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31-667: The Trinovantēs ( Common Brittonic : * Trinowantī ) or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic tribes of Pre-Roman Britain . Their territory was on the north side of the Thames estuary in current Essex , Hertfordshire and Suffolk , and included lands now located in Greater London . They were bordered to the north by the Iceni , and to the west by the Catuvellauni . Their name possibly derives from

62-476: A Birdwatcher , was published by Ebury Press on 1 May 2008 and was serialised by BBC Radio 4. First airing in August 2008, McGrath co-starred in a four-part television series with British comedian Paddy McGuinness , broadcast on Channel 5 , Rory and Paddy's Great British Adventure . In the series McGuinness and McGrath embarked on a nationwide road-trip, "on a mission to explore Britain's sporting heritage by probing

93-715: A few years later the tribe was finally conquered by either Tasciovanus or his son Cunobelinus . Addedomarus, Dubnovellaunus and possibly Mandubracius all appear in later, post-Roman and medieval British Celtic genealogies and legends as Aedd Mawr (Addedo the Great) Dyfnwal Moelmut (Dubnovellaunus the Bald and Silent) and Manawydan. The Welsh Triads recall Aedd Mawr as one of the founders of Britain The Trinovantes reappeared in history when they participated in Boudica 's revolt against

124-560: A friendly rivalry over their respective clubs . On the night that Cook died in January 1995, Tottenham had beaten Arsenal. McGrath found out about his friend's death after failing to receive Cook's usual abusive phonecall the next morning. McGrath is a friend and fan of Ralph McTell . He contributed sleeve notes to Affairs of the Heart , a McTell compilation album. In May 2013, McGrath assaulted two people whilst intoxicated, leaving one person with

155-486: A lower second class degree in modern languages. McGrath became a member of the Footlights while at Cambridge and met Jimmy Mulville , with whom he wrote and performed. After university, they wrote BBC radio scripts for Frankie Howerd and Windsor Davies . McGrath also co-wrote Black Cinderella Two Goes East with Clive Anderson for BBC Radio 2 in 1978. McGrath and Mulville went on to write for shows such as Not

186-490: A radical restructuring of the vowel system. Notes: Through comparative linguistics , it is possible to approximately reconstruct the declension paradigms of Common Brittonic: Notes: Notes: Notes: Brittonic-derived place names are scattered across Great Britain, with many occurring in the West Country ; however, some of these may be pre-Celtic. The best example is perhaps that of each (river) Avon , which comes from

217-552: Is a British comedian, television personality, and writer. He came to prominence in the comedy show Who Dares Wins and was a regular panellist on the game show They Think It's All Over for many years. He acted in the sitcom Chelmsford 123 and appeared in the ITV reality show Sugar Free Farm . McGrath was born in Redruth , Cornwall, England. He studied at Redruth Grammar School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge , from which he received

248-486: Is a form of Insular Celtic , descended from Proto-Celtic , a theorized parent language that, by the first half of the first millennium BC, was diverging into separate dialects or languages. Pictish is linked, likely as a sister language or a descendant branch. Evidence from early and modern Welsh shows that Common Brittonic was significantly influenced by Latin during the Roman period , especially in terms related to

279-524: The Catuvellauni . Imanuentius 's son, Mandubracius , fled to the protection of Caesar in Gaul . During his second expedition Caesar defeated Cassivellaunus and restored Mandubracius to the kingship, and Cassivellaunus undertook not to molest him again. Tribute was also agreed. The next identifiable king of the Trinovantes, known from numismatic evidence, was Addedomarus , who took power c. 20–15 BC, and moved

310-585: The Firth of Forth . Cumbric disappeared in the 12th century, and in the far south-west, Cornish probably became extinct in the 18th century, though its use has since been revived . O'Rahilly's historical model suggests a Brittonic language in Ireland before the introduction of the Goidelic languages , but this view has not found wide acceptance. Welsh and Breton are the only daughter languages that have survived fully into

341-589: The Roman Empire in 60 AD. Their name was given to one of the civitates of Roman Britain , whose chief town was Caesaromagus (modern Chelmsford , Essex). The style of their rich burials (see facies of Aylesford ) is of continental origin and evidence of their affiliation to the Belgic people. Their name was re-used as Trinovantum , the supposed original name of London , by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his largely fictional Historia Regum Britanniae , in which he claimed

