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151-638: The Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (often abbreviated as the Prius PHV and known as the Prius Prime in North America, South Korea, and New Zealand from 2016 to 2024) is a plug-in hybrid liftback manufactured by Toyota . The first-generation model was produced from 2012 to 2016. The second-generation model has been produced since 2016. Production of the third-generation model began in 2023. The Prius Plug-in Hybrid

302-502: A series hybrid is propelled by electric motors only, a parallel hybrid is propelled both by its internal combustion engine and by electric motors operating concurrently, and a series-parallel hybrid operates in either mode. While a plain hybrid vehicle charges its battery from its engine only, a plug-in hybrid can obtain a significant amount of the energy required to recharge its battery from external sources. These contain two different energy recovery systems. The Mercedes-AMG ONE

453-639: A 261-foot (80 m) earth-fill dam across the Minnedosa River (now known as the Little Saskatchewan River ) about a kilometer from its junction with the Assiniboine River . The plant only operated part of the year, with the load carried in the winter months by steam generators . An 11-kV wood-pole transmission line connected the station with the town of Brandon, Manitoba. The dam washed out in 1948 but remains are still visible. A second plant

604-529: A capital spending program intended to maintain and extend capacity for Manitoba customers, for environmental protection, and to allow export of energy surplus to Manitoba needs to stabilize rates. Some of these projects include: Wuskwatim generating station is on the Burntwood River near Thompson . The general civil works contract was awarded in 2008, and first power from the project occurred in June 2012. The plant

755-678: A cross-border tie to the Otter Tail Power system at Noyes . The last of the private mine-owned utility systems at Flin Flon was purchased by Manitoba Hydro in 1973. The early 1970s also marked the installation of tie lines between Manitoba Hydro and utilities in Ontario, Saskatchewan and Minnesota. The interconnection with the American utilities (Otter Tail Power, Northern States Power , and Minkota Power Cooperative) were used to obtain firm power of 90 MW for

906-600: A development on the river. With these water rights, the City developed a generating station at Pointe du Bois on the Winnipeg River (which was completed in 1911 and which still operates early in the 21st century). In reaction to this, Winnipeg Electric Street Railway dropped prices to ten cents per kilowatt-hour, but the City-owned utility (Winnipeg Hydro) set a price of 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour which held for many decades. In 1916,

1057-753: A factor of 29%, compared with 83% for the BMW i3 REx , 66% for the Chevrolet Volt , 45% for the Ford Energi models , and 33% for the Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid . In July 2014 Toyota set a record for the most fuel efficient lap around the Nürburgring racetrack in Germany, with a Prius Plug-in achieving a fuel consumption figure of 0.405 L/100 km (581 mpg ‑US ; 698 mpg ‑imp ) over

1208-416: A fossil plant in which case they displace greenhouse gas emissions from the car tailpipe exhaust to the power station . As opposed to conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), PHEVs generally have a larger battery pack that can be recharged (theoretically) from anywhere with access to the electrical grid , offering enhanced energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness when compared to relying solely on

1359-715: A global demonstration program involving 600 pre-production test cars began in late 2009 and took place in Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand and the United States. The demonstration vehicles were made available for lease to fleet and government customers, of which, 230 were delivered in Japan beginning in late December 2009, 125 in the U.S. by early 2010, and 200 in Europe in spring 2010. All program vehicles were equipped with data tracking devices to allow Toyota to monitor

1510-545: A hydroelectric plan at Pointe du Bois. Immediately following the decision to build the Pointe du Bois plant, the price of electricity charged by the private sector in Winnipeg dropped from 20 cents per kilowatt-hour to 10 cents and subsequently to 7 1/2 cents. After completion of the plant in 1911, Winnipeg Hydro set its rate at 3 1/3 cents per kilowatt-hour. This rate remained unchanged until 1973. Customers of Winnipeg Hydro enjoyed among

1661-607: A low-capacity PHEV sized with an AER (all-electric range) of about 7 miles would be a robust choice for minimizing gasoline consumption, cost, and greenhouse gas emissions. For less frequent charging, every 20–100 miles, PHEVs release fewer GHGs, but HEVs are more cost effective." PHEVs typically require deeper battery charging and discharging cycles than conventional hybrids. Because the number of full cycles influences battery life, this may be less than in traditional HEVs, which do not deplete their batteries as fully. Nonetheless, some authors argue that PHEVs will soon become standard in

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1812-617: A maximum electric-only speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). Because of that limitation, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the vehicle as having a range of 18 km (11 mi) in blended mode (mostly electric, but supplemented by the internal combustion engine ). The EPA rated the all-electric range at 10 km (6 mi). In blended mode, the plug-in has a fuel economy rating of 95 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpg-e) (36 kW⋅h/100 mi; 22 kW⋅h/100 km). When in hybrid mode,

1963-588: A new hybrid system, dubbed e-Power, which debuted with the Nissan Gripz concept crossover showcased at the 2015 Frankfurt Auto Show . In January 2016, Chrysler debuted its plug-in hybrid minivan, the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid , with an EPA rated electric-only range of 48 km (30 miles). This was the first hybrid minivan of any type. It was first sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 2017. In December 2017, Honda began retail deliveries of

2114-600: A plug-in Jeep Wrangler and a Chrysler Town and Country mini-van, both PHEV-40s with series powertrains, and an all-electric Dodge sports car, and said that one of the three vehicles would go into production. On October 3, the U.S. enacted the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 . The legislation provided tax credits for the purchase of plug-in electric vehicles of battery capacity over 4 kilowatt-hours. The federal tax credits were extended and modified by

2265-418: A return on investment to shareholders, energy costs to industrial and residential consumers are lower than they would otherwise be. These lower costs help offset some of the higher costs of doing business in a region far from large markets. As a Provincial Crown Corporation, investment decisions by Manitoba Hydro are heavily influenced by political and economic goals of the provincial government. For example, in

2416-604: A second party for transmission. An example of this approach was seen at the Clean Environment Commission public hearings for the recent Wuskwatim Generation Project and the Wuskwatim Transmission Project, in which environmental reviews for both the generating station and associated transmission facilities were carried out at the same time. Manitoba Hydro's mandate to serve dictates that it builds enough transmission and generating firm capacity to serve

2567-543: A standard outlet and recharged to 95% range in about 4 hours. After selling about 500 vehicles, primarily in France, Norway and the UK, the Elect'road was redesigned in 2007. With the availability of hybrid vehicles and the rising gas prices in the United States starting around 2002, interest in plug-in hybrids increased. Some plug-in hybrids were conversions of existing hybrids; for example,

2718-633: A start or end time. According to Toyota the Prius plug-in was expected to be rated at 2.10 L/100 km (112 mpg ‑US ; 135 mpg ‑imp ) and CO 2 emissions of 49 g/km under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The EPA's official fuel economy rating is 95 mpg‑e (35 kW⋅h/100 mi; 22 kW⋅h/100 km) in blended mode and a combined city/highway rating of 50 mpg ‑US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg ‑imp ) in hybrid mode ,

2869-519: A starter for the gasoline engine. Maximum motor-drive voltage is 650 volts DC . After the electric driving range is exhausted, the plug-in switches into hybrid operation at a pre-determined state of battery charge (SOC) and operates as a conventional full hybrid with a similar efficiency of a standard Prius. Net hybrid system output is 134 bhp , allowing the Prius Plug-in to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) in 9.8 seconds and reach

