This is an accepted version of this page
130-535: The Transport Accident Commission (TAC) is the statutory insurer of third-party personal liability (CTP insurance in other states) for road accidents in the State of Victoria , Australia . It was established under the Transport Accident Act 1986. Its purpose is to fund treatment and support services for people injured in transport accidents. The TAC's support covers medical and non-medical expenses incurred as
260-663: A Nerva–Antonine dynasty -era tablet from the ruins of the Temple of Antinous in Antinoöpolis , Aegyptus . The tablet prescribed the rules and membership dues of a burial society collegium established in Lanuvium , Italia in approximately 133 AD during the reign of Hadrian (117–138) of the Roman Empire . In 1851 AD, future U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Joseph P. Bradley (1870–1892 AD), once employed as an actuary for
390-509: A cooperative mode metagame wherein players compete for a cash bonus during story missions by accumulating points from special kill bonuses and property damage. The pack's missions feature American pornographic actress Tera Patrick , who plays a whistleblower and former microbiologist for the Ultor Corporation. Originally slated for release on April 16, 2009, the pack was delayed a week to April 23 so it could be released alongside
520-688: A demolition derby to end the Brotherhood. Shaundi investigates the Sons of Samedi, led by "The General" ( Greg Eagles ) and his right-hand, Mr. Sunshine ( Phil LaMarr ). After the Saints disrupt the Samedi's operations and steal most of their customers, Samedi lieutenant and one of Shaundi's exes, DJ Veteran Child ( Neil Patrick Harris ), is forced by the gang to kidnap Shaundi. After the Boss kills Veteran Child to rescue Shaundi,
650-577: A sea captain , ship-manager , or ship charterer that saved a ship from total loss was only required to pay one-half the value of the ship to the ship-owner . In the Digesta seu Pandectae (533), the second volume of the codification of laws ordered by Justinian I (527–565), a legal opinion written by the Roman jurist Paulus in 235 AD was included about the Lex Rhodia ("Rhodian law"). It articulates
780-463: A B, stating that it "relishes the hedonistic aspects of the open-world genre", that it has "plenty of innovation" and that the "excellence in the presentation makes the world of Saints [Row] 2 a great introduction for newcomers to open world games". Eurogamer gave the game a 9/10, stating that it "is one of the most ridiculous and enjoyable games of the year". Game Informer gave the game an 8.75/10, stating that "in its own silly, b-movie way, it's
910-495: A bill in July 2008 requiring prominent display of age ratings on video games and mandating parental control on game consoles by 2010. In 2021, PC Gamer listed Saints Row 2 as one of the worst PC ports. Saints Row 2 sold approximately 365,000 copies in its first month, outselling Dead Space , which was released the same day. The Xbox 360 version comprised the majority of these sales. The game shipped over two million units by
1040-453: A claim arises on the occurrence of a specified event). There are generally three types of insurance contracts that seek to indemnify an insured: From an insured's standpoint, the result is usually the same: the insurer pays the loss and claims expenses. If the Insured has a "reimbursement" policy, the insured can be required to pay for a loss and then be "reimbursed" by the insurance carrier for
1170-448: A claim. Adjusting liability-insurance claims is particularly difficult because they involve a third party, the plaintiff , who is under no contractual obligation to cooperate with the insurer and may in fact regard the insurer as a deep pocket . The adjuster must obtain legal counsel for the insured—either inside ("house") counsel or outside ("panel") counsel, monitor litigation that may take years to complete, and appear in person or over
1300-601: A combined ratio over 100% may nevertheless remain profitable due to investment earnings. Insurance companies earn investment profits on "float". Float, or available reserve, is the amount of money on hand at any given moment that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest or other income on them until claims are paid out. The Association of British Insurers (grouping together 400 insurance companies and 94% of UK insurance services) has almost 20% of
1430-455: A company insures an individual entity, there are basic legal requirements and regulations. Several commonly cited legal principles of insurance include: To "indemnify" means to make whole again, or to be reinstated to the position that one was in, to the extent possible, prior to the happening of a specified event or peril. Accordingly, life insurance is generally not considered to be indemnity insurance, but rather "contingent" insurance (i.e.,
SECTION 10
#17328528662461560-400: A damn fun game" and a "profately good time". GameSpot gave the game an 8.0/10, stating that "from beginning to end, this is one of the most fun urban chaos games out there" and that it will "keep you happily creating havoc for a long time". GameSpy gave the game four and a half stars out of five, stating that it "offers up a shooting and driving experience that is plenty of fun" and that it
1690-683: A duty to help reduce accidents on Victorian roads. It is responsible for the majority of road safety advertising in the state. In 1973, the Parliament of Victoria passed the Motor Accidents Act, which established the Motor Accidents Board to pay compensation to people injured in motor vehicle accidents . The Act granted a form of no-fault insurance to Victorian residents in certain circumstances, but victims retained their common law right to sue other drivers for fault or negligence , and
1820-410: A fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management , primarily used to protect against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss. An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer , insurance company , insurance carrier , or underwriter . A person or entity who buys insurance is known as a policyholder , while
1950-470: A former lawyer and longtime critic of violent video games, called Saints Row 2 a " Grand Theft Auto ripoff ", and said that "as is true with pornography, as is true with violence, the subsequent products tend to push the envelope even more". On Tuesday, October 14, 2008, the game's US release date, candidate Leslie Crocker Snyder and others spoke out against the game, surrounded by police union members who support her bid. Governor David Paterson signed
2080-482: A grass-roots level. Most famously, the TAC was the major sponsor of Richmond for 16 years through the "Drink, drive, bloody idiot" campaign, which saw the "Drink drive" message displayed on the team's jerseys which was terminated when a Richmond player was caught drink-driving. The TAC also sponsored Essendon from 1994 until 2000 with the "Don't fool yourself, speed kills" campaign, and Collingwood from 2002 until 2006 with
2210-453: A lack of innovation. The Windows port in particular was heavily criticized for technical issues not present in any of the other versions. The game had sold around 400,000 units by November 2008, and 3.4 million units by September 2010. A sequel, Saints Row: The Third , was released in November 2011. Saints Row 2 is an action-adventure video game set in an open world environment, offering
