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86-410: Tricksters, as archetypal characters, appear in the myths of many different cultures. Lewis Hyde describes the trickster as a "boundary-crosser". The trickster crosses and often breaks both physical and societal rules: Tricksters "violate principles of social and natural order, playfully disrupting normal life and then re-establishing it on a new basis." Often, this bending and breaking of rules takes

172-480: A permaculture . Different tribes encountered non-Native European explorers and settlers at widely different times. The southern and central coastal tribes encountered European explorers in the mid-16th century. Tribes such as the Quechan or Yuman Indians in present-day southeast California and southwest Arizona first encountered Spanish explorers in the 1760s and 1770s. Tribes on the coast of northwest California, like

258-661: A feast. As they sat down to eat, the cannon was fired and many Indians were killed. The father of Captain Jack was among the survivors of that attack. Since then the Modocs resisted the intruders notoriously. Additionally, when in 1846 the Applegate Trail cut through the Modoc territory, the migrants and their livestock damaged and depleted the ecosystem that the Modoc depended on to survive. By 1900,

344-514: A few times, he becomes desperate, and resolve upon a war of extermination. This is a common feeling among our people who have lived upon the Indian frontier ... That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected. While we cannot anticipate this result but with painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power or wisdom of man to avert. Some local communities like

430-399: A fundamental driving force. These include: Other authors, such as Margaret Hartwell and Joshua Chen, go further to give these 12 archetypes families 5 archetypes each. They are as follows: There is also the position that the use of archetypes in different ways is possible because every archetype has multiple manifestations, with each one featuring different attributes. For instance, there

516-531: A group of consultants, Oliver Wozencraft , George Barbour, and Redick McKee to make treaties with the indigenous peoples of California in 1851. Leaders throughout the state signed 18 treaties with the government officials that guaranteed 7.5 million acres of land (or about 1/7th of California) in an attempt to ensure the future of their peoples amid encroaching settler colonialism . Anglo-American settlers in California responded with dissatisfaction and contempt at

602-405: A letter boasting of his new discovery. He found that applying these universal themes to products promoted easier discovery and stronger loyalty for brands. Indigenous peoples of California Indigenous peoples of California , commonly known as Indigenous Californians or Native Californians , are a diverse group of nations and peoples that are indigenous to the geographic area within

688-538: A personified rabbit, known as Brer Rabbit , is the main trickster figure. In West Africa (and thence into the Caribbean via the slave trade), the spider (see Anansi ) is often the trickster. In southern African a ǀKaggen is often the trickster, usually taking the form of a praying mantis . The trickster is a term used for a non-performing "trick maker"; they may have many motives behind their intention but those motives are not largely in public view. They are internal to

774-604: A poor and simple peasant comes. With the help of his wits and cleverness, instead of fighting, they evade or fool monsters, villains and dangers in unorthodox ways. Against expectations, the most unlikely candidate passes the trials and receives the reward. {{Citation needed|date=November 2024]] More modern and obvious examples of the trickster archetype include Bugs Bunny , the Cheshire Cat from Lewis Caroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , Jerry from Tom and Jerry , Joker from

860-403: A regional scale to create a low-intensity fire ecology ; this prevented larger, catastrophic fires and sustained a low-density "wild" agriculture in loose rotation. By burning underbrush and grass, the natives revitalized patches of land and provided fresh shoots to attract food animals. A form of fire-stick farming was used to clear areas of old growth to encourage new in a repeated cycle;

946-528: A series of massacres and conflicts between settlers and the indigenous peoples of California lasting from about 1846 to 1873 that is generally referred to as the California genocide . The negative impact of the California Gold Rush on both the local indigenous inhabitants and the environment were substantial, decimating the people still remaining. 100,000 native people died during the first two years of

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1032-460: A standard and recurring depiction in a particular human culture or the whole human race that ultimately lays concrete pillars and can shape the whole structure in a literary work. Christopher Booker , author of The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories , argues that the following basic archetypes underlie all stories: These themes coincide with the characters of Jung's archetypes. Archetypal literary criticism argues that archetypes determine

1118-478: A state-enabled policy of elimination was carried out against its aboriginal people known as the California genocide in the establishment of Anglo-American settler colonialism . The Native population reached its lowest in the early 20th century while cultural assimilation into white society became imposed through Indian boarding schools . Native Californian peoples continue to advocate for their cultures, homelands, sacred sites, and their right to live. In