3020-550: A third-generation compact, lightweight hybrid transaxle, a power control unit (PCU), and an on-board charging system. Like the Hybrid Synergy Drive of the standard third-generation Prius, the plug-in has two high-output electric motors , one 60 kW (80 hp) unit ( motor–generator 2, MG2) that mainly works to power the transaxle, and another smaller unit (motor–generator 1, MG1) rated at 42 kW (56 hp) that creates energy during regenerative braking and acts as

3171-458: A top speed of 180 km/h (112 mph). The maximum speed in EV mode is 100 km/h (62 mph), or 85 km/h (53 mph) on European models. With a weight of approximately 1,420 kg (3,130 lb), the plug-in version is only 50 kg (110 lb) heavier than the regular Prius. The Prius Plug-in has three drive modes, all-electric (EV), and two hybrid modes: Eco and Power. The EV mode

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3322-434: A year of testing, representing the driving experience acquired by the participants after 800,000 km (497,100 mi) driven: Based on the results from less than one year of real-world use for the 20 demonstrators leased to EDF Energy, Toyota reported the following findings: Consumer Reports tested a demonstrator for two weeks and reported an all-electric range between 23 and 27 km (14 and 17 mi) upfront at

3473-500: Is 8.74 km/kWh. After the battery has been depleted, the HV mode fuel efficiency is 31.6 km/L (74.3 mpg-US, 3.16 L/100 km). The EPA's 2014 edition of the " Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends " introduced utility factors for plug-in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, in electric only or blended modes. The Prius PHV has

3624-493: Is a plug-in dual hybrid . The Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) and the Mercedes C254/X254 also have an electrically assisted turbocharger / MGU-H . The battery charger can be on-board or external to the vehicle. The process for an on-board charger is best explained as AC power being converted into DC power, resulting in the battery being charged. On-board chargers are limited in capacity by their weight and size, and by

3775-474: Is an asked-for alternative to an earlier mandate to produce 25,000 pure zero-emissions vehicles , reducing that requirement to 5,000. On June 26, Volkswagen announced that they would be introducing production plug-ins based on the Golf compact. Volkswagen uses the term 'TwinDrive' to denote a PHEV. In September, Mazda was reported to be planning PHEVs. On September 23, Chrysler announced that they had prototyped

3926-428: Is automatically overridden (charge permitting) should full acceleration be required. Self Charge ; the electric motor's armature is engaged to the transmission, but is connected to the battery so that it runs as a generator and therefore recharges the battery whilst the car is in motion, although this comes at the expense of higher fuel consumption, as the combustion engine has to both power the vehicle itself and charge

4077-421: Is built with a 800 cc (49 cu in) TDI twin-cylinder, common-rail 35 kW (47 hp) turbo-diesel and a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor. The model is unique in that it is one of the only mass produced plug-in diesel hybrid vehicles and one of the only mass produced diesel hybrid vehicles in general. PHEVs are based on the same three basic powertrain architectures of conventional hybrids;

4228-416: Is exhausted. The vehicle can revert to a charge sustaining-mode until the final destination is reached. This contrasts with a charge-depleting trip that would be driven within the limits of a PHEV's all-electric range. Most PHEV's also have two additional charge sustaining modes: Battery Hold ; the electric motor is locked out and the vehicle operates exclusively on combustion power, so that whatever charge

4379-559: Is expensive, and cells made with it can release oxygen if overcharged. If the cobalt is replaced with iron phosphates , the cells will not burn or release oxygen under any charge. At early 2007 gasoline and electricity prices, the break-even point is reached after six to ten years of operation. The payback period may be longer for plug-in hybrids, because of their larger, more expensive batteries. Manitoba Hydro The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board ( French : La Régie de l’hydro-électricité du Manitoba ), operating as Manitoba Hydro ,

4530-408: Is for all-electric operation with a range of 6 miles (10 km). EPA estimated a total range of 540 miles (870 km) until both sources of power are depleted. The regular gasoline-only Prius has an EPA estimated range of 536 miles (863 km). The 4.4 kWh lithium-ion battery developed for the Prius Plug-in fits under the rear cargo floor and weighs 80 kg (180 lb). As a comparison,

4681-407: Is left in the battery remains for when mixed mode or full electric operation are re-engaged, whilst regenerative braking will still be available to boost the battery charge. On some PHEVs, vehicle services that use the traction battery (such as heating and air conditioning) are placed in a low power consumption mode to further conserve the remaining battery charge. The lock-out of the electric motor

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4832-742: Is mandated by the Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010 . The warning sound is generated by externally mounted speakers and it activates automatically only at speeds below about 24 km/h (15 mph). The pitch varies with the vehicle's speed to give pedestrians a sense of whether the approaching Prius is accelerating or decelerating. During the storm and subsequent flooding caused by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, one Prius Plug-in and 16 Fisker Karmas caught fire while being parked at Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal . The vehicles were partially submerged by flash floods caused by

4983-559: Is over 80,000 km. Transmission lines built in Manitoba must withstand a wide temperature range, ice, and occasional high winds. In 1997, a tornado blew down 19 transmission towers of the HVDC system north of Winnipeg, reducing transmission capacity from the North to a small fraction of system capacity. During the several days required for utility employees to repair this line, power was imported from

5134-663: Is provided by hydroelectric power , the utility has low electricity rates. Stations in Northern Manitoba are connected by a HVDC system, the Nelson River Bipole , to customers in the south. The internal staff are members of the Canadian Union of Public Employees Local 998 while the outside workers are members of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 2034. Manitoba Hydro headquarters in

5285-467: Is purchased by Manitoba Hydro for distribution on its network. The capacity of this installation is 99.9 MW, comprising 63 wind turbines of 1.65 MW each. This is the first privately owned grid-connected generation to be constructed in Manitoba in nearly fifty years. Energy produced by this facility is subsidized by the Canadian Government's Wind Power Production Incentive , though over the life of

5436-550: Is the electric power and natural gas utility in the province of Manitoba , Canada. Founded in 1961, it is a provincial Crown Corporation , governed by the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board and the Manitoba Hydro Act. Today the company operates 16 interconnected generating stations. It has more than 527,000 electric power customers and more than 263,000 natural gas customers. Since most of the electrical energy

5587-442: Is the vehicle's all-electric range. This is the only mode that a battery electric vehicle can operate in, hence their limited range. Mixed mode describes a trip using a combination of multiple modes. For example, a car may begin a trip in low speed charge-depleting mode, then enter onto a freeway and operate in blended mode. The driver might exit the freeway and drive without the internal combustion engine until all-electric range

5738-504: Is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand. The new designation will be used first on the plug-in hybrid variants of the new BMW 7 Series , the BMW 740e iPerformance , and the 3 Series , the BMW 330e iPerformance . Hyundai Motor Company made the official debut of its three model Hyundai Ioniq line-up at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show . The Ioniq family of electric drive vehicles includes

5889-516: Is unusual in North America because it is the sole commercial provider of electrical power in the province of Manitoba. It is a Crown corporation closely regulated by the Provincial government. This status arose because of the history of electrification in the Province, where early private commercial developers required a large initial return on investment owing to the high risks of the projects. This limited