2340-464: A match. There are two standard deathmatch modes; the free-for-all "Gangsta Brawl" mode and its team-based variant, "Team Gangsta Brawl". Another mode, known as "Strong Arm", puts two teams against each other fighting for control over the neighborhood. In "Strong Arm", the first team to earn $ 100,000,000 wins and money is earned by competing head-to-head in activities, controlling " tag spots" which serve as bonus modifiers or by eliminating members of
2470-413: A minimum, the following elements: identification of participating parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be " indemnified " against the loss covered in
2600-453: A more active role in loss mitigation, such as through building codes . According to the study books of The Chartered Insurance Institute, there are variant methods of insurance as follows: Insurers may use the subscription business model , collecting premium payments periodically in return for on-going and/or compounding benefits offered to policyholders. Insurers' business model aims to collect more in premium and investment income than
2730-402: A more powerful response, such as SWAT teams from the police. The player will continue to be chased by these groups until captured or killed and must reduce the notoriety bar by either hiding from the police or gang and wait for it to "cool off", or by seeking out a drive-through confessional which will clear the notoriety bar for a small fee. Should the player character be apprehended or killed,
SECTION 20
#17328528662462860-411: A new headquarters in a hotel destroyed by an earthquake . Afterwards, the player steps up as the Saints' new leader, now going under the moniker of "The Boss", and declares war on the rival gangs, assigning the Saints lieutenants to discover more about each. Carlos researches the Brotherhood, led by Maero ( Michael Dorn ). After the Boss rejects Maero's deal to join forces and split their profits (80% to
2990-458: A person or entity covered under the policy is called an insured . The insurance transaction involves the policyholder assuming a guaranteed, known, and relatively small loss in the form of a payment to the insurer (a premium) in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate the insured in the event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial, but it must be reducible to financial terms. Furthermore, it usually involves something in which
3120-622: A premium paid independently of loans began in Belgium about 1300 AD. Separate insurance contracts (i.e., insurance policies not bundled with loans or other kinds of contracts) were invented in Genoa in the 14th century, as were insurance pools backed by pledges of landed estates. The first known insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347. In the next century, maritime insurance developed widely, and premiums were varied with risks. These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated from investment,
3250-697: A relatively few claimants – and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (called reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit . Policies typically include a number of exclusions, for example: Insurers may prohibit certain activities which are considered dangerous and therefore excluded from coverage. One system for classifying activities according to whether they are authorised by insurers refers to "green light" approved activities and events, "yellow light" activities and events which require insurer consultation and/or waivers of liability, and "red light" activities and events which are prohibited and outside
3380-447: A result of an accident, for example income support for people whose injuries prevent them from performing normal job duties, or return to work programs, and equipment or aids, such as wheelchairs or crutches that are recommended by a healthcare professional. Funding used by the TAC to perform these functions comes from compulsory payments made by Victorian motorists when they register their vehicles each year with VicRoads. The TAC also has
3510-404: A runner-up for GameShark 's overall and Xbox 360 games of the year. Game Developer named Volition in their top 50 developers of the year for their work on the game, and THQ in their top 20 publishers. The console version of Saints Row 2 garnered generally positive reviews. The PC version was relatively less well received due to frame rate issues and visual pop-in. 1UP.com gave the game
3640-539: A separation of roles that first proved useful in marine insurance . The earliest known policy of life insurance was made in the Royal Exchange, London , on 18 June 1583, for £383, 6s. 8d. for twelve months on the life of William Gibbons. Insurance became far more sophisticated in Enlightenment-era Europe , where specialized varieties developed. Property insurance as we know it today can be traced to
3770-482: A small percentage of the player's earnings will be removed and the player will respawn at law or healthcare institutions. The game contains over forty different weapons, many of which have been recycled from Saints Row . The game allows the player to utilise new weapon types, examples of which include satchel charges , laser-guided rocket launchers, chainsaws and more. The player has the ability to dual wield handguns and submachine guns. Weaponry can be purchased by
3900-399: A staff of records management and data entry clerks . Incoming claims are classified based on severity and are assigned to adjusters, whose settlement authority varies with their knowledge and experience. An adjuster undertakes an investigation of each claim, usually in close cooperation with the insured, determines if coverage is available under the terms of the insurance contract (and if so,
4030-624: A tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s. In the 1880s Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced old age pensions, accident insurance and medical care that formed the basis for Germany's welfare state . In Britain more extensive legislation was introduced by the Liberal government in the National Insurance Act 1911 . This gave the British working classes
Transport Accident Commission - Misplaced Pages Continue
4160-572: A univariate analysis could produce confounded results. Other statistical methods may be used in assessing the probability of future losses. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Underwriting performance is measured by something called the "combined ratio", which is the ratio of expenses/losses to premiums. A combined ratio of less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss. A company with
4290-549: Is "self-consciously funny in its irreverence" and "will definitely appeal to much of its audience". IGN U.S. gave the game an 8.2/10, stating that "the core gameplay experience is extremely enjoyable". IGN AU gave the game an 8/10, stating that it is "big, dumb fun". IGN UK gave the game a 7.5/10, stating that it "demonstrates that there is still plenty of mileage to be eked out of open-world games" and that "there's certainly enough here to keep any fans of sandbox violence entertained". Among positive acclaim, some publishers gave
4420-421: Is navigated on-foot or by vehicle. Players can fight enemies using a variety of firearms , and call in non-playable gang members to assist them. An online multiplayer mode allows two players to explore Stilwater together while completing missions and activities, or multiple players to engage in a variety of cooperative and competitive game modes. Saints Row 2 's developers opted for a more comedic tone to set
