There are a number of traditionally itinerant or travelling groups in Europe who are known as Travellers or Gypsies (the latter being increasingly taken as derogatory).
69-559: Tinkers may refer to: An alternate (and often pejorative) name for the itinerant groups in Europe , including Irish Travellers , Scottish Travellers , and Romani people The plural of tinker , an archaic term for an itinerant tinsmith who mends household utensils Tinkers (novel) , a 2009 novel by American author Paul Harding Tinkers Alley , an old urban downtown in Niš, Serbia Tinkers Copse ,
138-604: A Calvinist pastor from Satu Mare in Transylvania , was the first to notice the similarity between Romani and Indo-Aryan by comparing the Romani dialect of Győr with the language (perhaps Sinhala ) spoken by three Sri Lankan students he met in the Netherlands. This was followed by the linguist Johann Christian Christoph Rüdiger (1751–1822) whose book Von der Sprache und Herkunft der Zigeuner aus Indien (1782) posited Romani
207-543: A Norwegian dialect. Similar to indigenous Dutch and Flemish Travellers, indigenous Norwegian Travellers are theorised to have Yenish (German Traveller) admixture and possibly could be descended from them. Norwegian Rodi includes a large proportion of Yenish loanwords. Rodi also has a handful of Scandoromani loanwords due to Romanisæl Travellers and indigenous Norwegian Travellers both living in close proximity to each other. Indigenous Norwegian Travellers have always concentrated around Southern and Southwestern Norway along
276-516: A Rom way". This derives from the Romani word rrom , meaning either "a member of the (Romani) group" or "husband". This is also the origin of the term "Roma" in English, although some Roma groups refer to themselves using other demonyms (e.g. 'Kaale', 'Sinti'). In the 18th century, it was shown by comparative studies that Romani belongs to the Indo-European language family. In 1763 Vályi István,
345-518: A Romani vocabulary grafted into a non-Romani language (normally referred to as Para-Romani ). A table of some dialectal differences: The first stratum includes the oldest dialects: Mećkari (of Tirana ), Kabuʒi (of Korça ), Xanduri , Drindari , Erli , Arli , Bugurji , Mahaʒeri (of Pristina ), Ursari ( Rićhinari ), Spoitori ( Xoraxane ), Karpatichi , Polska Roma , Kaale (from Finland ), Sinto-manush , and
414-473: A blend of the regional settled language and Romani language , but sometimes a cant based on a regional language without Romani influence. As opposed to nomads , who travel with and subsist on herds of livestock, itinerant groups traditionally travel for trade or other work for the sedentary populations amongst which they live. Indigenous Dutch Travellers, known in the Netherlands as Woonwagenbewoners (English: caravan dwellers ), were first recorded as
483-462: A central Indic dialect that had undergone partial convergence with northern Indic languages." In terms of its grammatical structures, Romani is conservative in maintaining almost intact the Middle Indo-Aryan present-tense person concord markers, and in maintaining consonantal endings for nominal case – both features that have been eroded in most other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Romani shows
552-408: A community now known as Soda Springs, Nevada County, California , U.S. See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Tinkers Tink (disambiguation) Tinker (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tinkers . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
621-473: A country with a sizable Romani minority (3.3% of the total population), there is a unified teaching system of the Romani language for all dialects spoken in the country. This is primarily a result of the work of Gheorghe Sarău , who made Romani textbooks for teaching Romani children in the Romani language. He teaches a purified, mildly prescriptive language, choosing the original Indo-Aryan words and grammatical elements from various dialects. The pronunciation
690-405: A distinct indigenous Irish ethnic minority who separated from the settled Irish community at least 1,000 years ago; the claim was made that they are as distinct from the settled community as Icelanders are from Norwegians . Like other itinerant groups, they have often been ethnically discriminated against in the past and still are today. They were only recognised as an official ethnic group in
759-581: A later period, perhaps even as late as the tenth century. There is no historical proof to clarify who the ancestors of the Romani were or what motivated them to emigrate from the Indian subcontinent , but there are various theories. The influence of Greek , and to a lesser extent of Armenian and the Iranian languages (like Persian and Kurdish ) points to a prolonged stay in Anatolia , Armenian highlands/Caucasus after
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#1732858261918828-841: A nature reserve on the northwestern outskirts of Bracknell in Berkshire, England, U.K. Tinkers Creek (Cuyahoga River tributary) , in Ohio, U.S. Tinkers Creek Aqueduct , in Valley View, Ohio Tinkers Creek State Park , in Streetsboro, Ohio Tinkers Green Halt railway station , a former station in Oswestry, Shropshire, England Tinkers Hill , along the Herefordshire-Worcestershire border in England, U.K Tinkers Station , former name of
897-536: A number of features with the Central Zone languages. The most significant isoglosses are the shift of Old Indo-Aryan r̥ to u or i ( Sanskrit śr̥ṇ- , Romani šun- 'to hear') and kṣ- to kh (Sanskrit akṣi , Romani j-akh 'eye'). However, unlike other Central Zone languages, Romani preserves many dental clusters (Romani trin 'three', phral 'brother', compare Hindi tīn , bhāi ). This implies that Romani split from
966-526: A number of phonetic changes that distinguish it from other Indo-Aryan languages – in particular, the devoicing of voiced aspirates ( bh dh gh > ph th kh ), shift of medial t d to l , of short a to e , initial kh to x , rhoticization of retroflex ḍ, ṭ, ḍḍ, ṭṭ, ḍh etc. to r and ř , and shift of inflectional -a to -o . After leaving the Indian subcontinent, Romani was heavily affected by contact with European languages. The most significant of these