6040-471: Is user-selectable and when running in this mode the hybrid engine control unit (ECU) operates the vehicle using only the larger motor–generator (MG2) if pre-determined parameters are satisfied, such as sufficient battery state of charge (SOC) and vehicle speed within EV mode range. The Eco mode is designed to maximize fuel savings for any driving conditions and modifies or smoothes out the electronic throttle control program to reduce throttle response, reducing

6191-529: The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 , but now the battery capacity must be over 5 kWh and the credit phases out after the automaker has sold at least 200,000 vehicles in the U.S. On December 15, 2008, BYD Auto began selling its F3DM in China , becoming the first production plug-in hybrid sold in the world, though initially was available only for corporate and government customers. Sales to

Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid - Misplaced Pages Continue

6342-647: The California Center for Sustainable Energy . In the following weeks, an additional 30 vehicles were assigned to Silicon Valley groups and companies, including the University of California, Berkeley . In August 2010 two demonstrators were delivered to be tested in San Francisco 's municipal fleet as part of the demonstration program. Georgetown University was the first partner in Washington, D.C. to participate in

6493-580: The General Motors XP-883 plug-in hybrid. The concept commuter vehicle housed six 12-volt lead–acid batteries in the trunk area and a transverse-mounted DC electric motor turning a front-wheel drive. The car could be plugged into a standard North American 120 volt AC outlet for recharging. In 2003, Renault began selling the Elect'road , a plug-in series hybrid version of their popular Kangoo , in Europe. In addition to its engine, it could be plugged into

6644-564: The Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid in the United States and Canada, with an EPA rated electric-only range of 76 km (47 miles). In 2013, Volkswagen started production on the Volkswagen XL1 , a two-person limited production diesel-powered plug-in hybrid vehicle designed to be able to travel 100 km/L (280 mpg ‑imp ; 235 mpg ‑US ) on diesel, while still being both roadworthy and practical. The model

6795-536: The Hybrid Synergy Drive of the standard third-generation Prius (XW30) , but with a 4.4 kWh lithium-ion battery that significantly expands the all-electric range as compared to the regular Prius, and fully rechargeable from a domestic source. The hybrid system includes the 2ZR-FXE , a 1.8-liter inline-four , atkinson cycle , DOHC , VVT-i gasoline engine that develops 73 kW (98 hp) at 5,200 rpm, and 142 N⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm,

6946-497: The Ioniq Plug-in , which is expected to achieve a fuel economy of 125 mpg‑e (27 kW⋅h/100 mi; 16.8 kW⋅h/100 km) in all-electric mode. The Ioniq Plug-in is scheduled to be released in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2017. The second generation Prius plug-in hybrid, called Prius Prime in the U.S. and Prius PHV in Japan, was unveiled at the 2016 New York International Auto Show . Retail deliveries of

7097-529: The JC08 Japanese test cycle the Prius PHV range is 26.4 km (16.4 miles), 3 km (1.9 miles) more than the 23.4 km (14.5 miles) achieved by the demonstrator. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued two estimated EV range ratings to the Prius Plug-in. A driving range for blended operation electric-gasoline of 11 miles (18 km) until the battery is depleted. The second rating

7248-707: The National Energy Board licences exports, based on the criteria that the exports are surplus to domestic need and that the price charged is reasonable and in the Canadian public interest. Similarly, exporters of power from the United States into Canada require a United States Export Authorization. Manitoba Hydro has about 238,000 residential, and 24,700 commercial and industrial customers. In fiscal 2008 total gas revenues were $ 580 million CAD on 2,165 million cubic metres of gas. Residential consumers account for about 48% of Manitoba gas consumption. Manitoba Hydro has

7399-832: The Northwest Angle in Minnesota. Manitoba Hydro is a member of the MRO Midwest Reliability Organization , a region of the North American Electrical Reliability Council NERC and successor to MAPP (Mid-continent Area Power Pool) since June 15, 2004. Manitoba Hydro continues its membership in MAPP, which retains its function as a generation reserves sharing pool. Export of electrical energy has been regulated since 1907 in Canada. Since 1959,

7550-473: The September 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show with a lithium-ion battery pack that stores 4.4 kWh . Toyota estimates that the all-electric range varies between 16 and 24 km (10 and 15 miles) on a full charge depending on quick acceleration and braking, road and vehicle conditions, or climate control use. The lithium-ion battery pack can be charged in 180 minutes at 120 volts or in 90 minutes at 240 volts. Under

7701-594: The South Coast Air Quality Management District . Other regional programs considered were Northern and Southern California , Washington, D.C. , New York City , Portland and Pittsburgh , which offered different conditions for vehicle performance and customer needs. In June 2010 the demonstration vehicles were delivered to Portland State University , the Silicon Valley Leadership Group , San Diego Gas & Electric and

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7852-595: The University of Manitoba . There were a total of 15 partners in the four provinces that participated in the Canadian demonstration trial. On 28 October 2010, Toyota signed an agreement with China Automotive Technology and Research Center on jointly carrying out field trials of the demonstrator plug-ins in China. The demonstration program in Strasbourg was launched in April 2010. The 3-year program involved 70 demonstrator plug-ins and

8003-418: The downtown Winnipeg Manitoba Hydro Place officially opened in 2009. The first recorded attempt to extract useful work from a Manitoba river was in 1829 at a flour mill (known as Grant's Mill) located on Sturgeon Creek in what is now Winnipeg. This was not successful and the milling equipment was later operated by a windmill . The first public electric lighting installation in Manitoba was demonstrated at

8154-577: The nickel-metal hydride battery of the third-generation Prius , which has a capacity of only 1.3 kWh, weighs 42 kg (93 lb). A full charge using an external AC outlet takes approximately 2.5 to 3 hours from a standard North American 120  V 15  A household outlet, or 1.5 hours using a standard European 230 V household outlet. The battery requires approximately 3.2 kWh of electricity plus 1.1 L; 0.25 imp gal (0.3 US gal) of gasoline to provide 40 km (25 miles) of range. The included charging cable connects to

8305-424: The 100,000 unit milestone in October 2015. By the end of 2015, over 517,000 highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars have been sold worldwide since December 2008 out of total global sales of more than 1.25 million light-duty plug-in electric cars. In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which will be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim

8456-630: The 1986 Manitoba provincial election, the incumbent New Democratic Party government announced accelerated construction of the Limestone project, with promises of increased employment as a result. Limestone GS was estimated to create 6000 person-years of direct employment, 11,000 of indirect employment over the construction period of eight years. As part of the contract for the ten turbine-generator units, Canadian General Electric agreed to invest $ 10,000,000 CAD in Manitoba business operations, and to obtain at least 15 per cent of installation labour locally. For

8607-452: The 2004 CalCars conversion of a Prius to add lead acid batteries and a range of up to 15 km (9 mi) using only electric power. In 2006, both Toyota and General Motors announced plans for plug-in hybrids. GM's Saturn Vue project was cancelled, but the Toyota plug-in was certified for road use in Japan in 2007. In 2007, Quantum Technologies and Fisker Coachbuild , LLC announced

8758-405: The 3,030 km (1,880 mi) accumulated during their trial. Based on trials with 160 consumers across the United States, Toyota found that testers charged the vehicle more frequently than they anticipated they would, with about 10 charges per week, but the electricity cost was lower than the testers thought, about US$ 150 (equivalent to $ 203.17 in 2023) for the entire six-week trial. For