4550-416: Is necessary for game progression, players can complete them at their own leisure. The player is granted the option of instantly retrying the missions should they fail an attempt. Numerous checkpoints save progress in each mission, and missions can be replayed from locations within the environment. Aside from attempting missions, the player can explore the environment, purchase items at shops and participate in
4680-409: Is paid out in losses, and to also offer a competitive price which consumers will accept. Profit can be reduced to a simple equation: Insurers make money in two ways: The most complicated aspect of insuring is the actuarial science of ratemaking (price-setting) of policies, which uses statistics and probability to approximate the rate of future claims based on a given risk. After producing rates,
4810-426: Is the materialized utility of insurance; it is the actual "product" paid for. Claims may be filed by insureds directly with the insurer or through brokers or agents . The insurer may require that the claim be filed on its own proprietary forms, or may accept claims on a standard industry form, such as those produced by ACORD . Insurance-company claims departments employ a large number of claims adjusters, supported by
4940-465: The Grand Theft Auto sequel moving "in a more realistic direction", and that there was "room for more than just one game" in the open world genre as "a very different experience than what ... other games are looking to do". The team took an "over-the-top" design approach, with cartoonish pastiche and "wild and outrageous" gameplay. Many early game elements were considered too crass to be included in
5070-657: The Great Fire of London , which in 1666 devoured more than 13,000 houses. The devastating effects of the fire converted the development of insurance "from a matter of convenience into one of urgency, a change of opinion reflected in Sir Christopher Wren 's inclusion of a site for "the Insurance Office" in his new plan for London in 1667." A number of attempted fire insurance schemes came to nothing, but in 1681, economist Nicholas Barbon and eleven associates established
5200-712: The Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company , submitted an article to the Journal of the Institute of Actuaries . His article detailed an historical account of a Severan dynasty -era life table compiled by the Roman jurist Ulpian in approximately 220 AD that was also included in the Digesta . Concepts of insurance has been also found in 3rd century BC Hindu scriptures such as Dharmasastra , Arthashastra and Manusmriti . The ancient Greeks had marine loans. Money
5330-545: The Myspace Music Tour and November 2008 , an Australian fundraiser for men's health. In November, THQ signed a deal with Massive Incorporated to include in-game advertisements on their Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 products. In-game and online, players can also find movie posters throughout the city that promote upcoming releases. The game was originally scheduled for release in North America on August 26, 2008, but
Transport Accident Commission - Misplaced Pages Continue
5460-598: The Saints Row franchise within the open world genre. The series was known as a " Grand Theft Auto clone " based on its first release's similarities to the open world sandbox game Grand Theft Auto III . Accordingly, Saints Row 2 was compared to the Grand Theft Auto series' own upcoming sequel, Grand Theft Auto IV . When questioned about the two sequels' close release dates, lead producer Greg Donovan responded that they thought their game could compete, that he saw
5590-613: The demo for Volition-developed game Red Faction: Guerrilla . It was released on April 23, 2009. IGN praised the game's new co-op metagame but criticized its relatively short missions. Eurogamer gave a negative review and criticized its value proposition. Corporate Warfare focuses on the struggle between the 3rd Street Saints and the Ultor Corporation. The pack adds character costume, facial hair, and vehicle options. It also includes three multiplayer maps and another cooperative mode metagame wherein players compete in ranking by performing vehicle stunts. Corporate Warfare
5720-600: The general average principle of marine insurance established on the island of Rhodes in approximately 1000 to 800 BC, plausibly by the Phoenicians during the proposed Dorian invasion and emergence of the purported Sea Peoples during the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100–c. 750). The law of general average is the fundamental principle that underlies all insurance. In 1816, an archeological excavation in Minya, Egypt produced
5850-562: The "Wipe off 5" message. The TAC has been the major sponsor of the quasi-national under-18s Australian Rules Football league, known as the TAC Cup , since its inception in 1992. Outside Australian Rules, the TAC has partnerships with A-League side Melbourne Victory and the Australian Formula One Grand Prix . Insurance company Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for
5980-460: The Board was prevented from providing compensation in some situations, such as where the victim's blood alcohol content at the time of the accident was above 0.05%. Over the following decade, the compensation scheme was heavily criticised from two main perspectives: first, that the retention of common law rights discriminated between victims who could prove fault and those who could not; and second, that
6110-418: The Boss can listen to wiretap conversations at the police station, which reveal that after being arrested and asked to disband the Saints by Troy, former Saints leader Julius Little ( Keith David ) planted the bomb on Hughes' yacht to kill the Boss, knowing there would be a refusal to quit, then retired. The Boss calls former Saints lieutenant Dexter "Dex" Jackson, who left the gang to work for Ultor, to discuss
6240-512: The Boss retaliate by burying Shogo alive after he ambushes them at Aisha's funeral, and ultimately killing Kazuo, ending the Ronin. After defeating the rival gangs, the Saints find themselves targeted by Ultor's power-hungry CEO , Dane Vogel ( Jay Mohr ), who was playing the gangs against each other to lower real estate throughout Stilwater and allow Ultor to purchase it and redevelop. After fending off several attacks by Ultor's private security forces,
6370-513: The Brotherhood and 20% to the Saints), a series of rebound retaliations result in the deaths of Carlos (who is dragged by a speeding truck and forcibly mercy killed by the Boss) and Maero's girlfriend Jessica ( Jaime Pressly ) (who the Boss locks in her car to be inadvertently crushed by Maero with his monster truck ). After assaulting the Brotherhood's base and forcing Maero to flee, the Boss kills him during
6500-506: The Disco and Run-D.M.C. The player can create a custom playlist of the licensed tracks to play on a separate station. Lead audio designer Frank Petreikis's budget for licensed music was double that of the previous game so as to secure more prominent tracks. Volition extended the game's over-the-top atmosphere and humor into the radio stations via commercials . For example, commercials that promoted Ultor Corporation products served to enhance