1204-416: Is a tendency to form such representations of a motif—representations that can vary a great deal in detail without losing their basic pattern. While there are a variety of categorizations of archetypes, Jung's configuration is perhaps the most well known and serves as the foundation for many other models. The four major archetypes to emerge from his work, which Jung originally terms primordial images, include

1290-519: Is an example of this. Another once-famous example was the character Froggy the Gremlin on the early USA children's television show "Andy's Gang". A cigar-puffing puppet, Froggy induced the adult humans around him to engage in ridiculous and self-destructive hi-jinks. For example, many European fairy tales have a king who wants to find the best groom for his daughter by ordering several trials. No brave and valiant prince or knight manages to win them, until

1376-620: Is tempting to think of Forms as mental entities (ideas) that exist only in our mind, the philosopher insisted that they are independent of any minds (real). Eidos were collective in the sense that they embodied the fundamental characteristics of a thing rather than its specific peculiarities. In the seventeenth century, Sir Thomas Browne and Francis Bacon both employ the word archetype in their writings; Browne in The Garden of Cyrus (1658) attempted to depict archetypes in his usage of symbolic proper-names. The concept of psychological archetypes

1462-497: Is the position that the function of the archetype must be approached according to the context of biological sciences and is accomplished through the concept of the ultimate function. This pertains to the organism's response to those pressures in terms of biological trait. Later in the 1900s, a Viennese psychologist named Dr. Ernest Dichter took these psychological constructs and applied them to marketing. Dichter moved to New York around 1939 and sent every ad agency on Madison Avenue

1548-528: The Bureau of Indian Affairs , and Federal and State funding for Tribal TANF/CalWORKs programs. The California genocide was not acknowledged as a genocide by non-native people for over a century in California. In the 2010s, denial among politicians, academics, historians, and institutions such as public schools was commonplace. This has been credited to a lingering unwillingness of settler descendants who are "beneficiaries of genocidal policies (similar to throughout

1634-612: The La Jolla complex and the Pauma Complex , both dating from c. 6050–1000 BCE. From 3000 to 2000 BCE, regional diversity developed, with the peoples making fine-tuned adaptations to local environments. Traits recognizable to historic tribes were developed by approximately 500 BCE. The indigenous people practiced various forms of sophisticated forest gardening in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands to ensure availability of food and medicine plants. They controlled fire on

1720-651: The Miwok , Yurok , and Yokut , had contact with Russian explorers and seafarers in the late 18th century. In remote interior regions, some tribes did not meet non-natives until the mid-19th century. At the time of the establishment of the first Spanish Mission in 1769, the most widely accepted estimates say that California's indigenous population was around 340,000 people and possibly more. The indigenous peoples of California were extremely diverse and made up of ten different linguistic families with at least 78 distinct languages. These are further broken down into many dialects, while

1806-695: The Spanish Empire in 1821, a liberal sect of the First Mexican Republic passed an act to secularize the missions , which effectively ended religious authority over native people in Alta California . The legislation was primarily passed from liberal sects in the Mexican government, including José María Luis Mora , who believed that the missions prevented native people from accessing "the value of individual property." The Mexican government did not return

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1892-428: The " hero "; symbols such as the apple or the snake; and imagery) and that have all been laden with meaning prior to their inclusion in any particular work. The archetypes reveal shared roles universal among societies, such as the role of the mother in her natural relations with all members of the family. These archetypes create a shared imagery which is defined by many stereotypes that have not separated themselves from

1978-518: The 1540s. It derives from the Latin noun archetypum , latinization of the Greek noun ἀρχέτυπον ( archétypon ), whose adjective form is ἀρχέτυπος ( archétypos ), which means "first-molded", which is a compound of ἀρχή archḗ , "beginning, origin", and τύπος týpos , which can mean, among other things, "pattern", "model", or "type". It, thus, referred to the beginning or origin of

2064-403: The 18 treaties of 1851–1852 that were never ratified and were classified. In 1944 and in 1946, native peoples brought claims for reimbursements asking for compensations for the lands affected by treaties and Mexican land grants. They won $ 17.5 million and $ 46 million, respectively. Yet, the land agreed to in the treaties was not returned. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act was passed by

2150-449: The 21st century, language revitalization began among some California tribes. The Land Back movement has taken shape in the state with more support to return land to tribes. There is a growing recognition by California of Native peoples' environmental knowledge to improve ecosystems and mitigate wildfires . The traditional homelands of many tribal nations may not conform exactly to the state of California's boundaries. Many tribes on