8909-551: The Act now carries a provision prohibiting privatization of Manitoba Hydro without a public referendum. Since 1970, a Minister responsible for the Manitoba Hydro Act has sat on Executive Council of Manitoba . This position is not a full departmental portfolio in the Manitoba executive council, and it is generally held by ministers who also hold other cabinet responsibilities. Generating station total ratings are approximate. Water flow conditions and station service load may account for some of

9060-536: The Advanced model include the Pre-Collision System with Dynamic Radar Cruise Control and Safety Connect system. The second-generation Prius plug-in is called the Prius Prime in the United States, Canada, South Korea and New Zealand and Prius PHV in Japan and Europe. It was first available in 2016 and is currently being produced. It has an EPA-rated all-electric range of 40 km (25 mi), over twice

9211-598: The Conawapa site, 695 MW at the Keeyask site, and 1000 MW at the Gillam Island site, all on the lower Nelson river. Other sites have been assessed but are not currently under study for development. All of these developments would require a large increase in electric power exports, since Manitoba load growth will not require this capacity for a generation or more. All of these projects require additional HVDC transmission capacity from

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9362-902: The Davis House hotel on Main Street, Winnipeg , March 12, 1873. In 1880, the Manitoba Electric and Gas Light Company was incorporated to provide public lighting and power, and a year later absorbed the Winnipeg Gas Company. In 1893, the Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company was formed, and initially purchased power from Manitoba Electric and Gas, but by 1898, it had built its own 1000- horsepower (750 kW) generating plant and purchased Manitoba Electric and Gas. The first hydroelectric plant in Manitoba operated north of Brandon from 1901 to 1924. Private investors built

9513-444: The Dorsey substation located in Rosser near Winnipeg and travels south into the United States and takes a southeasterly direction to the Forbes Substation northwest of Duluth, Minnesota and from there goes south to the Chisago substation located just north of St. Paul, Minnesota . Manitoba Hydro also participates in "border accommodation" transfers, where it provides power to isolated extraprovincial end-use loads such as those of

9664-420: The Dorsey-Forbes-Chisago 500,000 volt transmission line interconnecting Manitoba Hydro with Northern States Power in Minnesota was put in service. In July 1999, Manitoba Hydro purchased the natural gas distribution company Centra Gas Manitoba . In September 2002, Manitoba Hydro purchased Winnipeg Hydro , which formerly provided electric power in the downtown area of Winnipeg . The water power potential of

9815-419: The EPA considered three scenarios/ranges with the low end of the range corresponding to the California powerplant emissions factor, the middle of the range represented by the national average powerplant emissions factor, and the upper end of the range corresponding to the powerplant emissions factor for the Rockies. The following table shows the Prius PHEV tailpipe emission plus total upstream CO 2 emissions for

9966-410: The European market with 13,100 units. The U.S. was the leading country market with 65,703 units sold by 2017. As of December 2019, cumulative global sales of both Prius plug-in generations totaled 209,000 units. The Prius Plug-In Hybrid Concept was exhibited at the September 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show , the October 2009 Tokyo Motor Show , and the December 2009 Los Angeles Auto Show . The vehicle

10117-431: The French Environment and Energy Management Agency. The City and the Urban Community of Strasbourg will leased five demonstrator plug-ins and also provided a subsidy to a local carsharing company to lease three demonstrators. The remaining vehicles will be leased to other public institutions and private companies. The demonstration program in Germany was conducted in Baden-Württemberg with ten demonstrator plug-ins and

10268-464: The Manitoba home market first. However, in a typical year, more energy is available than the firm capacity. This can be economically exported from the Province. Since this energy is typically sold on short-term contracts or even on a spot market , the returns on these sales increase Manitoba Hydro's retained earnings, allowing domestic rates to be stable and low. Since Manitoba Hydro is a Crown Corporation paying no dividends and not obligated to provide

10419-446: The Nelson River and load centers in southern Manitoba required the use of HVDC transmission lines to bring the energy to market. When these lines were commissioned, they were the longest and highest-voltage direct current lines in the world. The Dorsey converter station is 26 km north-west of the center of Winnipeg. Starting in 2005, a wind farm was built near St. Leon, Manitoba. Power generated by this privately constructed plant

10570-439: The Nelson River was described as early as 1911, when over 6 million horsepower of potential generation capacity was identified at 11 sites – at a time when the developed hydropower in the rest of Canada was around 1 million horsepower. Between 1955 and 1960, studies were carried out to determine what resources would be available for future hydraulic generation. The stations at Kelsey, Kettle, Long Spruce and Limestone were built on

10721-466: The North to the South. One such project, Bipole III, has been discussed with communities on the east side of Lake Winnipeg , but this area is ecologically and culturally sensitive and power line construction will require extensive environmental impact assessment . Like any other large-scale activity, the operations of Manitoba Hydro have not been without controversy. Concerns about the economy and efficiency of Manitoba Hydro's development program led

10872-609: The Prime began in the United States in November 2016, and it was released in the Japanese market in February 2017. In August 2013, just months after that the first-generation Prius Plug-in Hybrid went on sale, Toyota announced that the company was already working to develop the fourth-generation Prius (XW50) . They also announced that unlike the prior generation, where the plug-in battery was added to

11023-538: The Prime runs entirely on electricity in EV mode. Global sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV passed the 100,000 unit milestone in March 2016. BYD Qin sales in China reached the 50,000 unit milestone in April 2016, becoming the fourth plug-in hybrid to pass that mark. In June 2016, Nissan announced it will introduce a compact range extender car in Japan before March 2017. The series plug-in hybrid will use

11174-584: The Prius Plug-in Hybrid is available in two models, the standard Prius Plug-in and the Prius Plug-in Advanced, and offered in five exterior colors. The standard trim level includes all the features of the 2012 Prius Two Liftback grade, plus some features from the Prius Three and Prius Four grades. Standard features include heated front seats, remote air conditioning system (which can run either off

11325-492: The Prius Plug-in has two key modifications from the demonstration units based on the data and customer feedback gathered. The production version has a selectable electric driving mode (EV mode), allowing drivers to conserve energy for use in those places where EV mode is more efficient, such as city driving. Additionally, production vehicles utilize a single battery, allowing more regenerative braking energy to be captured, extending range in EV mode. The Prius Plug-in Hybrid uses

11476-501: The Prius Prime began in the U.S. in November 2016, and is scheduled to be released Japan by the end of 2016. The Prime has an EPA-rated all-electric range of 25 mi (40 km), over twice the range of the first generation model, and an EPA rated fuel economy of 133 mpg‑e (25.3 kW⋅h/100 mi) in all-electric mode (EV mode), the highest MPGe rating in EV mode of any vehicle rated by EPA. Unlike its predecessor,

11627-967: The Province established the Manitoba Power Commission with the object of bringing electric power to communities outside of Winnipeg. Winnipeg Hydro , Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company and the Manitoba Hydro Commission all built extensive hydroelectric generating facilities on the Winnipeg River during the period 1916 through 1928. The Great Depression starting in 1929 put an end to rapid growth until after World War II . The City of Winnipeg utility built coal-fired steam generators in 1924 on Amy Street, which were also used for district heating of downtown buildings. During World War Two, electric boilers at Amy Street used surplus hydroelectric power to economize on coal consumption. The City utility also implemented load management on electric water heaters, which allowed them to be turned off during