6630-665: The Eramenos Ancient Greek museum exhibit, complete with models of the Acropolis of Athens and Theatre of Dionysus . There are also several completely new districts, such as the Marina and the University. From the beginning of the game, the map of Stilwater is fully visible. However, shops and activities will simply be displayed as a question mark until the player discovers them. By completing missions and wiping out enemy strongholds
SECTION 50
#17328528662466760-603: The PC version's multiplayer can still be played via LAN tunneling software such as Evolve or Tunngle and the PS3 version's multiplayer can still be played using XLink Kai . The Xbox 360 versions of the game were unaffected as they use the Xbox network for matchmaking. Four years after the explosion on Richard Hughes' yacht , the player character ( Charles Shaughnessy , Kenn Michael , Alex Mendoza, Katie Semine, G. K. Bowes , or Rebecca Sanabria), who
6890-472: The Ronin, led by Shogo Akuji ( Yuri Lowenthal ) and his second-in-command, Jyunichi ( Brian Tee ) – on behalf of Shogo's father, Kazuo, who leads international operations. After the Saints rob their casino, the Ronin retaliate by infiltrating the home of Gat's girlfriend Aisha ( Sy Smith ), killing her and severely wounding Gat, after which the Boss kills Jyunichi (who was sold out by Shogo out of envy for Jyunichi's closer bond with Kazuo). Once Gat recovers, he and
7020-472: The Saints continue their war on the Samedi by destroying their drug factories and killing Mr. Sunshine. Since the General runs his gang from an armored limo that is constantly on the move, the Boss and Shaundi hack the city's police street camera system to track it. Afterwards, they set up an ambush as the limo drives past the city mall and manage to take out the General, ending the Sons of Samedi. Pierce focuses on
7150-406: The Saints retaliate by destroying one of the company's labs and killing its board of directors. Taking advantage of this to assume full control of Ultor, Vogel decides to personally deal with the Saints, but is ambushed by the Boss at a press conference. The Boss fights a way to Vogel's office and kills him, allowing the Saints to return ruling over Stilwater undisputed. At any point during the game,
7280-532: The Saints' former base of operations, the Saint's Row district, has been redeveloped into a pristine commercial and residential area by the Ultor Corporation, who have further plans for Stilwater. The player works to rebuild the Saints, rescuing former lieutenant Johnny Gat ( Daniel Dae Kim ) from his trial. The pair then recruit new members, including Carlos and Gat's acquaintances, Pierce Washington (Arif S. Kinchen) and Shaundi ( Eliza Dushku ), as lieutenants, and set up
7410-658: The TAC began in-game advertising in Saint's Row 2 , and have their slogans featured on banners in Trackmania Nations . In Grand Theft Auto IV , there is a homage to the "bloody idiot" slogan. If the player gets Niko drunk and makes him drive, either he or his drinking partner will say "Niko, if you drink then drive, you're a bloody idiot". The TAC has had partnerships with the Australian Football League and its teams to help road safety messages reach audiences at
7540-495: The Third Street Saints. The combat systems from Saints Row have been updated but many of the basics remain unchanged. While engaging in melee-based combat, the player character will perform combos and charge up attacks, and can execute a finishing move if three consecutive hits are dealt. With a gun equipped, the player can perform a groin attack, and can zoom in for a finer aim reticle . The player can also employ
7670-674: The aforementioned mini-games and side-missions. The player can also wreak havoc upon the city of Stilwater which can provoke potentially fatal attention from authoritative forces. The player can recruit members from a friendly gang and use a mobile phone to contact friends and/or businesses, as well as to input cheat codes. Entering cheats will disable Xbox 360 achievements. Players drive vehicles that are stolen, bought or unlocked. Aside from automobiles, players can use boats and water craft , helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft , and motorcycles. A cruise control system can be activated while using land or sea vehicles. Waypoints can be placed on
7800-656: The bullet-shaped USB stick, and the "Gun Pack" included a gun-shaped USB stick. A month before the game's release, Saints Row 2 producer Dan Sutton stated in an interview that they "definitely" planned to make downloadable content. In June 2008, THQ confirmed that a Microsoft Windows port of the game was in development. It was developed by the localization team at CD Projekt , the CD Projekt Localisation Centre. The studio later became known as Porting House, and has been referred to by Volition as "CD Projekt Black" (in parallel to CD Projekt Red ). The port
7930-456: The city and progress through the game's storyline missions and minigames. Both players are rewarded and credited for completion of such activities, and the players can furthermore play against each other in competitive metagames . The co-op mode is "drop-in/drop-out" and there is no limit as to how far the players can be away from each other. The game contains competitive multiplayer modes, supporting between four and twelve players in
SECTION 60
#17328528662468060-407: The city has very much been redeveloped and each individual neighborhood has been touched up in one way or another. According to the storyline, the in-game corporation Ultor spent more than 300 million dollars redeveloping the city, funding the police force and, as it states, turning the "once crime-ridden third-tier city" into an "urban utopia". The Saint's Row district is a more notable change within
8190-566: The city, having been completely redesigned and serving as the location of Ultor's headquarters; a towering skyscraper referred to as the Phillips Building. Many old districts from the earlier revision of Stilwater have also seen changes. Examples include the expansion taken place on the Suburbs district, which is double the size of its depiction in Saints Row and the Museum district, which features
8320-446: The demand for marine insurance . In the late 1680s, Edward Lloyd opened a coffee house , which became the meeting place for parties in the shipping industry wishing to insure cargoes and ships, including those willing to underwrite such ventures. These informal beginnings led to the establishment of the insurance market Lloyd's of London and several related shipping and insurance businesses. Life insurance policies were taken out in
8450-489: The development cycle. The game's soundtrack features about 170 licensed tracks accessible across twelve in-game radio stations while driving or at home. Station genres include pop , rock , hip-hop , R&B , funk , soul , alternative , indie , metal , easy listening , world , classical , reggae , and electronic with artists such as As I Lay Dying , Opeth , Duran Duran , Lamb of God , The Used , My Chemical Romance , Avenged Sevenfold , Paramore , Panic! at
8580-774: The early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office , founded in London in 1706 by William Talbot and Sir Thomas Allen . Upon the same principle, Edward Rowe Mores established the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship in 1762. It was the world's first mutual insurer and it pioneered age based premiums based on mortality rate laying "the framework for scientific insurance practice and development" and "the basis of modern life assurance upon which all life assurance schemes were subsequently based." In
