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33-587: Many ethnonyms are used for the Macedonian-speaking Muslims. The most widespread ethnonym, which is also their endonym, is Torbeši. There are numerous theories on the origin of the term. Some link it to an old Slavic tribe Torbeachei , whereas other theories have suggested a derivation from the Persian torbekes meaning person with a bag. According to one theory, the Torbeši were a group of public servants in

66-549: A Torbeš population in Gollobordë, on the Macedonian-Albanian border, specifically in the villages of Vërnicë , Trebisht Lladomericë, Gjinovec , Klenjë , Lejçan, Lubalesh, Ostren i Madh and Ostren i Vogël , Okshtun, Pasinkë, Radovesh, Sebisht, Sërpetovë, Stebleve, Tuçep, Tërbaç. An Albanian population dominated in the northern Gollobordë villages of Sebishtë, Pasinkë, Vërnicë , Ostren i Madh and Ostren i Vogël . There

99-611: A few months, until the SDP - the party with whom the LS was aligned - lost the election to a rejuvenated HDZ. He was elected to the Croatian Parliament in the 2003 Croatian parliamentary election . After the elections, Banac advocated a merger of all liberal parties in Croatia. This policy was opposed by Zlatko Kramarić who orchestrated Banac's removal from the party leadership in 2004. Banac left

132-1090: A new Slavic ethnolinguistic group. This phenomenon was accentuated by the Bavarian expansion east (as an element in the Ostsiedlung ) and by the Magyar settlement and expansion in the Pannonian Plain , which severed the contiguous land or territory between West and South Slavs (in the Middle Danube river basin) and contact between both of them, contributing to greater differentiation. Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Baltic Indo-European Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Iranian Indo-European Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Turkic Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and possibly Uralic Mentioned by Bavarian Geographer and Unknown Ivo Banac Ivo Banac ( Croatian pronunciation: [ǐːʋo bǎːnats] ; 1 March 1947 – 30 June 2020)

165-465: A new governing left-centre coalition in 2000. He often accused Ivica Račan of the SDP of not doing enough to reverse the negative policies of Tuđman's era. Many were surprised to find Banac, who had a reputation of a maverick and independent intellectual, become the leader of the LS. It was even more surprising to see him take the post of Minister of Environmental Protection in 2003. He held that post for only

198-655: A person who could not tolerate dissent. Nonetheless, Banac organized Tuđman's lecture at Yale University in 1990. In 1990, Banac was accepted as an associate member in the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Between 1994 and 1999 he was the director of the Institute on Southern Europe at the Central European University , Budapest . From 1990 onwards, Ivo Banac was also active in Croatian politics. He joined

231-592: A traffic accident a year later, Ivo lived with his mother in New York City , where he studied history at Fordham University , graduating in 1969. In the same year Banac moved to California , where he obtained M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Stanford University . Although he was a member of Students for a Democratic Society , by his own account he was not attracted by the West Coast flower power movement of

264-663: Is a list of early Slavic peoples reported in Late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages , that is, before the year AD 1500. South Slavic tribes descend mainly from two Slavic tribal confederations, Sclaveni and Antes . To reach the Balkans , the two groups took two different paths. While the Sclaveni came from Central Europe north of the Danube and migrated south around the eastern edges of

297-768: Is a presence of Torbeš in Kosovo. Along with other Balkan Muslims following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Torbeš were helped by the Turkish government to settle in Turkey. These groups were labelled as Turks and all claimed Turkish descent. In 1952, Yugoslavia and Turkey signed an agreement of free emigration that allowed Muslims from Yugoslavia to settle in Turkey. A total of 127,000 ethnic Turks, Torbeši, and other Muslims from Macedonia migrated. The exact numbers of Torbeš are not easy to establish. The historian Ivo Banac estimates that in

330-555: Is known as Gollobordas and in Albania people from the community are considered Albanians instead of Macedonians, even by the Albanian state, and they are known to intermarry with Muslim Albanians and not with Orthodox Macedonians. In the late 90s, Macedonian linguist Božidar Vidoeski conducted a study on the Macedonian speaking population of Albania. During that time, he notes the existence of

363-679: The Alps and across the western part of the Pannonian Plain , the Antes came from the steppe between the Dniester and the Dnieper , penetrating into the Balkans throuhgh Transylvania or, alternatively, the mouth of the Danube . A number of historians have attributed the early split between Eastern and Western South Slavs to the different origins of Sclaveni and Antes. While Western South Slavs were closely linked to