11778-484: The U.S. and Canada in October 2015. In March 2015 Audi said they planned on making a plug-in hybrid version of every model series, and that they expect plug-in hybrids, together with natural gas vehicles and battery-electric drive systems, to have a key contribution in achieving the company's CO 2 targets. The Audi Q7 e-tron will follow the A3 e-tron already in the market. Also in March 2015, Mercedes-Benz announced that

11929-609: The U.S. in 2014. The first units of the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron and Volkswagen Golf GTE were registered in Germany in August 2014. In December 2014 BMW announced the group is planning to offer plug-in hybrid versions of all its core-brand models using eDrive technology developed for its BMW i brand plug-in vehicles ( BMW i3 and BMW i8). The goal of the company is to use plug-in technology to continue offering high performance vehicles while reducing CO 2 emissions below 100g/km. At

12080-586: The US. In October 2009, Toyota announced its first regional program partnership in the U.S. with Xcel Energy 's SmartGridCity program in Boulder, Colorado . The research project was coordinated by the University of Colorado at Boulder Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI). Boulder offered the opportunity of monitoring the performance of Toyota's first-generation lithium-ion battery at high altitude and under cold climate. Other partnerships were made with Qualcomm and

12231-606: The United States over the 500 kV interconnection. As a consequence, though some major industrial customers were requested to curtail energy use, disruption for most customers remained small. A large portion of the energy generated on the Nelson river is transmitted south on the HVDC Nelson River Bipole system. The two transmission lines BIPOLE I and BIPOLE II, each nearly 900 km long, operate at ± 450 kV and ± 500 kV DC, with converter stations at Gillam and Sundance , and

12382-470: The added flexibility of reverting to the use of its gasoline / diesel engine , akin to a conventional HEV if the battery charge is depleted. This feature helps alleviate range anxiety , particularly in areas lacking sufficient charging infrastructure . Mass-produced PHEVs have been available to the public in China and the United States since 2010, with the introduction of the Chevrolet Volt , which

12533-427: The automobile industry. Design issues and trade-offs against battery life, capacity, heat dissipation, weight, costs, and safety need to be solved. Advanced battery technology is under development, promising greater energy densities by both mass and volume, and battery life expectancy is expected to increase. The cathodes of some early 2007 lithium-ion batteries are made from lithium-cobalt metal oxide. This material

12684-490: The battery. This is useful for 'charging on the move' when there are limited places to plug the vehicle in. The optimum battery size varies depending on whether the aim is to reduce fuel consumption, running costs, or emissions, but a 2009 study concluded that "The best choice of PHEV battery capacity depends critically on the distance that the vehicle will be driven between charges. Our results suggest that for urban driving conditions and frequent charges every 10 miles or less,

12835-707: The beginning of each trip. On a 126 km (78-mile) trip, the vehicle averaged 3.70 L/100 km (63.5 mpg ‑US ; 76.3 mpg ‑imp ), while on commute trips between 32 and 48 km (20 and 30 miles) the vehicle averaged 2.9–2.7 L/100 km (81–86 mpg ‑US ; 97–103 mpg ‑imp ) with an EV ratio of 40 to 56 percent. The California Center for Sustainable Energy tested two demonstrators with 13 different drivers over seven weeks and reported an average combined fuel economy of 2.8 L/100 km (83 mpg ‑US ; 100 mpg ‑imp ) on an average round trip commute of 35 km (22 miles). The best average attained

12986-444: The car's usage for further development of the plug-in hybrid system. The pre-production Prius Plug-in used three different batteries: two added batteries to provide all-electric drive and the standard hybrid battery which engages when the first two are depleted, allowing the car to operate like a regular hybrid Prius. According to Toyota, when the vehicle started, it operates in all-electric mode , drawing electrical power directly from

13137-566: The car, and are designed to handle any practical power capability, they can be used to create a very powerful form of on-board charger with no significant additional weight or size. AC Propulsion uses this charging method, referred to as "reductive charging". A plug-in hybrid operates in charge-depleting and charge-sustaining modes. Combinations of these two modes are termed blended mode or mixed-mode. These vehicles can be designed to drive for an extended range in all-electric mode , either at low speeds only or at all speeds. These modes manage

13288-546: The charging port inlet located on the right-rear fender. The charge port location was moved from the front driver-side fender in the demonstration model based on input from the program participants. The battery charger cable weighs just 1.70 kg (3.75 lb), is 7.3 m (24 ft) in length, and fits in its own compartment in the trunk area. The charge port provides LED (Light Emitting Diode) illumination for convenient night-time charging. A timer allows charging to take place during off-peak hours and can be set for either

13439-416: The city of Gotō, Nagasaki . The rental fees were ¥8,400 ( US$ 96 ) for up to six hours, ¥9,450 ( US$ 108 ) for up to 12 hours, ¥11,550 ( US$ 131 ) for up to 24 hours, and ¥9,450 ( US$ 108 ) for each additional day. The demonstration trial in the UK began in late June 2010 with a fleet of 20 demonstrator plug-ins. Toyota partnered with Électricité de France to carry out a three-year trial, and as part of

13590-642: The company's main emphasis regarding alternative drives in the next years will be on plug-in hybrids. The carmaker plans to introduce 10 new plug-in hybrid models by 2017, and its next release was the Mercedes-Benz C 350 e , Mercedes' second plug-in hybrid after the S 500 Plug-In Hybrid . Other plug-in hybrid released in 2015 are the BYD Tang , Volkswagen Passat GTE , Volvo XC90 T8 , and the Hyundai Sonata PHEV . Global combined Volt/Ampera family sales passed

13741-676: The conclusion of the demonstration program, the production version of the Prius Plug-in Hybrid was unveiled at the September 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show . Toyota ultimately only did a small production run of this first-generation Prius Plug-in Hybrid between January 2012 and October 2016. A cumulative total of 75,400 vehicles were sold worldwide between December 2012 and April 2016. The United States led sales with 42,345 first-generation units delivered through September 2016, when dealerships run out of stock. Japan ranked second with 22,100 units, followed by Europe with 10,600 units, both through January 2017. The first-generation Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid has

13892-627: The corresponding dedicated charging infrastructure . The program was run by German energy provider EnBW . In Japan, Toyota leased approximately 230 demonstrator plug-ins to government ministries, local governments selected for the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 's EV & PHV Towns program, corporations such, as electric power companies, and other entities. As part of the demonstration program and beginning in July 2010, two demonstrator plug-ins were made available for short-term rental in

14043-413: The course of one lap. The EPA rating for the model year 2012 through 2015 Prius PHEV tailpipe emissions is 133 grams of CO 2 per mile, (83 CO 2 g/km). The EPA also accounted for the upstream CO 2 emissions associated with the production and distribution of electricity required to charge the vehicle. Since electricity production in the United States varies significantly from region to region,

14194-788: The day and during peak load periods. In 1949 the Province set up a new utility, the Manitoba Hydro Electric Board (MHEB). In 1953 the MHEB acquired the assets of the Winnipeg Electric Street Railway. The MHEB was tasked with bringing electric power to the rural parts of Manitoba, a task which took until around 1956 to substantially complete. By 1955 there were three utilities in the province: Two thermal (coal-fired) stations were built at Brandon and Selkirk starting in 1958. These units were intended to operate during low-water years, and burned lignite coal . In 1957,