8710-759: The effort, Mike Watson (also known as "IdolNinja"), died from cancer on August 5, 2021, but he was aware his condition had been deteriorating in the prior year and ensured that the work was moved to a small team with Volition's and Deep Silver's support to continue on without his lead. Saints Row 2 received several downloadable content (DLC) releases, including two episodic expansion packs : Ultor Exposed and Corporate Warfare . Ultor Exposed adds character customization and vehicle options, including Red Faction: Guerrilla -themed content. The Saints attempt to destroy Ultor and they get help from an Ultor worker, Tera, to expose Ultor's darker side. It also adds multiplayer content, including four online multiplayer maps and
8840-461: The end of 2008. Still, analyst Doug Creutz reported that the game's sales to this point were well below expectations. Following Saints Row 2 's January 2009 Windows release, the game had shipped over 2.6 million copies by the next month. In May 2009, THQ reported a $ 431 million loss in revenue, but Saints Row 2 sales totaled 2.8 million. Combined with the original release, the series had worldwide sales in excess of six million, making it one of
8970-454: The environment are fully destructible. A number of Easter eggs are placed within the sandbox, including the pop-out Easter Bunny which won "Top Easter Egg of 2008". The Respect system is a scoring system where the player earns Respect points to unlock missions and progress through the storyline. The player can partake in storyline and stronghold missions only after filling up at least one bar of Respect, and Respect points are removed when
9100-671: The event of general average. In 1873 the "Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations", the forerunner of the International Law Association (ILA), was founded in Brussels. It published the first YAR in 1890, before switching to the present title of the "International Law Association" in 1895. By the late 19th century governments began to initiate national insurance programs against sickness and old age. Germany built on
9230-487: The final release. Many of the original Saints Row developers continued onto the sequel's team. Thus, the team worked from their lessons learned rather than starting anew. The two games were consequently similar in design. They overhauled the game engine to enhance the sequel's graphics, and added contrast and higher-quality textures to make the city setting of Stilwater more realistic. Visual enhancements were also applied to people, cars, explosions, lighting, shadows, and
9360-406: The findings, only to confront Julius instead at the Saints' old church. Realizing Dex led them to a trap, the pair fend off an attack by Ultor's security forces. Afterwards, the Boss shoots and injures Julius, who calls his former friend out for straying away from the Saints ideals. Unmoved, the Boss finishes Julius off. Volition began work on Saints Row 2 in 2005, about a year before Saints Row
9490-673: The first contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment. This system was greatly expanded after the Second World War under the influence of the Beveridge Report , to form the first modern welfare state . In 2008, the International Network of Insurance Associations (INIA), then an informal network, became active and it has been succeeded by the Global Federation of Insurance Associations (GFIA), which
9620-465: The first fire insurance company, the "Insurance Office for Houses", at the back of the Royal Exchange to insure brick and frame homes. Initially, 5,000 homes were insured by his Insurance Office. At the same time, the first insurance schemes for the underwriting of business ventures became available. By the end of the seventeenth century, London's growth as a centre for trade was increasing due to
9750-864: The first game was released as an Xbox 360 exclusive, Volition expanded the sequel's initial development to the PlayStation 3 platform. The platform was successful in Europe, where Volition wished to expand. The port was developed in-house by a team that previously worked on Xbox 360 development. They struggled with the PlayStation 3's Cell architecture. The game was particularly unstable during development, and would crash after several hours of play. Lead producer Greg Donovan blamed their "failing to take systems and features to completion" as programmers fought last-minute bugs, artists lacked time to finalize designs, and consequently, playtest versions were not ready until late in
9880-419: The float method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards, so a poor economy generally means high insurance-premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the underwriting, or insurance, cycle . Claims and loss handling
10010-466: The game a B and calling it "a larcenous good time". The game did not gain a favourable response from New York City officials and police. City spokespersons requested that the game be pulled from shelves upon its release; NYPD union boss Patrick Lynch criticized the game, stating that "these horrible and violent video games desensitize young people to violence while encouraging depravity, immorality while glorifying criminal behavior". Jack Thompson ,
10140-522: The game apart from the Grand Theft Auto series, with which the original game was compared by most reviewers for their similar premise and gameplay elements. The game's promotional effort included various public showings, special editions and downloadable content including the Ultor Exposed and Corporate Warfare mission packages. Reviews were largely favorable, praising the action and straightforward gameplay, while criticizing technical issues and
10270-428: The game generally negative reviews. UK magazine Edge gave the game a 5/10, stating that "few of the game's details will stick in your mind for long, and its pranky focus means it rarely gives you anything interesting to do with the toys on offer". Entertainment Weekly flagged the game as "racist, misogynistic, crude, cynical, humorless and stupid" and labelled it the worst game of 2008, despite previously giving
10400-566: The game's Activities made appearance in Saints Row and a variety of new Activities have also been introduced in the game. Examples include an underground fight club, a parody of the Cops television show known as FUZZ and numerous others. Each Activity can be initiated from various locations and plays out over six levels of increasing difficulty. The Activities have been designed to suit solo and co-operative play. Most Diversions do not have specific start points. There are numerous Diversions playable in
10530-506: The game's characters and assign them unique personality traits. The basic character designs followed naturally from the story Volition wanted to tell, but the characters' personalities and mannerisms were mainly a product of the voice acting performances, where the actors had freedom to interpret and develop their characters. The game's voice actors include film and television stars such as Neil Patrick Harris , Michael Dorn , Mila Kunis , Jay Mohr , Keith David , and Eliza Dushku . While