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396-499: The Antes . Nevertheless, there must have been substantial overlap between Sclaveni and Antes, especially in contact zones. For example, the exact origin of White Croats is still shrouded in mystery. Some scholars consider them be an Antes tribal polity that migrated to Galicia in the 3rd–4th century, while others regard them as early Sclaveni or as a mixture of both Antes and Sclaveni. Nevertheless, South Slavs over time evolved into

429-576: The Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS) and became one of the strongest critics of Franjo Tuđman and his government, especially with regards to policy towards Bosnia and Herzegovina . He expressed his criticism in a column written for Feral Tribune . After the HSLS split in 1997, Banac joined the Liberal Party , keeping a critical distance towards the government even after LS became part of

462-613: The Macedonian Orthodox Church . Identity for Macedonian Muslims is often tied to a belonging to their respective villages/localities. In Yugoslavia, Slavic-speaking Muslims were allowed to register themselves for the first time as a separate ethnic group. This new form of identification was mostly used by Bosniaks, but also spread as a choice in Macedonia, where in 30,000-40,000 individuals identified themselves as Muslims in 1981 and 1991. This number dropped to ~14,000 in 1994. In

495-1008: The Ottoman Empire tasked to carry bags ( Turkish : torba oglanlari ). Some scholars have linked the term with the kutugeri , a group of Bogomil missionaries who carried bags. The most common explanation in North Macedonia of the origin of the term is that the Torbeš sold their faith for a bag ( torba in Macedonian) of goods from the Ottomans. Among other names ascribed to them are Macedonian-speaking Muslims , Našinci , Apovci , Poturi and Turci (Turks). They are also referred to as Macedonian Muslims or Muslim Macedonians . In some sources, Macedonian-speaking Muslims are grouped together with Pomaks . The Macedonian-speaking Muslims of Gollobordë are also known as Gollobordas . The Torbeši are largely

528-624: The Western Slavic Veneti , Eastern South Slavs originated from the Eastern Slavic Antes. This is confirmed by both historical records and the duplication of tribal names between West Slavs and Western South Slavs and East Slavs and Eastern South Slavs , respectively. For example, the Polabian White Serb confederation is generally thought to be the ancestor of both Western Slavic Sorbs and South Slavic Serbs , while

561-588: The 2002 census, many Torbeši identified themselves with ethnic groups of their Muslim co-religionists: Albanians and Turks. The 2021 North Macedonia census was the first to have a separate ethnic category for Torbeši; a total of 4,174 individuals in the country identified as such and a further 455 identified as "Muslim Macedonians". However, data at the municipal and settlement levels is not available for these groups. There were also 1,187 individuals who declared as Muslims . Other Torbeši identified themselves as Turks, Albanians, and Bosniaks. In municipalities containing

594-895: The Albanian-dominated Meshihat or council of the Islamic community in North Macedonia declared that Albanian was the official language of Muslims in Macedonia. The decision prompted protests from the leaders and members of the Macedonian Muslim community. List of early Slavic peoples Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European This

627-563: The Albanians. During censuses, Macedonian Muslims' ethnic identity varies. While some declare as ethnic Macedonians, some declare as Turks or Albanians despite not speaking Turkish or Albanian. Others declare as Bosniaks or Gorani, with some declaring as Torbeš, Muslim Macedonians or Muslims. There are some tensions with the Macedonian Christian community over the widespread association between Macedonian national identity and adherence to

660-671: The Dunabian Abodriti, also known as Praedenecenti , are generally associated with the Polabian Obotrites . The same is true for Antes and Eastern South Slavs. For example, part of the East Slavic Severians are known to have migrated to present-day northeastern Bulgaria, becoming foederati of the First Bulgarian Empire under the name Severi , while some Pripyat Dregoviches are assumed to have migrated to

693-506: The LS in February 2005 and was an independent representative in the Sabor for the rest of his term. He was publicly criticized for having allegedly mishandled public funds, by renting his personal apartment to himself as office space, as well as furnishing it with taxpayers money. Banac replied, to accusations that such actions constitute mishandling of public funds, that while "the data published in

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726-532: The best North American book in the field of Russian and Eastern European studies. During his stay in the United States, Banac regularly visited Yugoslavia. While visiting Zagreb in 1971, he met Vlado Gotovac and Franjo Tuđman , who would both become major Croatian political figures after the fall of communism. Banac remained in close contact with Gotovac until his death in 2000; on the other hand, he reportedly didn't think highly of Tuđman, describing him as