14345-615: The demonstration program, Toyota delivered eight Prius plug-in hybrids to Zipcar in January 2011. The car sharing firm selected three markets to make the plug-in hybrids available to its members, three cars in Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts , three in San Francisco , California , and two in Portland, Oregon . Toyota reported the following findings for the European demonstration fleet after about

14496-795: The demonstrator was rated at 1.76 L/100 km (134 mpg ‑US ; 161 mpg ‑imp ) on the Japanese JC08 cycle with a combined efficiency based on 43.6% of driving in EV mode, and CO 2 emissions of 41 g/km. Fuel efficiency operating as a gasoline-electric hybrid, like the regular Prius, is 3.3 L/100 km (72 mpg ‑US ; 86 mpg ‑imp ) with CO 2 emissions of 76 g/km. The program in Australia included five demonstrator plug-ins allocated to government agencies. In March 2010 Toyota launched its demonstration program in Canada with five demonstrator plug-ins in partnership with academic institutions, hydro-electric producers, and governmental agencies in each of

14647-470: The deployment of dedicated charging infrastructure. The program set up more than 150 charging points at private parking lots of firms participating in the program, user homes, public parking lots and on public roads. The program was run by Électricité de France in partnership with Toyota and the City and the Urban Community of Strasbourg , and is financially supported through a research fund managed by

14798-497: The difference between rated station output and total unit nameplate rating. In a typical year the hydroelectric plants produce more than ninety-five percent of the energy sold. Manitoba Hydro operates an extensive network of more than 9000 km of ac transmission lines. Transmission voltages in use include: Distribution voltages include 4160 V especially in urban Winnipeg, 12.47 kV and 25 kV, usually on overhead conductors but often in buried cables. Total length of distribution lines

14949-495: The economic benefits that electrification would bring. Manitoba Hydro is required by its regulating legislation to give priority to public benefit over profit. Another unusual feature of Manitoba Hydro is that it is a completely integrated electrical utility, with generation, transmission, and distribution operations. This means that Manitoba Hydro can consider the total system cost and benefits of any new development, rather than, for example, building generation capacity that relies on

15100-453: The existing Prius, the second-generation plug-in would be developed in parallel with the standard Prius model. One of the major issues Toyota wanted to correct with the new-generation plug-in was to add additional all-electric range . Plug-in hybrid Similar to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrids can use centralized generators of renewable energy (e.g. solar , wind or hydroelectric ) to be largely emission-free, or

15251-639: The first SUV plug-in hybrid in the market. Deliveries of the Ford Fusion Energi began in February 2013. BYD Auto stopped production of its BYD F3DM due to low sales, and its successor, the BYD Qin , began sales in Costa Rica in November 2013, with sales in other countries in Latin America scheduled to begin in 2014. Qin deliveries began in China in mid December 2013. Deliveries to retail customers of

15402-508: The first flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid SUV , which was delivered in June 2008. This demonstration fleet of plug-ins has been in field testing with utility company fleets in the U.S. and Canada, and during the first two years since the program began, the fleet has logged more than 75,000 miles. In August 2009 Ford delivered the first Escape Plug-in equipped with intelligent vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communications and control system technology, and Ford plans to equip all 21 plug-in hybrid Escapes with

15553-434: The first battery pack. When the first battery was depleted, it disconnected from the circuit and the second pack engaged. When the second pack was depleted, it disconnected from the circuit and the vehicle defaulted to conventional hybrid mode , using the main battery as the sole electrical power source. Pack one and pack two would not reengage with the circuit until the vehicle was plugged in and charged. According to Toyota,

15704-455: The first transmission line between Manitoba and North-West Ontario was installed. In 1960, a 138-kV connection to Saskatchewan Power Corporation was completed, and it was later uprated to 230 kV. The Manitoba Power Commission and Manitoba Hydro Electric Board merged in 1961 to form Manitoba Hydro. One of the earlier wholesale accounts to be transferred to Manitoba Hydro in 1956 was the village of Emerson , which had been served up to that point by

15855-476: The first-generation Prius plug-in, the total all-electric range in blended mode is 18 kilometres (11 miles) as rated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA fuel economy rating is 95 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpg-e) (2.5 L/100 km; 114 mpg-imp) in charge-depleting (all-electric or EV mode) and a combined city/highway rating of 4.7 L/100 km (50 mpg ‑US ; 60 mpg ‑imp ) in hybrid mode,

16006-533: The four provinces participating in the program: British Columbia , Manitoba , Ontario and Québec . Canada is home to Toyota's global cold weather research center in Northern Ontario, and the country's cold weather will serve to evaluate its adverse effect on battery performance and range. In July 2010 the first demonstrator plug-in was delivered in Manitoba. The unit was shared and tested by partners Manitoba Hydro , Manitoba Innovation, Energy and Mines , and

16157-635: The general public began in Shenzhen in March 2010, but because the F3DM nearly doubles the price of cars that run on conventional fuel, BYD expects subsidies from the local government to make the plug-in affordable to personal buyers. Toyota tested 600 pre-production Prius Plug-ins in Europe and North America in 2009 and 2010. Volvo Cars built two demonstration versions of Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrids in 2009 but did not proceed with production. The V60 plug-in hybrid

16308-454: The generation queue on the OASIS for St. Leon, St. Laurent, Letellier, Waskada, Alexander, Lizard Lake, Lk. Manitoba Narrows and other locations. Winnipeg Hydro is a former provider of electrical power for the city of Winnipeg , Manitoba . Winnipeg Hydro was established in 1906 and was purchased by Manitoba Hydro in 2002. In 1906, voters approved a $ 3.25 million expenditure for development of

16459-491: The global stock of PHEVs totalled 2.4 million units, representing one-third of the stock of plug-in electric passenger cars on the world's roads. As of December 2019 , China had the world's largest stock of PHEVs with 767,900 units, followed by the United States with 567,740, and the United Kingdom with 159,910. A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated by PHEV- [miles] or PHEV [kilometers] km in which

16610-673: The grid while the vehicle is plugged in or off the battery like the third-generation Prius), a charger timer, EV/ECO/POWER modes, three-door smart key with push-button start, new touch-screen display audio with navigation and an integrated backup camera, Toyota Entune , and LED daytime running lights . Additional features of the Prius Plug-in Advanced include head-up display , LED headlamps, softex interior seat trim, eight-way adjustable power driver seat, JBL premium audio and HDD navigation system and exclusive Entune Plug-in Hybrid Applications for smartphones. Additional safety features in

16761-423: The hurricane. In the Toyota lot, one Prius Plug-in burned, and two other Priuses, a conventional hybrid and a plug-in, just smoldered. A Toyota spokeswoman said the fire, "likely started because saltwater got into the electrical system." She also clarified that the incident affected only three out of the more than 2,128 plug-in or hybrid models at the terminal during the storm. The Prius Plug-in Hybrid shares many of

16912-503: The inverter station, Dorsey, near Rosser . The combined capacity of the two HVDC lines is 3420 MW, or about 68% of the total generation capacity in the province. A third HVDC line, BIPOLE III was completed July 4, 2018. At a cost of $ 4.7B, it carries 2000 MW capacity over 3076 towers and 1384 km. Two new converter stations were built at Keewatinohk on the Nelson River and at Riel east of Winnipeg. A different route from northern Manitoba