2236-467: The American settlers embraced a policy of elimination toward indigenous people in California. In his second state address in 1851, Burnett framed an eliminatory outlook toward native people as one of defense for the property of white settlers : The white man, to whom time is money, and who labors hard all day to create the comforts of life, cannot sit up all night to watch his property; and after being robbed

2322-587: The Batman series and Pippi Longstocking . In online environments, there has been a link between the trickster and Internet trolling . Some have said that a trickster is a type of online community character. Anthropologist James Cuffe has called the Chinese internet character Grass Mud Horse ( cǎonímǎ 草泥马) a trickster candidate because of its duplicity in meaning. Cuffe argues the Grass Mud Horse serves to highlight

2408-437: The California landscape, altering native people's relationship to the land as well as key plant and animal species that had been integral to their ways of life and worldviews for thousands of years. The missions further perpetuated cultural genocide against native people through enforced conversion to Christianity and the prohibition of numerous cultural practices under threat of violence and torture, which were commonplace at

2494-885: The Cross Creek Site, Santa Barbara Channel Islands , Santa Barbara Coast's Sudden Flats, and the Scotts Valley site, CA-SCR-177 . The Arlington Springs Man is an excavation of 10,000-year-old human remains in the Channel Islands. Marine shellfish remains associated with Kelp Forests were recovered in the Channel Island sites and at other sites such as Daisy Cave and Cardwell Bluffs dated between 12,000 and 9000 cal BP. Prior to European contact, indigenous Californians had 500 distinct sub-tribes or groups, each consisting of 50 to 500 individual members. The size of California tribes today are small compared to tribes in other regions of

2580-570: The Great Basin . According to Crow (and other Plains) tradition, Old Man Coyote impersonates the Creator: "Old Man Coyote took up a handful of mud and out of it made people". He also bestowed names on buffalo, deer, elk, antelopes, and bear. According to A. Hultkranz, the impersonation of Coyote as Creator is a result of a taboo, a mythic substitute to the religious notion of the Great Spirit whose name

2666-581: The Indigenous Californian tribes except for the Yuman/Quechan , who numbered 2,759 in the state. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, there are currently over one hundred federally recognized native groups or tribes in California including those that spread to several states. Federal recognition officially grants the Indian tribes access to services and funding from

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2752-505: The Modoc population decreased by 75 to 88% as a result of seven anti-Modoc campaigns started by the whites. There is evidence that the first massacre of the Modocs by non-natives took place as early as 1840. According to the story told by a chief of the Achumawi tribe (neighboring to Modocs), a group of trappers from the north stopped by the Tule lake around the year 1840 and invited the Modocs to

2838-596: The U.S. federal government, who reimbursed money to the state for the militias. Most of inland California including California deserts and the Central Valley was in possession of native people until the acquisition of Alta California by the United States. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 inspired a mass migration of Anglo-American settlers into areas where native people had avoided sustained encounters with invaders. The California Gold Rush involved

2924-516: The U.S. government in 1978, which gave indigenous people some rights toward practicing their religion. In practice, this did not extend or include religious freedom in regard to indigenous people's religious relationship to environmental sites or their relationship with ecosystems. Religion tends to be understood as separate from the land in American Judeo-Christian terms, which differs from indigenous terms. While in theory religious freedom

3010-632: The United States in 1813, it was still being implemented as late as 1903 in Southern California. The last native removal in U.S. history occurred in what has been referred to as the Cupeño trail of tears , when the people were forced off of their homeland by white settlers, who sought ownership of what is now Warner Springs . The people were forced to move 75 miles from their home village of Cupa to Pala, California . The forced removal under threat of violence also included Luiseño and Kumeyaay villages in

3096-512: The United States. Prior to contact with Europeans, the California region contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now Mexico . Because of the temperate climate and easy access to food sources, approximately one-third of all Native Americans in the United States were living in the area of California. Early Native Californians were hunter-gatherers , with seed collection becoming widespread around 9,000 BCE. Two early southern California cultural traditions include

3182-522: The activity of the Russian-American Company . A Russian explorer, Baron Ferdinand von Wrangell , visited California in 1818, 1833, and 1835. Looking for a potential site for a new outpost of the company in California in place of Fort Ross , Wrangell's expedition encountered the native people north of San Francisco Bay . He noted that local women, who were used to physical labor, seemed to be of stronger constitution than men, whose main activity