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372-556: The church and Christianity . By the sixth century AD, the languages of the Celtic Britons were rapidly diverging into Neo-Brittonic : Welsh , Cumbric , Cornish , Breton , and possibly the Pictish language . Over the next three centuries, Brittonic was replaced by Scottish Gaelic in most of Scotland, and by Old English (from which descend Modern English and Scots ) throughout most of modern England as well as Scotland south of

403-546: The 21st century. Cornish fell out of use in the 1700s but has since undergone a revival . Cumbric and Pictish are extinct and today spoken only in the form of loanwords in English, Scots , and Scottish Gaelic . The early Common Brittonic vowel inventory is effectively identical to that of Proto-Celtic. /ɨ/ and /ʉ/ have not developed yet. By late Common Brittonic, the New Quantity System had occurred, leading to

434-599: The BBC's Three Men in a Boat series, alongside Dara Ó Briain and Griff Rhys Jones . The series has included the trio rowing up the River Thames (similar to the eponymous 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome ), sailing from London to the Isle of Wight for a sailing yacht race, borrowing numerous vessels to make their way from Plymouth to the Isles of Scilly , taking to

465-741: The Brittonic aβon[a] , "river" (transcribed into Welsh as afon , Cornish avon , Irish and Scottish Gaelic abhainn , Manx awin , Breton aven ; the Latin cognate is amnis ). When river is preceded by the word, in the modern vein, it is tautological . Examples are: Basic words tor , combe , bere , and hele from Brittonic are common in Devon place-names. Tautologous, hybrid word names exist in England, such as: Rory McGrath Patrick Rory McGrath (born 17 March 1956)

496-467: The Celtic intensive prefix "tri-" and a second element which was either "nowio" – new, so meaning "very new" in the sense of "newcomers", but possibly with an applied sense of vigor or liveliness ultimately meaning "the very vigorous people". Their capital was Camulodunum (modern Colchester ), one proposed site of the legendary Camelot . Shortly before Julius Caesar 's invasion of Britain in 55 and 54 BC,

527-760: The Irish canals and rivers along with Ó Briain's dog ( Snip Nua ), travelling in the Mediterranean to Venice and attempting to find a boat to take to the anniversary of the Statue of Liberty , where in response to a challenge between Ó Briain and Rhys Jones (who had each secured a boat and refused to give it up to use the other's), he secured permission to use the Nantucket Lightship . He also hosted Industrial Revelations : Best of British Engineering, series 5, first broadcast in 2008. His first book, Bearded Tit – Confessions of

558-581: The Nine O'Clock News and Alas Smith and Jones , and they were part of the team of writer/performers behind Injury Time (1980–1982), and the Channel 4 comedy sketch series Who Dares Wins . In 1981 McGrath wrote and performed in the radio show Glompus Van De Hloed's Tales From The Crypt alongside Andrew Sachs, Chrissy Roberts, Griff Rhys Jones and Mel Smith, from which an album was produced. In 1986, McGrath, with Jimmy Mulville and Denise O'Donoghue , co-founded

589-793: The Romanised towns and their descendants, and later from church use. By 500–550 AD, Common Brittonic had diverged into the Neo-Brittonic dialects: Old Welsh primarily in Wales, Old Cornish in Cornwall, Old Breton in what is now Brittany, Cumbric in Northern England and Southern Scotland, and probably Pictish in Northern Scotland. The modern forms of Breton and Welsh are the only direct descendants of Common Brittonic to have survived fully into

620-531: The Trinobantes were considered the most powerful tribe in Britain. At this time their capital was probably at Braughing (in modern-day Hertfordshire ). In some manuscripts of Caesar's Gallic War their king is referred to as Imanuentius , although in other manuscripts no name is given. Some time before Caesar's second expedition this king was overthrown by Cassivellaunus , who is usually assumed to have belonged to

651-414: The final word has been rendered cuamiinai .) This text is often seen as: 'The affixed – Deuina, Deieda, Andagin [and] Uindiorix – I have bound'; else, at the opposite extreme, taking into account case-marking – -rix 'king' nominative, andagin 'worthless woman' accusative, dewina deieda 'divine Deieda' nominative/vocative – is: 'May I, Windiorix for/at Cuamena defeat [or 'summon to justice']