1035-405: A population in the 1879 census, but have existed since the advent of industrial mechanization in the first half of the 19th century. They travelled around in search of employment and practised traditional professions like chair bottomers, tinsmiths, broom binders, traders, peddlers, artisans, etc. As of 2018, some 30,000–60,000 Travellers live in the Netherlands, most of whom are Catholics living in
1104-492: A result, funfair travellers are not defined as an ethnic group themselves, even though they display certain common features, and in some countries (such as the UK) they identify as a cultural group. In anthropological and sociological terms, they form a subculture . Funfair travellers often sport unique cultures and self-identity, and they tend to be insular, favouring marriage within the community, which results in long lineages and
1173-500: A standard, or by merging more dialects together, have not been successful - instead, the trend is towards a model where each dialect has its own writing system. Among native speakers, the most common pattern is for individual authors to use an orthography based on the writing system of the dominant contact language: thus Romanian in Romania , Hungarian in Hungary and so on. To demonstrate
1242-618: A strong sense of cultural homogeneity. For example, the Showman's Guild of Great Britain requires that applicants have a parent from the funfair travelling community. Many funfair travellers in the fairground and circus business across Europe have partial Romani heritage, evidenced by significant traces of the Romani language. Despite this, the roots, culture, traditions, and identity of showman groups have remained separate from Romani groups. The Camminanti are an ethnic group in Sicily , originating from
1311-410: A two-way case system, nominative vs. oblique. A secondary argument concerns the system of gender differentiation. Romani has only two genders (masculine and feminine). Middle Indo-Aryan languages (named MIA) generally had three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and some modern Indo-Aryan languages retain this old system even today. It is argued that loss of the neuter gender did not occur until
1380-407: A typical east-to-west spread. His conclusion is that dialect differences formed in situ, and not as a result of different waves of migration. According to this classification, the dialects are split as follows: SIL Ethnologue has the following classification: In a series of articles (beginning in 1982) linguist Marcel Courthiade proposed a different kind of classification. He concentrates on
1449-551: Is also a reason why these groups speak mixed languages rather than more pure forms of Romani: The best known itinerant community are the Romani people (also Romany , Romanies Tzigani , Rromani , and variants). The Romani have Indo-Aryan roots and heritage and first entered Europe via the Middle East around a thousand years ago. They spread further through Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries, separating into various subgroups in
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#17328582619181518-452: Is an ever-changing set of borrowings from Romanian as well, including such terms as vremea (weather, time), primariya (town hall), frishka (cream), sfïnto (saint, holy). Hindi -based neologisms include bijli (bulb, electricity), misal (example), chitro (drawing, design), lekhipen (writing), while there are also English -based neologisms, like printisarel < "to print". Romani
1587-509: Is based on the diffusion in space of innovations. According to this theory, Early Romani (as spoken in the Byzantine Empire) was brought to western and other parts of Europe through population migrations of Rom in the 14th–15th centuries. These groups settled in the various European regions during the 16th and 17th centuries, acquiring fluency in a variety of contact languages. Changes emerged then, which spread in wave-like patterns, creating
1656-601: Is currently estimated at 8,000, but could be much higher. They are spread all over Flanders . Indigenous Norwegian Travellers (more commonly known as Fanter , Fantefolk or Skøyere ) are an itinerant group who call themselves Reisende . Confusingly, this term is also used by Romanisæl , the Romani group of Norway and Sweden. Unlike the Romanisæl Travellers, the indigenous Norwegian Travellers are non-Romani by culture and origins, and they do not speak any form of Romani language. Instead, they use Rodi,
1725-561: Is mostly like that of the dialects from the first stratum. When there are more variants in the dialects, the variant that most closely resembles the oldest forms is chosen, like byav , instead of abyav , abyau , akana instead of akanak , shunav instead of ashunav or ashunau , etc. An effort is also made to derive new words from the vocabulary already in use, i.e. , xuryavno (airplane), vortorin (slide rule), palpaledikhipnasko (retrospectively), pashnavni (adjective). There
1794-491: Is now used on the internet, in some local media, and in some countries as a medium of instruction. Historically, Romani was an exclusively unwritten language; for example, Slovak Romani's orthography was codified only in 1971. The overwhelming majority of academic and non-academic literature produced currently in Romani is written using a Latin-based orthography. The proposals to form a unified Romani alphabet and one standard Romani language by either choosing one dialect as
1863-419: Is spoken by small groups in 42 European countries. A project at Manchester University in England is transcribing Romani dialects, many of which are on the brink of extinction, for the first time. Today's dialects of Romani are differentiated by the vocabulary accumulated since their departure from Anatolia , as well as through divergent phonemic evolution and grammatical features. Many Roma no longer speak