3268-513: The anima/animus, the self, the shadow, and the persona. Additionally, Jung referred to images of the wise old man, the child, the mother, and the maiden. He believed that each human mind retains these basic unconscious understandings of the human condition and the collective knowledge of our species in the construct of the collective unconscious . Other authors, such as Carol Pearson and Margaret Mark, have attributed 12 different archetypes to Jung, organized in three overarching categories, based on

3354-550: The area. During the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the government attempted to force indigenous peoples to further break the ties with their native culture and assimilate into white society. In California, the federal government established such forms of education as the reservation day schools and American Indian boarding schools . Three of the twenty-five off-reservation Indian boarding schools were in California, and ten schools total. New students were customarily bathed in kerosene and their hair

3440-451: The availability of food and medicinal plants as well as ecosystem balance. Archeological sites indicate human occupation of California for thousands of years. European settlers began exploring their homelands in the late 18th century. This began with the arrival of Spanish soldiers and missionaries who established Franciscan missions that instituted an immense rate of death and cultural genocide . Following California statehood ,

3526-479: The boarding schools. Native people recognized the American Indian boarding schools as institutionalized forces of elimination toward their native culture . They demanded the right for their children to access public schools. In 1935, restrictions that forbid native people from attending public schools were removed. It was not until 1978 that native people won the legal right to prevent familial separation that

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3612-546: The character or person. The clown on the other hand is a persona of a performer who intentionally displays their actions in public for an audience. While the trickster crosses various cultural traditions, there are significant differences between tricksters from different parts of the world: Many native traditions held clowns and tricksters as essential to any contact with the sacred . People could not pray until they had laughed, because laughter opens and frees from rigid preconception. Humans had to have tricksters within

3698-441: The city of Shasta authorized "five dollars for every Indian head." In this period, 303 volunteer militia groups of 35,000 men were formed by the settlers. In the fiscal year of 1851–1852, California reimbursed approximately $ 1 million of expenses for militia groups engaged in "the suppression of Indian hostilities", although in fact, they were massacring native people. Volunteer militia groups were also indirectly subsidized by

3784-583: The collection of the Imperial Academy of Sciences . He described the locals that he met on his trip to Cape Mendocino as "the untamed Indian tribes of New Albion , who roam like animals and, protected by impenetrable vegetation, keep from being enslaved by the Spanish". After about a decade of conservative rule in the First Mexican Republic , which formed in 1824 after Mexico gained independence from

3870-457: The creative potential of the trickster archetype in communicating experiential understanding through symbolic narrative. The Grass Mud Horse relies on the interpretative capacity of storytelling in order to skirt internet censorship while simultaneously commenting on the experience of censorship in China. In this sense Cuffe proposes the Grass Mud Horse trickster as 'a heuristic cultural function to aid

3956-410: The culture hero, Coyote appears in various mythic traditions, but generally with the same magical powers of transformation, resurrection, and "medicine". He is engaged in changing the ways of rivers, creating new landscapes and getting sacred things for people. Of mention is the tradition of Coyote fighting against monsters. According to Wasco tradition, Coyote was the hero to fight and kill Thunderbird ,

4042-427: The current boundaries of California before and after European colonization . There are currently 109 federally recognized tribes in the state and over forty self-identified tribes or tribal bands that have applied for federal recognition . California has the second-largest Native American population in the United States. Most tribes practiced forest gardening or permaculture and controlled burning to ensure

4128-534: The dropping of 11,000 pounds of granular hexazinone on 3,075 acres of the Stanislaus National Forest in 1996 by the USFS, deformed plants and sickened wildlife that are culturally and religiously significant to native people. California has the largest population of Native Americans out of any state, with 1,252,083 identifying an "American Indian or Alaska Native" tribe as a component of their race (14.6% of

4214-698: The eastern border with Nevada have been classified as Great Basin tribes , while some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes . Tribes in Baja California who do not cross into California are classified as indigenous peoples of Mexico . The Kumeyaay nation is split by the Mexico-United States border . Evidence of human occupation of California dates from at least 19,000 years ago. Archeological sites with dates that support human settlement in period 12,000 -7,000 ybp are: Borax Lake ,