17063-601: The launch of a joint venture in Fisker Automotive . Fisker intended to build a US$ 80,000 luxury PHEV-50, the Fisker Karma , initially scheduled for late 2009. In 2007, Aptera Motors announced their Typ-1 two seater. That company folded in December 2011. In 2007, Chinese car manufacturer BYD Auto, owned by China's largest mobile phone battery maker, announced it would be introducing a production PHEV-60 sedan in China in

17214-481: The limited capacity of general-purpose AC outlets. Dedicated off-board chargers can be as large and powerful as the user can afford, but require returning to the charger; high-speed chargers may be shared by multiple vehicles. Using the electric motor's inverter allows the motor windings to act as the transformer coils, and the existing high-power inverter as the AC-to-DC charger. As these components are already required on

17365-536: The limited edition McLaren P1 supercar began in the UK in October 2013, and the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid began deliveries in the U.S. in November 2013. The first retail deliveries of the Cadillac ELR took place in the U.S. in December 2013. The BMW i8 and the limited edition Volkswagen XL1 were released to retail customers in Germany in June 2014. The Porsche 918 Spyder was also released in Europe and

17516-531: The lower Nelson River to support both Manitoba load growth and export plans. Limestone, the largest generating station in Manitoba, is located on the Lower Nelson only 90 km from Hudson Bay . Long-term firm power sales contracts were signed with Northern States Power. Control dams have turned Lake Winnipeg , the 12th largest lake in the world, into a 25,000 km reservoir for the Nelson River generation system. The great distance between generating sites on

17667-458: The lowest electricity rates in North America. In September 2002, Winnipeg Hydro officially closed its doors embarking on a new era as part of Manitoba Hydro. The Manitoba Hydro Act governs Manitoba Hydro. The purpose of the Manitoba Hydro Act was to provide for efficient, economical supply of electric power for the needs of the province. The first version of the act was effective March 31, 1961 and it has been revised since that date. Notably,

17818-787: The number represents the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20 can travel 32 km (20 miles) without using its combustion engine, so it may also be designated as a PHEV32km. For these cars to be battery operated, they go through charging processes that use different currents. These currents are known as Alternating Current (AC) used for on board chargers and Direct Current (DC) used for external charging. Other popular terms sometimes used for plug-in hybrids are "grid-connected hybrids", "Gas-Optional Hybrid Electric Vehicle" (GO-HEV) or simply "gas-optional hybrids". GM calls its Chevrolet Volt series plug-in hybrid an "Extended-Range Electric Vehicle". The Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid , produced as early as 1899,

17969-441: The on-board generator. Additionally, PHEVs can support longer and more frequent all-electric range driving, and their electric motors often have higher power output and torque , are more responsive in acceleration, and overall have lower operating costs . Although a PHEV's battery pack is smaller than that of all-electric vehicles of the same weight, as it must accommodate its combustion engine and hybrid drivetrain , it provides

18120-615: The program a number of charging bays will be deployed in London . The trial Prius Plug-in Hybrids will be available through leasing to public sector organizations and business users. Among the organizations that received the first Prius Plug-ins are Transport for London , the Government Car and Despatch Agency , the Metropolitan Police Service , News International and Sky . A total of 125 demonstrator plug-ins were deployed in

18271-539: The program under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy 's Clean Cities program. Two demonstrators were loaned in December 2010 and sixteen Georgetown employees tested the vehicles in three-month rotations. Five demonstrators were delivered to New York City , two were tested by the New York City Department of Transportation and three by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . As part of

18422-448: The project tax revenue will exceed the value of the initial subsidy. The 138 megawatt St. Joseph Wind Farm began operation in 2011. Multiple wind farm sites with capacities between 50 and 200 MW have been studied for Manitoba. The Manitoba OASIS node has generator interconnection evaluation studies for wind farms at Elie, Lena, Darlingford, Boissevain, Killarney, and Minnedosa. Additional probable wind farm sites of up to 200 MW are in

18573-611: The provincial government to form a commission of inquiry in 1977. Project cost overruns, and expanded capital spending during a time of declining electricity demand raised serious doubts about the timing of the Lake Winnipeg Regulation project and the development of projects along the Nelson River. The Tritschler Commission (named for Justice George Eric Tritschler (1901–1993) ) delivered its final report in December 1979, which made 51 recommendations on Manitoba Hydro governance, planning, financing and operations. Manitoba Hydro

18724-446: The range of the first-generation model. The EPA-rated fuel economy is 133 mpg‑e (25.3 kW⋅h/100 mi) in all-electric mode, 40% more than the first-generation model, and the highest mpg-e rating in EV mode of any EPA-rated vehicle with an internal combustion engine . It is based on the fourth-generation Toyota Prius (model XW50) outfitted with a drive system powered by an 8.8 kWh lithium-ion battery. Retail deliveries of

18875-554: The range to more than 500 kilometres (310 mi). GM officially launched the Chevrolet Volt in the U.S. on November 30, 2010, and retail deliveries began in December 2010. Its sibling the Opel/Vauxhall Ampera was launched in Europe between late 2011 and early 2012. The first deliveries of the Fisker Karma took place in July 2011, and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011. The Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid

19026-464: The river closure and diversion occurred in July 2009. Construction required an access road and construction camp site, and a construction power substation, along with services such as water supply and sewage lagoons for the camp. A new 230 kV gas-insulated substation was constructed adjacent to the dam site, which will distribute power from the Wuskwatim generators to the transmission network. A cofferdam

19177-426: The same as the conventional Prius liftback. The car was based on a third-generation Toyota Prius (model XW30) outfitted with a 4.4 kWh lithium-ion battery co-developed with Panasonic . Deliveries of the production model began in Japan in January 2012, in late February in the United States, and by late June 2012 in Europe. A total of about 75,400 first-generation units were sold worldwide through April 2016. After

19328-528: The same as the third-generation Prius liftback. The Prius PHEV overall EV mode/hybrid fuel economy is higher than the Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid and both Ford Energi models , but lower than the BMW i3 REx , Chevrolet Volt and the Cadillac ELR . Based on the JC08 Japanese test cycle , the Prius PHV fuel efficiency is 61.0 km/L (143 mpg-US, 1.64 L/100 km), calculated from combined all-electric (EV) and hybrid (HV) driving modes, with only 38 g/km of CO 2 emissions. The electric power consumption rate

19479-399: The same exterior and interior design elements as the standard 2012 Prius , keeping the coefficient of drag at C d =0.25. Among the design features exclusive to the plug-in are: unique chrome grille and bumper trim, chrome door handles, unique 15-inch alloy wheels, blue-accented headlamps, a distinct tail lamp design, and a new Hybrid Synergy Drive Plug-in badge. In the United States

19630-614: The second half of 2008. BYD exhibited it in January 2008 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Based on BYD's midsize F6 sedan, it uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 )-based batteries instead of lithium-ion, and can be recharged to 70% of capacity in 10 minutes. In 2007 Ford delivered the first Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid of a fleet of 20 demonstration PHEVs to Southern California Edison . As part of this demonstration program Ford also developed

19781-475: The three scenarios, compared with other six popular plug-in hybrids and the average gasoline-powered car: In the United States, the Prius Plug-in includes Toyota's Vehicle Proximity Notification System (VPNS), which is designed to alert pedestrians, the blind, and others of the vehicle's presence due to significant noise reduction typical of a hybrid vehicle traveling at low speeds in EV mode . This type of warning device

