like the later Peripatetics in scholarly activities such as the exposition of Plato's doctrines and the explanation of his dialogues; on the other hand they attempted to develop the Platonic theories systematically. In so far as it was subject in this to the influence of Neopythagoreanism , it was of considerable importance in preparing the way for Neoplatonism . In modern philosophy , Victor Cousin

4814-411: The palace as "the belly of a lying hydropic woman", while the writer André Billy declared "Down with the Trocadéro!" Julien Green spoke of Moorish "abominations" and modernist architect Georges-Henri Pingusson enthused that the 1937 exhibition had "the merit of liberating one of the most beautiful sites in Paris by demolishing the central building that had both damaged and obstructed it". In addition,

4897-539: The panorama is magnificent". For the 1900 exhibition, the pavilions of the French colonies and protectorates were set up in the palace gardens, and the Iéna bridge was "widened with wooden sidewalks" (it was completely enlarged in 1935, from 14 to 35 meters). The palace was home to the Musée des Monuments Français, created in 1879 by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , and the first Paris ethnographic museum, founded by Ernest Hamy , forerunner of

4980-412: The process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses. In a purely eclectic approach, no single witness is theoretically favored. Instead, the critic forms opinions about individual witnesses, relying on both external and internal evidence. Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no a priori bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of

5063-411: The public reacted against the dilapidated ornamentation, which, planned for the 1878 exhibition only, had not been designed to last that long. Draughts from the galleries and acoustics in the main hall had also been a recurring problem since the building's construction, despite several attempts to remedy the situation. In fact, it was the architecture of the hall itself that was lacking. This conclusion led

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5146-520: The radicalism of the masses. In the process, Marx argued, Bonapartists preserve and mask the power of a narrower ruling class. He believed that both Napoleon I and Napoleon III had corrupted revolutions in France in this way. Marx offered this definition of and analysis of Bonapartism in The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte , written in 1852. In this document, he drew attention to what he calls

5229-481: The same time deny the distinction between false and true. He expounded the Academic, Peripatetic , and Stoic systems in such a way as to show that these three schools deviated from one another only in minor points. Antiochus was chiefly interested in ethics , in which he tried to find a middle way between Zeno of Citium , Aristotle , and Plato . For instance, he said that virtue suffices for eudaimonia , but for

5312-679: The same time: le rhinocéros, le cheval à la herse and l'éléphant . From 1935 to 1985, they were exhibited at Place de la Porte-de-Saint-Cloud (16th arrondissement), before being restored the following year at the Coubertin foundry in Saint-Rémy-les-Chevreuse . As for Le bœuf (actually a bull), it has been in Nîmes since 1937, on Jean-Jaurès boulevard. Contrary to a persistent legend, Isidore Bonheur 's Les Taureaux , in front of Parc Georges-Brassens ( 15th arrondissement ), did not come from

5395-404: The same year, "the two-story portico of the central body was completed, while the walls delimiting the high windows were being added". Given the resources available at the time, workers still had to maneuver on "wooden scaffolding erected as a framework". In October, the roof began to be laid and the waterfall bed was dug out of the mine (the waterfall descends from the central body to the gardens in

5478-471: The succession (even though Lucien was older than Louis) because they had either politically opposed the Emperor or made marriages of which he disapproved. Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son after his defeat in 1815. Although the Bonapartes were deposed and the old Bourbon monarchy restored, Bonapartists recognised Napoleon's son as Napoleon II . A sickly child, he was virtually imprisoned in Austria , and died young and unmarried, without any descendants. When

5561-407: The tallest in France (those of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris were only 66 meters high). Many commentators associate them architecturally with minarets . The architects chose to play with polychrome colors, such as Pompeian red plaster under the porticoes and Jura marble on the columns of the vestibules at the head pavilions. Some floors feature mosaics, created by the same company responsible for

5644-430: The temple of Angkor , which remained at Trocadéro, donated in 1936 to the Musée des Monuments Français, housed in the new Palais de Chaillot. Unlike other Parisian monuments that were initially decried, but quickly accepted by elites and the general public (such as the Palais Garnier and the Eiffel Tower), the Trocadéro Palace was the subject of numerous and recurring criticisms in the decades following its construction:

5727-408: The term has been used more generally for political movements that advocate for an authoritarian centralised state , with a strongman charismatic leader , support for the military, and conservatism. Marxism and Leninism developed a vocabulary of political terms that included Bonapartism, derived from their analysis of the career of Napoleon Bonaparte. Karl Marx , a student of Jacobinism and

5810-470: The theory to explain all aspects of human behavior. Eclecticism in ethics , philosophy , politics , and religion is often compared to syncretism , but the two concepts differ in their approach to combining elements from different traditions. While syncretism in religion involves the merging or assimilation of several distinct traditions into a new, unified system, eclecticism adopts elements from various systems without necessarily integrating them into