4300-440: The end of the century. The mass decline in population has been attributed to disease and epidemics that swept through Spanish missions in the early part of the century, such as an 1833 malaria epidemic, among other factors including state-enabled massacres that accelerated under Anglo-American rule. In the early 19th century, Russian exploration of California and contacts with indigenous people were usually associated with

4386-631: The first fish weir out of logs and branches. Wakdjunga in Winnebago mythology is an example of the trickster archetype. Wisakedjak (Wìsakedjàk in Algonquin , Wīsahkēcāhk(w) in Cree and Wiisagejaak in Oji-Cree ) is a trickster figure in Algonquin and Chipewyan Storytelling. The Coyote mythos is one of the most popular among western Native American cultures, especially among indigenous peoples of California and

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4472-636: The following as a legal practice: Any person could go before a Justice of Peace to obtain Indian children for indenture. The Justice determined whether or not compulsory means were used to obtain the child. If the Justice was satisfied that no coercion occurred, the person obtain a certificate that authorized him to have the care, custody, control and earnings of an Indian until their age of majority (for males, eighteen years, for females, fifteen years). Raids on native villages were common, where adults and children were threatened with fatal consequence for refusing what

4558-445: The following: Archetypes are also very close analogies to instincts , in that, long before any consciousness develops, it is the impersonal and inherited traits of human beings that present and motivate human behavior. They also continue to influence feelings and behavior even after some degree of consciousness developed later on. The word archetype , "original pattern from which copies are made," first entered into English usage in

4644-403: The form and function of literary works and that a text 's meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths. Cultural archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or made concrete by recurring images , symbols , or patterns (which may include motifs such as the " quest " or the " heavenly ascent "; recognizable character types such as the " trickster ", " saint ", " martyr " or

4730-490: The form of tricks and thievery. Tricksters can be cunning or foolish or both. The trickster openly questions, disrupts and mocks authority. Many cultures have tales of the trickster, a crafty being who uses tricks to get food, steal precious possessions, or simply cause mischief. In some Greek myths Hermes plays the trickster. He is the patron of thieves and the inventor of lying, a gift he passed on to Autolycus , who in turn passed it on to Odysseus . In Slavic folktales,

4816-456: The gold rush alone. Settlers took land both for their camps and to farm and supply food for their camps. The surging mining population resulted in the disappearance of many food sources. Toxic waste from their operations killed fish and destroyed habitats. Settlers viewed indigenous people as obstacles for gold, so they actively went into villages where they raped the women and killed the men. Sexual violence against native women and young girls

4902-521: The killer of people, but he could do that not because of his personal power, but due to the help of the Spirit Chief. In some stories, Multnomah Falls came to be by Coyote's efforts; in others, it is done by Raven. More often than not Coyote is a trickster, but always different. In some stories, he is a noble trickster: "Coyote takes water from the Frog people... because it is not right that one people have all

4988-491: The lands to tribes, but made land grants to settlers of at least partial European ancestry, transforming the remaining parts of mission land into large land grants or ranchos . Secularization provided native people with the opportunity to leave the mission system, yet left many people landless , who were thus pressured into wage labor at the ranchos. The few Indigenous people who acquired land grants were those who have proven their Hispanicization and Christianization . This

5074-686: The matter, who stated that the construction of the road would destroy the religions of the three tribes. However, no protection was provided through the Religious Freedom Act. The National Park Service mandates a no-gathering policy for cultural or religious purposes and the United States Forest Service (USFS) requires a special permit and fee, which prohibits native people's religious freedom. A 1995 mandate that would have provided conditional opportunities for gathering for this purpose failed to pass. Pesticide use in forests, such as

5160-435: The missions. The population of Native California was reduced by 90% during the 19th century—from more than 200,000 in the early 19th century to approximately 15,000 at the end of the century. The majority of this population decline occurred in the latter half of the century, under American occupation. While in 1848, the population of native people was about 150,000, by 1870 it fell to 30,000, and fell further to 16,000 by

5246-496: The missions. In that same period, 63,789 deaths at the missions were recorded, indicating the immense death rate . This massive drop in population has been attributed to the introduction of diseases, which rapidly spread while native people were forced into close quarters at the missions, as well as torture, overworking, and malnourishment at the missions. The missions also introduced European invasive plant species as well as cattle grazing practices that significantly transformed