759-660: The central region of North Macedonia, surrounding the Plasnica municipality and the Dolneni municipality . Torbešija is an ethnographic region in the Marko's River Valley south of Skopje, today within Studeničani Municipality . Torbeš began settling in the area in the second half of the 18th century. Beginning in the 20th century, many Torbeš left the area for Turkey or Skopje. The Macedonian-speaking Muslim community of Gollobordë

792-749: The descendants of Orthodox Christian Slavs from the region of Macedonia who were converted to Islam during the centuries when the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans . The various Sufi orders (like the Khalwati , Rifa'is and Qadiris ) all played a role in the conversion of the Slavic and Paulician population. Torbeši who identify as ethnic Macedonians claim to be "the truest Macedonians" who speak "clean Macedonian" and have maintained traditions and customs for centuries, unlike their Orthodox Macedonian counterparts. The largest concentration of Torbeš can be found in western North Macedonia and eastern Albania. Most of

825-533: The largest concentrations of Torbeš villages, the 2021 census results were as follows for individuals who participated in the census: The oldest Macedonian newspaper Nova Makedonija was first published in 1944 in Gorno Vranovci , a village that was inhabited by Torbeši at the time. Interethnic marriages are considered acceptable among Macedonian Muslims, whereas interreligious ones are not, though families are most likely to prefer marriage with those from within

858-635: The late 1960s. Banac worked at the Stanford University Department of History and Linguistics from 1972 to 1977, and then moved back to the East Coast to teach at Yale University . While at Yale, he earned his tenure , and was a two-time master of Pierson College . His 1984 book The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics was awarded the Wayne S. Vucinich Prize for

891-656: The media are correct, it is all a matter of interpretation, is the glass half full or half empty". Between 2007 and 2009, Banac was the President of the Croatian Helsinki Committee . At Yale, he was the Bradford Durfee Professor of History Emeritus. He also served as the director of the Council on European Studies at Yale University . In his later years, Banac was accused of historical revisionism . In

924-455: The nearby villages. Arranged marriage, common in the past, is now rare. The Torbeš consider their local cuisine to be "Macedonian cuisine", while it shares commonalities with neighboring Muslim groups such as dishes for weddings and religious holidays. The principal outlet for Macedonian Muslim political activities has been the Association of Macedonian Muslims. It was established in 1970 with

957-523: The old Kingdom of Yugoslavia , before World War II , the Torbeš population stood at around 27,000. Subsequent censuses have produced dramatically varying figures: 1,591 in 1953, 3,002 in 1961, 1,248 in 1971 and 39,355 in 1981. Commentators have suggested that the latter figure includes many who previously identified themselves as Turks. Meanwhile, the Association of Macedonian Muslims has claimed that since World War II more than 70,000 Macedonian Muslims have been assimilated by other Muslim groups, most notably

990-601: The support of the authorities, probably as a means of keeping Macedonian Muslim aspirations in control. Led by member of parliament Fiat Canoski, “organizations of Macedonians of Islamic religion… declared themselves as Torbeshi”. At the First Torbesh Forum, they adopted the “Torbesh Charter” and demanded separate inclusion in the preamble of the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia. A controversy broke out in 1995 when

1023-633: The valley of the Vardar , establishing themselves as the Drougoubitai . The Seven Slavic tribes are also hypothesized to be Antes hailing from the lands of modern Ukraine, but missing records of their tribal names makes the hypothesis unverifiable. Therefore, it has been suggested that the ancestors of medieval Bosnians, Serbs and Croatians were the Sclaveni , wereas the progenitors of the Bulgarian Slavs were

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1056-504: The villages in Debar regions are populated by Torbeš. The Struga municipality also holds a large number of Macedonian Muslims who are primarily concentrated in the large village of Labuništa . Further north in the Debar region many of the surrounding villages are inhabited by Torbeš. The Dolna Reka region is also primarily populated by Torbeš. Places such as Rostuša and also have large Torbeš populations. There are also major concentrations in

1089-670: Was a Croatian-American historian, a professor of European history at Yale University and a politician of the former Liberal Party in Croatia, known as the Great Bard of Croatian historiography. As of 2012 , Banac was a consultant for the Bosnian Institute . He died after a serious illness at age 73. Banac was born in Dubrovnik in 1947. In 1959 he emigrated to the United States with his mother, reuniting with his father who had escaped from Yugoslavia in 1947. After his father's death in

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