19932-456: The throttle opening to a maximum of 11.6%, and also modifies the operation of the air conditioning system. As an additional benefit, the Eco mode improves performance in low-traction conditions because the reduced output helps to minimize wheel skidding such as those caused by ice and snow. Power mode increases throttle response in the middle range more than normal. The production version was unveiled at

20083-530: The tie to Minnesota. In 2003, a new line was completed to the United States (the Harvey-Glenboro 230kV line), allowing a firm export capacity of 700 megawatts. In 2005 Manitoba Hydro announced increased interchange up to 500 MW with Ontario, after construction of additional transmission facilities. Manitoba Hydro's largest interconnection is the Dorsey-Forbes-Chisago 500,000 volt (AC) line that begins at

20234-401: The time of the announcement the carmaker was already testing a BMW 3 Series plug-in hybrid prototype. The first model available for retail sales will be the 2016 BMW X5 eDrive , with the production version unveiled at the 2015 Shanghai Motor Show . The second generation Chevrolet Volt was unveiled at the January 2015 North American International Auto Show , and retail deliveries began in

20385-434: The vehicle has a combined city/highway rating of 50 mpg ‑US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg ‑imp ), the same as the conventional third-generation Prius. According to Toyota the Prius plug-in is expected to be rated in Europe at 2.10 L/100 km (112 mpg ‑US ; 135 mpg ‑imp ) equivalent, with CO 2 emissions of 49 g/km (2.8 oz/mi). The production version of

20536-467: The vehicle's battery discharge strategy, and their use has a direct effect on the size and type of battery required: Charge-depleting mode allows a fully charged PHEV to operate exclusively (or depending on the vehicle, almost exclusively, except during hard acceleration) on electric power until its battery state of charge is depleted to a predetermined level, at which time the vehicle's internal combustion engine or fuel cell will be engaged . This period

20687-619: The vehicle-to-grid communications technology. Sales of the Escape PHEV were scheduled for 2012. On January 14, 2008, Toyota announced they would start sales of lithium-ion battery PHEVs by 2010, but later in the year Toyota indicated they would be offered to commercial fleets in 2009. On March 27, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) modified their regulations, requiring automobile manufacturers to produce 58,000 plug-in hybrids during 2012 through 2014. This requirement

20838-522: The winter of 1970; and since that time these interconnections have also been used for export of energy. In the period 1974 to 1976, Manitoba Hydro was still studying nuclear power , but it concluded that all hydraulic resources should be developed first before construction of any nuclear facility. Although a research nuclear reactor existed at the Pinawa AECL research facility, no nuclear generating capacity has ever been constructed in Manitoba. In 1980,

20989-455: Was 2.40 L/100 km (97.9 mpg ‑US ; 117.6 mpg ‑imp ) on an average round trip commute of 77 km (48 miles). Motor Trend tested a demonstrator for 32 days and reported average CO 2 emissions of 80 g/km (0.28 lb/mile), an average all-electric range of 18.8 km (11.7 miles), and an average combined fuel economy of 3.34 L/100 km (70.4 mpg ‑US ; 84.5 mpg ‑imp ) over

21140-433: Was based on the third-generation Toyota Prius (model XW30) but outfitted with 5.2 kWh lithium-ion batteries . The selected battery capacity is the minimum required for a vehicle to be eligible for the U.S. federal tax credit of US$ 2,500 , which under the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 applies to the first 200,000 plug-ins sold by an automaker. After displaying the concept version in these three shows,

21291-487: Was built by private investors near Minnedosa in 1912 but low water levels meant that it only operated intermittently. In 1920 the plant was replaced by a diesel station owned by the Manitoba Power Commission. The dam still exists today at Minnedosa Lake. By 1906, Winnipeg Electric Street Railway had constructed a hydroelectric plant on the Winnipeg River near Pinawa , and seventy miles (110 km) of 60-kV transmission line. This plant operated year-round until 1951, when it

21442-455: Was chosen for BIPOLE III in order to provide safety and redundancy in case BIPOLE I and II which run side by side for much of the route and end at the same converter station were simultaneously damaged. Manitoba Hydro has transmission lines connecting with Saskatchewan , Ontario , North Dakota and Minnesota . Ties to the Canadian provinces are of low capacity but a substantial portion of Manitoba Hydro's annual generation can be exported over

21593-427: Was constructed for excavation of the tailrace and spillway channel, and subsequently removed. Secondary concrete and turbine installation continued through the summer and fall of 2010. The construction camp population varies according to activity level but as of July 2010 there were 635 workers in the construction camp. More than 5000 MW of hydroelectric potential could be developed in Manitoba, which includes 1380 MW at

21744-490: Was officially opened on July 5, 2012, while construction of the remaining two units continued. This 200 MW station has three hydraulic turbine generator units, causes less than one half square kilometre of new flooding, and has only a small reservoir. This project had the most extensive environmental review of any generating project in Manitoba. Participation of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN) First Nation

21895-460: Was passed by a June 2006 referendum by NCN members. This partnership between NCN and Manitoba Hydro will allow advancement of the in-service date to 2012 and opportunities for additional export revenue. Otherwise the domestic load growth would not require this new capacity until several years later. Excavation and primary concrete for the dam, powerhouse and spillway was mainly completed by June 2009. The spillway gate hoist housing had been erected and

22046-455: Was released in 2011 and was available for sale. In October 2010 Lotus Engineering unveiled the Lotus CityCar , a plug-in series hybrid concept car designed for flex-fuel operation on ethanol , or methanol as well as regular gasoline. The lithium battery pack provides an all-electric range of 60 kilometres (37 mi), and the 1.2-liter flex-fuel engine kicks in to allow to extend

22197-622: Was released in Japan in January 2012, followed by the United States in February 2012. Deliveries of the Prius PHV in Europe began in late June 2012. The Ford C-Max Energi was released in the U.S. in October 2012, the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid in Sweden by late 2012. The Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid was released in selected U.S. markets in January 2013, and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV in Japan in January 2013, becoming

22348-415: Was shut down to allow improved water flow to other Winnipeg River stations. Its remains are still preserved as a provincial park. Since the investor-owned Winnipeg Electric Street Railway was charging twenty cents per kilowatt-hour, the City of Winnipeg founded its own utility in 1906,. Winnipeg city alderman John Wesley Cockburn (January 9, 1856 – November 9, 1924) had privately secured water rights for

22499-521: Was the best selling PHEV until it was surpassed by the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV at the Volt's end of production in 2019. By 2021, BYD Auto emerged as the largest plug-in hybrid vehicle manufacturer in the world. As of May 2024 , BYD plug-in hybrid cumulative sales surpassed 3.6 million units. The BYD Song DM line of SUVs contributed over 1.05 million units. As of December 2019 ,

22650-458: Was the first hybrid electric car. Early hybrids could be charged from an external source before operation. The term "plug-in hybrid" has come to mean a hybrid vehicle that can be charged from a standard electrical wall socket. The term "plug-in hybrid electric vehicle" was coined by UC Davis Professor Andrew Frank , who has been called the "father of the modern plug-in hybrid". The July 1969 issue of Popular Science featured an article on

22801-482: Was the second most sold plug-in electric car in 2012, and became third-best all-time in December 2014. As sales declined after the end of its production, the Prius PHV fell to fifth place in the global ranking by November 2015, after being surpassed by both the Tesla Model S and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV . As of December 2017, sales were led by North America with 66,800 units, followed by Japan with 48,800, and

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