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5332-634: The modern Euro-American moral tradition". In some stories the Native American trickster is foolish and other times wise. He can be a hero in one tale and a villain in the next. In many Native American and First Nations mythologies, the Coyote spirit ( Southwestern United States ) or Raven spirit ( Pacific Northwest ) stole fire from the gods ( stars , moon , and/or sun ). Both are usually seen as jokesters and pranksters. In Native American creation stories, when Coyote teaches humans how to catch salmon, he makes

5418-483: The most sacred ceremonies for fear that they forget the sacred comes through upset, reversal, surprise. The trickster in most native traditions is essential to creation, to birth. Native American tricksters should not be confused with the European fictional picaro . One of the most important distinctions is that "we can see in the Native American trickster an openness to life's multiplicity and paradoxes largely missing in

5504-461: The nation-wide total). This population grew by 15% between 2000 and 2010, much less than the nation-wide growth rate of 27%, but higher than the population growth rate for all races, which was about 10% in California over that decade. Over 50,000 indigenous people live in Los Angeles alone. However, the majority of Indigenous people in California today do not identify with the tribes indigenous to

5590-520: The northern and mountainous areas of the state, which had avoided some earlier waves of violence due to their more remote locations. Near the end of the period associated with the California genocide, the final stage of the Modoc Campaign was triggered when Modoc men led by Kintpuash (AKA Captain Jack) murdered General Canby at the peace tent in 1873. However, it's not widely known that between 1851 and 1872

5676-424: The pattern, model or type. Usage of archetypes in specific pieces of writing is a holistic approach , which can help the writing win universal acceptance. This is because readers can relate to and identify with the characters and the situation, both socially and culturally. By deploying common archetypes contextually, a writer aims to impart realism to their work. According to many literary critics, archetypes have

5762-496: The people were organized into sedentary and semi-sedentary villages of 400-500 micro-tribes. The Spanish began their long-term occupation in California in 1769 with the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcalá in San Diego . The Spanish built 20 additional missions in California, most of which were constructed in the late 18th century. From 1769 to 1832, an estimated total of 87,787 baptisms and 24,529 marriages had been conducted at

5848-614: The perceiver to re-evaluate their own experiential understanding against that of their communities. By framing itself against and in spite of limits the trickster offers new coordinates by which one can reassess and judges one's own experiences.' Archetype The concept of an archetype ( / ˈ ɑːr k ɪ t aɪ p / AR -ki-type ; from Ancient Greek ἄρχω árkhō  'to begin' and τύπος túpos  'sort, type') appears in areas relating to behavior , historical psychology , philosophy and literary analysis . An archetype can be any of

5934-514: The population of native people who survived the eliminatory policies and acts carried out in the 19th century was estimated at 16,000 people. Remaining native people continued to be the recipients of the U.S. policies of cultural genocide throughout the 20th century. Many other native people would experience false claims that they were "extinct" as a people throughout the century. Although the American policy of Indian removal to force indigenous peoples off of their homelands had begun much earlier in

6020-602: The same time, it has also been observed that evolution can itself be considered an archetypal construct. Jung states in part one of Man And His Symbols that: My views about the 'archaic remnants', which I call 'archetypes' or 'primordial images,' have been constantly criticized by people who lack sufficient knowledge of the psychology of dreams and of mythology. The term 'archetype' is often misunderstood as meaning certain definite mythological images or motifs, but these are nothing more than conscious representations. Such variable representations cannot be inherited. The archetype

6106-504: The state, rather they are of Indigenous Mexican or Central American ancestry, or of tribes from other parts of the United States, such as the Cherokee or Navajo . Of the state's 934,970 indigenous people who specified a Native American tribe, 297,708 identified as " Mexican American Indian" , 125,344 identified as "Central American Indian" , and 125,019 identified as Cherokee. 108,319 identified with "all other tribes," which includes all of

6192-416: The traditional, biological, religious, and mythical framework. The origins of the archetypal hypothesis date as far back as Plato . Plato's eidos , or ideas , were pure mental forms that were said to be imprinted in the soul before it was born into the world. Some philosophers also translate the archetype as "essence" in order to avoid confusion with respect to Plato's conceptualization of Forms. While it

6278-420: The treaties, believing the native people were being reserved too much land. Despite making agreements, the U.S. government sided with the settlers and tabled the treaties without informing the signees. They remained shelved and were never ratified. The California genocide continued after the California Gold Rush period. By the late 1850s, Anglo-American militias were invading the homelands of native people in