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682-650: The hidden life of its towns and villages". The series documented numerous arcane sports such as cheese rolling , toe wrestling and swamp soccer . In 2011, McGrath presented Pub Dig for History . He presented two series of The Lakes for ITV and in 2016, he took part in ITV's Sugar Free Farm which saw him go sugar free for two weeks. McGrath is married to Nicola. They met at Cambridge, but married other people. After both their marriages ended, she contacted him and they restarted their relationship in 1995. McGrath supports Arsenal , Celtic and Plymouth Argyle . He and Peter Cook (a Tottenham supporter) used to have

713-470: The independent British TV production company Hat Trick Productions . An early production was Chelmsford 123 (1988 and 1990), which McGrath and Mulville wrote and performed. In 1990, he hosted the game show Trivial Pursuit on BBC One , but in 1992 he was dismissed from Hat Trick. The confrontation came days after McGrath had left his wife and two young children. He was a panel member on the BBC comedy sports quiz They Think It's All Over (1995–2006). He

744-457: The language differed little from that of Gaul . Comparison with what is known of Gaulish confirms the similarity. Pictish , which became extinct around 1000 years ago, was the spoken language of the Picts in Northern Scotland. Despite significant debate as to whether this language was Celtic, items such as geographical and personal names documented in the region gave evidence that this language

775-558: The modern day. No documents in the language have been found, but a few inscriptions have been identified. The Bath curse tablets , found in the Roman feeder pool at Bath, Somerset ( Aquae Sulis ), bear about 150 names – about 50% Celtic (but not necessarily Brittonic). An inscription on a metal pendant (discovered there in 1979) seems to contain an ancient Brittonic curse: " Adixoui Deuina Deieda Andagin Uindiorix cuamenai ". (Sometimes

806-456: The name derived from Troi-novantum or "New Troy ", connecting this with the legend that Britain was founded by Brutus and other refugees from the Trojan War . In Chelmsford 123 , a British television situation comedy produced for Channel 4 by Hat Trick Productions , the main character of Badvoc (played by Rory McGrath ) was the leader of The Trinovantes. Common Brittonic It

837-512: The time of 75–100 AD. The term Pritenic is controversial. In 2015, linguist Guto Rhys concluded that most proposals that Pictish diverged from Brittonic before c.  500 AD were incorrect, questionable, or of little importance, and that a lack of evidence to distinguish Brittonic and Pictish rendered the term Pritenic "redundant". Common Brittonic vied with Latin after the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD, at least in major settlements. Latin words were widely borrowed by its speakers in

868-530: The tribe's capital to Camulodunum. For a brief period c. 10 BC Tasciovanus of the Catuvellauni issued coins from Camulodunum, suggesting that he conquered the Trinobantes, but he was soon forced to withdraw, perhaps as a result of pressure from the Romans, as his later coins no longer bear the mark "Rex" , and Addedomarus was restored. Addedomarus was briefly succeeded by his son Dubnovellaunus c. 10–5 BC, but

899-637: The worthless woman, [oh] divine Deieda.' A tin/lead sheet retains part of nine text lines, damaged, with likely Brittonic names. Local Roman Britain toponyms (place names) are evidentiary, recorded in Latinised forms by Ptolemy 's Geography discussed by Rivet and Smith in their book of that name published in 1979. They show most names he used were from the Brittonic language. Some place names still contain elements derived from it. Tribe names and some Brittonic personal names are also taken down by Greeks and, mainly, Romans. Tacitus 's Agricola says that

930-531: Was most closely aligned with the Brittonic branch of Celtic languages. The question of the extent to which this language was distinguished, and the date of divergence, from the rest of Brittonic, was historically disputed. Pritenic (also Pretanic and Prittenic ) is a term coined in 1955 by Kenneth H. Jackson to describe a hypothetical Roman-era (1st to 5th centuries) predecessor to the Pictish language. Jackson saw Pritenic as having diverged from Brittonic around

961-519: Was presenter of the series Rory's Commercial Breakdown (1997), where humorous adverts were shown from different countries. He has made two football DVDs, Own Goals and Gaffs – The Premiership in 2002 and More Own Goals and Gaffs in 2003. McGrath also appeared in an episode of the Sooty Show (Time Capsule), as a scuba diver who appeared from anywhere to stop Matthew Corbett and Sooty from burying their time capsule. From 2006 to 2011, McGrath starred in

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