10660-409: The game, such as acts of indecent exposure , combat and driving stunts, car surfing and a survival horror minigame called Zombie Uprising. Saints Row 2 has various multiplayer components implemented throughout the game. Through an online network or through System Linking , the player can progress through the game with a cooperative partner. While in co-op mode, both players can explore
10790-416: The gang as a lieutenant and has since become chief of police , using his influence to protect the imprisoned Saints. In the gang's absence, three new gangs have taken over the city: the Brotherhood, a metalhead gang who conduct gun-running operations; the Sons of Samedi, a Haitian Vodou gang who run drugs operations; and the Ronin, a Japanese bosozoku gang who conduct gambling and porn operations. Also,
10920-496: The increasing cost of accidents caused VicRoads and the TAC to adopt a new approach including: For its part, the TAC funds television and billboards coupled with high-impact advertising. The TAC's most well known slogan is "If you drink, then drive, you're a bloody idiot," which was introduced in 1989. This slogan has become a catchphrase in Australia, and has even been used in other countries (including Canada and New Zealand). It
11050-447: The insurance carrier can generally either "reimburse" or "pay on behalf of", whichever is more beneficial to it and the insured in the claim handling process. An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the "insured" party once risk is assumed by an "insurer", the insuring party, by means of a contract , called an insurance policy . Generally, an insurance contract includes, at
11180-774: The insurance company. Insurance scholars have typically used moral hazard to refer to the increased loss due to unintentional carelessness and insurance fraud to refer to increased risk due to intentional carelessness or indifference. Insurers attempt to address carelessness through inspections, policy provisions requiring certain types of maintenance, and possible discounts for loss mitigation efforts. While in theory insurers could encourage investment in loss reduction, some commentators have argued that in practice insurers had historically not aggressively pursued loss control measures—particularly to prevent disaster losses such as hurricanes—because of concerns over rate reductions and legal battles. However, since about 1996 insurers have begun to take
11310-529: The insurance policy is called the premium . If the insured experiences a loss which is potentially covered by the insurance policy, the insured submits a claim to the insurer for processing by a claims adjuster. A mandatory out-of-pocket expense required by an insurance policy before an insurer will pay a claim is called a deductible (or if required by a health insurance policy, a copayment ). The insurer may hedge its own risk by taking out reinsurance , whereby another insurance company agrees to carry some of
11440-413: The insured has an insurable interest established by ownership, possession, or pre-existing relationship. The insured receives a contract , called the insurance policy , which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insurer will compensate the insured, or their designated beneficiary or assignee. The amount of money charged by the insurer to the policyholder for the coverage set forth in
11570-409: The insurer will use discretion to reject or accept risks through the underwriting process. At the most basic level, initial rate-making involves looking at the frequency and severity of insured perils and the expected average payout resulting from these perils. Thereafter an insurance company will collect historical loss-data, bring the loss data to present value , and compare these prior losses to
11700-526: The investments in the London Stock Exchange . In 2007, U.S. industry profits from float totaled $ 58 billion. In a 2009 letter to investors, Warren Buffett wrote, "we were paid $ 2.8 billion to hold our float in 2008". In the United States , the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $ 142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period
11830-593: The late 19th century "accident insurance" began to become available. The first company to offer accident insurance was the Railway Passengers Assurance Company, formed in 1848 in England to insure against the rising number of fatalities on the nascent railway system. The first international insurance rule was the York Antwerp Rules (YAR) for the distribution of costs between ship and cargo in
11960-443: The loss and out of pocket costs including, with the permission of the insurer, claim expenses. Under a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would defend and pay a claim on behalf of the insured who would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language, which enables the insurance carrier to manage and control the claim. Under an "indemnification" policy,
12090-612: The losses that only some insureds may incur. The insured entities are therefore protected from risk for a fee, with the fee being dependent upon the frequency and severity of the event occurring. In order to be an insurable risk , the risk insured against must meet certain characteristics. Insurance as a financial intermediary is a commercial enterprise and a major part of the financial services industry, but individual entities can also self-insure through saving money for possible future losses. Risk which can be insured by private companies typically share seven common characteristics: When
12220-550: The most seriously injured victims would retain a right to damages. This solution was enshrined in law by the Transport Accident Act 1986, which established the Transport Accident Commission and became effective on 1 January 1987. The TAC is known for its powerful road safety public education campaigns which emphasize the personal costs of dangerous driving practices (such as speeding and drunk driving ) using emotive, educational and enforcement based themes. In 1989,
12350-407: The next several months also highlighted gameplay elements, but one made light of Grand Theft Auto IV 's lack of replay value , and another demonstrated the cooperative mode using characters modeled on the candidates from the 2008 United States presidential election . A redesigned official website and community network was launched in July 2008, and American pornographic actress Tera Patrick
12480-481: The opposing team. While in a party, players are free to roam around a lobby. The player can rank up in multiplayer and displays this by earning various "badges" which are displayed next to the player's name. By ranking up, the player can unlock more expensive clothing for their multiplayer character. The multiplayer mode on PC and PlayStation 3 was discontinued in May 2014 when GameSpy 's servers were shut down. However,
12610-619: The pause-screen map, leaving a GPS route between the player character's location and the set destination. Players can hail taxicab services and pay a fee to quickly navigate the city. By taking land vehicles to Mechanics , players can apply paint schemes, body mods , hydraulics and nitrous oxide . Players create their own character through a system that allows them to modify gender, ethnicity, fitness, voice, face and hairstyle. Walk and fighting styles, and personality traits can be assigned. Players purchase clothes, tattoos and piercings, and set outfits can be bought or created and saved to