5893-430: The top by a 15-meter-diameter ring designed to support the large lantern. The total height of these frames was 25 meters, bringing the height of the top of the lantern above the first floor to 57 meters". It housed an organ built by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll , with a case designed by Raulin and Dumas. Inaugurated on 8 August 1878, by Alexandre Guilmant, it was originally intended for the church of Notre-Dame-d'Auteuil (it

5976-420: The trees. Still others, around an improvised conductor, try their hand at the chorus. Some hold out a tin trunk to passers-by". Architects Jacques Carlu, Louis-Hippolyte Boileau and Léon Azéma were commissioned to design the project. They chose to "interweave" the wings of the old palace by "doubling them with a new gallery on the Seine side", but to demolish the auditorium and the two towers and replace them with

6059-482: The two towers was delayed by the difficulty of finding workers who were not afraid of heights, and by union demands that the 80 workers on the job "obtain payment of the customary hourly supplement for dangerous work, and the strict application of the eight-hour working day". During the general strike of 1936 , workers throughout the site went on strike on 8 June; the Petit Journal noted: "The thousand or so workers on

6142-416: The two towers were also to remain). What was to become the old Palais du Trocadéro thus survived in part, with the surface area gained on the garden-side wings increasing the floor area from 17,000 to 41,000 m, the walls, and columns being covered on the street side by stone slabs, the interior by partitions and the floor mosaics by a new covering. The new village hall will now be built underground. The palace

6225-459: The underground galleries designed by Viollet-le-Duc, which remain), the ornaments were removed and relocated. The Continents statues that once adorned the façade of the Palais du Trocadéro were reinstalled in 1985 on the Musée d'Orsay esplanade, along the rue de Lille . Three of the four monumental animal statues that surrounded the Trocadéro fountain also found their way onto the Orsay forecourt at

6308-422: The younger Marie Louise , with whom he had one son. The law of succession provided that if Napoleon's own direct line died out, the claim passed first to his older brother Joseph and his legitimate male descendants through the male line, then to his younger brother Louis and his legitimate male descendants through the male line. His other brothers, Lucien and Jérôme , and their descendants, were omitted from

6391-469: Was also to be built in the middle of the hill never got beyond the planning stage. Bonapartists even proposed erecting the Emperor's tomb here, before the remains were moved to the Hôtel des Invalides . However, the top of the hill remained uncultivated until it was leveled to create the Place du Roi de Rome (Place du Trocadéro) in 1869, and the land below until the Trocadéro gardens were laid out in 1876. From

6474-459: Was dismantled in 1935 in preparation for the 1937 Exposition Universelle , to make way for a new building, the Palais de Chaillot . The location of the Trocadéro Palace has witnessed a succession of buildings and architectural projects. Originally, the site was part of the former estate of Maréchal de Bassompierre , Henry IV 's comrade-in-arms. In 1651, Henrietta Maria of France founded a convent of

6557-402: Was eventually demolished and replaced by the Palais de Chaillot, built for the 1937 specialized exhibition , which retained most of the original structure, except for the central part of the Palais du Trocadéro, which was replaced by an esplanade . Also preserved are the "curvilinear metal trusses in the cut sheet metal of the framework", visible in the museum's molding gallery. The demolition of

6640-631: Was far from traditional. Those who ruled are indicated with an asterisk. Based on the career of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Marxism and Leninism defined Bonapartism as a political expression. Karl Marx was a student of Jacobinism and the French Revolution, as well as a contemporary critic of the Second Republic and Second Empire. He used the term Bonapartism to refer to a situation in which counter-revolutionary military officers seize power from revolutionaries, and use selective reformism to co-opt

6723-435: Was performed for the first time. The hall became known as a venue for organ concerts, then recitals, although its poor reputation for sound and technique (too much room for the organ, lack of dressing rooms, no stage clearances, almost impossible to modulate lighting, difficult to evacuate in the event of a disaster, etc.) eventually scared off both prestigious and popular orchestras, making it difficult to fill given its size. At

6806-407: Was the founder of modern Eclecticism. Eclecticism is recognized in approaches to psychology that see many factors influencing behavior and cognition or psyche . In the 1970s, psychologists started using whichever approaches and techniques that they deemed appropriate for their client. They take multiple perspectives into consideration while identifying, explaining, and changing the behavior of

6889-530: Was upgraded when it was transferred). Despite its 66 stops, 72 registers, 1,470 pipes, and 32 feet, it is not the largest organ in France, but rather the first concert organ installed in the country. The instrument was first transferred to the modern-day Palais de Chaillot, before moving permanently to Lyon , where it became the organ of the Auditorium Maurice-Ravel . It was here that Camille Saint-Saëns 's Symphonie avec orgue ( Symphony with organ )

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