6364-515: The trickster and the culture hero are often combined. Frequently the trickster figure exhibits gender and form variability. In Norse mythology the mischief-maker is Loki , who is also a shapeshifter . Loki also exhibits sex variability, in one case even becoming pregnant. According to "The Song of Hyndla" in The Poetic Edda , Loki becomes a mare who later gives birth to Odin's eight-legged horse Sleipnir . In African-American folklore,

6450-494: The water." In others, he is malicious: "Coyote determined to bring harm to Duck. He took Duck's wife and children, whom he treated badly." In modern literature, the trickster survives as a character archetype, not necessarily supernatural or divine, sometimes no more than a stock character . Often, the trickster is distinct in a story by their acting as a sort of catalyst; their antics are the cause of other characters' discomfiture, but they are left untouched. Shakespeare 's Puck

6536-537: The way in which Jung meant them. In Jung's psychological framework, archetypes are innate, libidinally collective schemas , universal prototypes for idea- sensory impression images and may be used to interpret observations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with an archetype is a complex (e.g. a mother complex associated with the mother archetype). Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous to physical ones in that both are morphological constructs that arose through evolution . At

6622-486: Was Los Angeles , where an 1850 city ordinance passed by the Los Angeles City Council allowed prisoners to be "auctioned off to the highest bidder for private service." Historian Robert Heizer referred to this as "a thinly disguised substitute for slavery." Auctions continued as a weekly practice for nearly twenty years until there were no California native people left to sell. The United States Senate sent

6708-541: Was a normal part of white settler life, who were often forced into prostitution or sex slavery . Kidnappings and rape of native women and girls was reported as occurring "daily and nightly." This violence against women often provoked attacks on white settlers by native men. Forced labor was also common during the Gold Rush, permitted by the 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians . Part of this law instituted

6794-782: Was advanced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung , c. 1919. Jung has acknowledged that his conceptualization of archetype is influenced by Plato's eidos , which he described as "the formulated meaning of a primordial image by which it was represented symbolically." According to Jung, the term archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos , also believed to represent the word form . He maintained that Platonic archetypes are metaphysical ideas, paradigms, or models, and that real things are held to be only copies of these model ideas. However, archetypes are not easily recognizable in Plato's works in

6880-461: Was cut upon arrival. Poor ventilation and nutrition and diseases were typical problems at schools. In addition to that, most parents disagreed with the idea of their children being raised as whites, with students being forced to wear European style clothes and haircuts, given European names, and strictly forbidden to speak indigenous languages. Sexual and physical abuse at the schools was common. By 1926, 83% of all Native American children attended

6966-411: Was essentially slavery . Although this was in legal terms illegal , the law was established not to help protect indigenous people, so there were rarely interventions to stop kidnappings and the circulation of stolen children into the market by law enforcement. What were effectively slave auctions occurred where laborers could be "purchased" for as low as 35 dollars. A central location for auctions

7052-464: Was hunting. He summarized his impressions of the California Indians as a people with a natural propensity for independence, inventive spirit, and a unique sense of the beautiful. Another notable Russian expedition to California was the 13-month-long visit of the scientist Ilya Voznesensky in 1840–1841. Voznesensky's goal was to gather some ethnographic, biological, and geological materials for

7138-413: Was integral to native children being brought to the boarding schools. This separation often occurred without knowledge by parents, or under white claims that native children were "unsupervised" and were thus obligated to the school, and sometimes under threatening circumstances to families. Since the 1920s, various Indian activist groups were demanding that the federal government fulfill the conditions of

7224-638: Was noted in the land acquisition of Victoria Reid , an Indigenous woman born at the village of Comicranga . The first governor of California as a U.S. state was Peter Hardenman Burnett , who came to power in 1848 following the United States victory in the Mexican–American War . As American settlers came in control of California with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , its administrators honored some Mexican land grant titles, but did not honor aboriginal land title . With this shift in power,

7310-400: Was protected, in practice, religious or ceremonial sites and practices were not protected. In 1988, Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n the U.S. Supreme Court sided with the U.S. Forest Service to build a road through a forest used for religious purposes by three nearby tribal nations in northwestern California. This was despite the recommendations of the expert witness on

7396-514: Was too dangerous and/or sacred to use apart from at special ceremonies. In Chelan myths, Coyote belongs to the animal people but he is at the same time "a power just like the Creator, the head of all the creatures." while still being a subject of the Creator who can punish him or remove his powers. In the Pacific Northwest tradition, Coyote is mostly mentioned as a messenger, or minor power. As

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