12740-456: The player a large open environment in which to move around. The player's character is capable of maneuvering through the environment, utilizing weaponry and engaging in melee combat warfare. After successfully completing the first game mission, the player meets the Third Street Saints and begin their devious schemes with the gang. Missions are unlocked by earning 'Respect' points from minigames and side-missions and although completing missions
12870-413: The player attempts to rebuild the Saints and take back Stilwater from their rivals. Story missions are unlocked by trading in "Respect" points, currency earned by completing minigames and side-missions. Outside of the main story, players can freely roam Stilwater, which has been expanded with new locations and consists of two main islands. The game is played from a third-person perspective and its world
13000-412: The player character's wardrobe. "Cribs" ( safe houses ) allow players to withdraw earnings, change outfits, replay missions and save the game. Cribs can be customized by applying themes and purchasing objects like TVs and pool tables. Boats and fixed-wing aircraft can be stored at purchased docks and hangars . Players select the outfits, vehicles, gestures and graffiti styles used by street members of
13130-447: The player from specific stores or unlocked throughout in-game progress. Players navigate the open world , fictional city of Stilwater . The city consists of forty-five neighborhoods divided between twenty districts. It is expanded from Saints Row 's version of Stilwater, roughly one-and-a-half times as big and featuring new districts such as the prison, nuclear power plant, and expanded airport among others. Game developers stated that
13260-579: The player gains control of the various neighborhoods the city is split into. There are over 130 interiors within the city, and hidden events can be triggered by some, including over ninety shops which can be purchased when the player controls each shops' associated territory. The player gets a 10% discount at owned stores and buying an entire chain of departments will mean that the protagonist's face appears on in-game billboard advertisements. The game shares technology with that of Red Faction: Guerrilla , another Volition-developed game and so certain elements of
13390-430: The player starts a mission. The 'style rank' is a modifier of how much Respect the player can earn; this is increased by purchasing items for the player character. Respect points can be earned in two ways; by progressing through side-missions called Activities and by completing mini-games and stunts called Diversions. There are a broad range of Activities and Diversions available for the player to progress through. Many of
13520-609: The player's sense of the corporation's omnipresence in Stilwater. The radio commercials were recorded with voice actors in the same room, rather than apart, so as to maximize their group dynamism. Many of the in-game commercials went through several drafts and the developers found this writing process to be challenging. Prior to its release, Saints Row 2 was heavily marketed and promoted through Internet and television trailers. Volition also ran several fan contests with series-related paraphernalia as prizes. The game's original release date
13650-414: The policy. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a claim against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the premium. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims – in theory for
13780-406: The premium collected in order to assess rate adequacy. Loss ratios and expense loads are also used. Rating for different risk characteristics involves—at the most basic level—comparing the losses with "loss relativities"—a policy with twice as many losses would, therefore, be charged twice as much. More complex multivariate analyses are sometimes used when multiple characteristics are involved and
13910-404: The reasonable monetary value of the claim), and authorizes payment. Policyholders may hire their own public adjusters to negotiate settlements with the insurance company on their behalf. For policies that are complicated, where claims may be complex, the insured may take out a separate insurance-policy add-on, called loss-recovery insurance, which covers the cost of a public adjuster in the case of
14040-473: The risks, especially if the primary insurer deems the risk too large for it to carry. Methods for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by Chinese and Indian traders as long ago as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, respectively. Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessel capsizing. Codex Hammurabi Law 238 (c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated that
14170-494: The scheme was financially unviable in the long term. In 1986, the Labor government under Premier John Cain proposed legislation that would re-establish the compensation scheme and completely eliminate the right of individuals to sue for damages in motor vehicle accidents. However, due to widespread political and public opposition, a compromise solution was arranged, whereby the no-fault compensation scheme would be radically expanded, but
14300-456: The scope of insurance cover. Insurance can have various effects on society through the way that it changes who bears the cost of losses and damage. On one hand it can increase fraud; on the other it can help societies and individuals prepare for catastrophes and mitigate the effects of catastrophes on both households and societies. Insurance can influence the probability of losses through moral hazard , insurance fraud , and preventive steps by
14430-441: The script was written to follow "a path of betrayal, revenge and redemption", the game retains Saints Row ' s light humor, with the "over-the-top, socially distorted" narrative juxtaposed with dark, gritty moments. Saints Row 's silent protagonist speaks in Saints Row 2 , granting the protagonist more personality and improving the storytelling, according to James Tsai, one of the lead designers. They sought to heavily stylize
14560-531: The shutdown of the GameSpy service. In October 2019, Volition announced it had found the source code and that it would begin work to rebuild the game for modern systems, including replacing GameSpy with Steam matchmaking support, along with allowing for user mods . Additionally, when the update is released it will contain the two DLCs, "Ultor Exposed" and "Corporate Warfare" which had not been previously released for personal computers. The community manager that had led
14690-591: The team laboriously hand-placed 20,000 nodes throughout the game world that trigger NPC actions. The Saints Row series narrative was conceived as a three-part story, with Saints Row 2 as the second of the three. While the developers continued the story of the original game, they sought to accommodate newcomers to the series. The final script had roughly 80,000 lines of dialogue, twice that of Saints Row 's. The story drew strong cinematic influence from Quentin Tarantino films Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill . While
14820-598: The telephone with settlement authority at a mandatory settlement-conference when requested by a judge. Saint%27s Row 2 Saints Row 2 is a 2008 action-adventure game developed by Volition and published by THQ . It is the sequel to 2006's Saints Row and the second installment in the Saints Row series . The game was released in October 2008 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , January 2009 for Microsoft Windows , and April 2016 for Linux . A mobile tie-in game
14950-534: The top entry was featured in the game's first downloadable content pack. Another round of "Summer of Bling" awarded the shirts as prizes. The "Trick Your Pack" tool launched in September let the player create their own game box art. There were also other promotions and give-aways. At conventions, Saints Row 2 appeared at the 2008 E3 , THQ Gamer's Day, San Diego Comic-Con , PAX , GameStop Expo, and Leipzig Games Conventions . The game also promoted itself in
15080-444: The use of human shields, and can use makeshift weapons pulled from the environment e.g. fire hydrants, cement blocks. Should the player either commit illegal activities or incite rival gang members, they will provoke potentially fatal attention from authoritative figures or rival gangs. The notoriety bar is a visual representation of the proactivity of the opposing figures' response and continual inciting of these groups will bring about
15210-438: The weather system. A central design goal was to "create a world that exists independent of the player" that featured more realistic non-player characters (NPCs) that would smoke cigarettes, use cellphones, drink coffee, open umbrellas when it rained, and physically interact. The original game's engine could not support proximity NPC interaction like sitting together or cuddling. As the city design finalized late in development,
15340-452: Was $ 68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance-industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg , do not believe that it is possible to sustain a profit from float forever without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Reliance on float for profit has led some industry experts to call insurance companies "investment companies that raise the money for their investments by selling insurance". Naturally,
15470-485: Was advanced on a ship or cargo, to be repaid with large interest if the voyage prospers. However, the money would not be repaid at all if the ship were lost, thus making the rate of interest high enough to pay for not only for the use of the capital but also for the risk of losing it (fully described by Demosthenes ). Loans of this character have ever since been common in maritime lands under the name of bottomry and respondentia bonds. The direct insurance of sea-risks for
15600-451: Was delayed for marketing considerations. The game's first trailer, in March 2008, was presented as a tourism promotion about the Ultor Corporation's role in rebuilding Stilwater. A full marketing campaign featuring American film actor Gary Busey began the next month. The Street Lessons with Uncle Gary video series demonstrated particular aspects of gameplay. Subsequent trailers over
15730-476: Was delayed to October 14 both to add final touches and to launch in a more advantageous release window. The game released in three different "Collectors Editions", each with a copy of the game, a poster, a limited edition art book, and several extras. The Saints Row 2 "Initiation Pack", exclusive to Australia and New Zealand, included promotional items such as a pizza box and bullet-shaped USB memory stick . The Russia-exclusive "Gift - Buka Edition" also included
15860-418: Was developed by G5 Entertainment and also released in October 2008. Saints Row 2 directly follows from the events of the first game, as the player's custom character awakens from a coma after five years to find that their gang, the 3rd Street Saints, has been disbanded, and their former territories taken over by newly-formed criminal syndicates and a corrupt corporation. With the help of new and old allies,
15990-412: Was featured in her own marketing campaign for the game. Promotional contests throughout mid-2008 included "Pimp Your Crib" and "Summer of Bling". Another competition from THQ and WorthPlaying gave the winner a trip to a San Francisco Saints Row 2 multiplayer event and published their thoughts online. British fashion label Joystick Junkies ran a T-shirt design competition in September 2008, and
16120-492: Was formally founded in 2012 to aim to increase insurance industry effectiveness in providing input to international regulatory bodies and to contribute more effectively to the international dialogue on issues of common interest. It consists of its 40 member associations and 1 observer association in 67 countries, which companies account for around 89% of total insurance premiums worldwide. Insurance involves pooling funds from many insured entities (known as exposures) to pay for
16250-491: Was released in North America on January 5, 2009, in Europe on January 23, and in Australia on February 5. In April 2016, Volition released a Linux port of the Windows version. In the aftermath of the auctioning of THQ's assets following its bankruptcy in 2013, the source code for the PC port of Saints Row 2 was believed to be lost. In the interim, the game has become highly unplayable, with no multiplayer support following
16380-400: Was released via digital download on May 28, 2009. The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 releases of the game received "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic , and the Windows release received "mixed or average" reviews. Yahtzee Croshaw of The Escapist 's Zero Punctuation named Saints Row 2 his 2008 game of the year . It was
16510-425: Was released. The sequel was first announced by THQ 's CEO Brian Farrell in a February 2007 conference call, alongside another six franchise continuations for the 2008 fiscal year. Game details began to surface in May 2008 after the first teaser trailer was released and sites like IGN and GameSpot reported on an early version of the game. One of the development team's core goals was to develop an identity for
16640-652: Was replaced in 2011 with "Only a little bit over? You bloody idiot," to reflect the danger of low-level drink-driving. Another well known slogan is "Don't fool yourself, speed kills," which was introduced in 1994. This was modified in 2013 to reflect low-level speeding to "Wipe off 5." Other recognised TAC slogans from the 1990s include "Belt up, or suffer the pain," "Take a break, fatigue kills," "It's in your hands, concentrate or kill," and "Country people die on country roads." A recent safety campaign drew attention to life-saving in-car technologies, such as Electronic Stability Control and curtain airbags. The aim of this campaign
16770-436: Was the sole survivor, awakens from a coma within the infirmary of Stilwater's maximum security prison after undergoing extensive plastic surgery. They escape to Stilwater with the help of Carlos Mendoza (Joe Camareno), the brother of a former 3rd Street Saints member. Carlos explains that the Saints have since disbanded, with most members being arrested by Troy Bradshaw ( Michael Rapaport ), an undercover cop who had infiltrated
16900-411: Was to encourage car buyers to ask for these important safety features when purchasing their next car (the TAC has set up a website to promote this). The Victorian Government has mandated this as a future design requirement. In 2016, the TAC commissioned the lifelike figure depicting what a human would look like if the species evolved to survive car crashes known as Project Graham . On 10 March 2009,
#245754