1932-566: Is the only Indo-Aryan language spoken almost exclusively in Europe. The most concentrated areas of Romani speakers are found in the Balkans and central Europe, particularly in Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Slovakia. Although there are no reliable figures for the exact number of Romani speakers, the estimated amount of Romani speakers in the European Union is around 3.5 million, this makes it
2001-814: The Romanisæl (Tater) Travellers, which Sundt called storvandrer or storvandringer ('great travellers') who ranged further in their journeys. By DNA, the Pavees are Irish , but have a separate language and culture than the settled Irish. They live predominantly in Ireland , the United Kingdom and the United States . Travellers refer to themselves as Mincéirí or Pavees in their own language or in Irish as an Lucht Siúil , meaning literally "the walking people". The language of
2070-530: The Irish Travellers are of Irish origin but are genetically distinct from their settled counterparts due to social isolation, and more groups are being studied. The third largest group in Europe is the Yenish , an indigenous Germanic group. Many intinerant groups speak their own language or dialect, though with outsiders will use the language of the surrounding settled population. Such insider languages are often
2139-530: The Republic of Ireland on March 1, 2017. Northern Romani Traveller groups include: These groups have much European blood due to mixing with Indigenous Traveller groups (British Romani Travellers mix with Irish Travellers, Scottish Highland Travellers and Funfair Traveller and Scandinavian Romani Travellers mix with Indigenous Norwegian Travellers) and even non-Travellers over the centuries. This has led to these Romani groups generally looking White in appearance. It
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2208-553: The Romani people (also Roma or Rom ), who have Indian roots and heritage; they left India around 1,500 years ago, entering Europe around 1,000 years ago. They include the Sinti people , who are themselves the second largest group. Others, assumed to have taken up the travelling lifestyle out of necessity at some point during the early modern period , are unrelated to the Romani, and assumed to not be ethnically distinct from their source population. However, recent DNA testing has shown that
2277-586: The Yenish people ( Jenische or Yeniche in German and French, respectively). An early description of this group was published by Johann Ulrich Schöll in 1793. Showmen (also known as showpeople , showfolk , funfair travellers , travelling showpeople , and the pejorative carnies ) are not an ethnic group, but occupational travellers, the members of multi-generational families who own and operate travelling funfairs and circuses, who move around as part of their work. These groups formed across Europe, and included
2346-612: The Central Zone languages before the Middle Indo-Aryan period . However, Romani shows some features of New Indo-Aryan, such as erosion of the original nominal case system towards a nominative/oblique dichotomy, with new grammaticalized case suffixes added on. This means that the Romani exodus from India could not have happened until late in the first millennium. Many words are similar to the Marwari and Lambadi languages spoken in large parts of India. Romani also shows some similarity to
2415-465: The Dutch Travellers. The first Voyageurs slept in stables and barns they encountered in the countryside along the way. It was only later that they started building covered wagons, a simple cart with a tarpaulin over it, which they pulled themselves or for which they harnessed some dogs. Even later the horses came, and the hood carts grew into caravans. These Voyageurs had their example in
2484-539: The Indian subcontinent, but more recent research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the Central Zone ( Hindustani ) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom therefore likely descend from two different migration waves out of India, separated by several centuries. The following table presents the numerals in the Romani , Domari and Lomavren languages, with
2553-512: The Irish Travellers, Shelta , is mainly based on an Irish lexicon and an English grammar. There are two dialects of this language: Gammon (or Gamin) and Cant. It has been dated back to the eighteenth century but may be older. The vast majority of Irish Travellers are Roman Catholics who maintain their traditions and culture in a close-knit community of families. In 2011, an analysis of DNA from 40 Travellers showed that Irish Travellers are
2622-514: The Northwestern Zone languages. In particular, the grammaticalization of enclitic pronouns as person markers on verbs ( kerdo 'done' + me 'me' → kerdjom 'I did') is also found in languages such as Kashmiri and Shina . This evidences a northwest migration during the split from the Central Zone languages consistent with a later migration to Europe. Based on these data, Yaron Matras views Romani as "kind of Indian hybrid:
2691-422: The adoption of a loosely English- and Czech-oriented orthography, developed spontaneously by native speakers for use online and through email. The following is the core sound inventory of Romani. Gray phonemes are only found in some dialects. Loans from contact languages often allow other non-native phonemes. The Romani sound system is not highly unusual among European languages. Its most marked features are
2760-505: The basis for the integration of Romani into the history of Indian languages. Romani is an Indo-Aryan language that is part of the Balkan sprachbund . It is the only New Indo-Aryan spoken exclusively outside the Indian subcontinent . Romani is sometimes classified in the Central Zone or Northwestern Zone Indo-Aryan languages, and sometimes treated as a group of its own. Romani shares
2829-473: The coastline (which was separated from the rest of Norway due to mountains) and Romanisæl Travellers have always concentrated around Central Norway (specifically in Trøndelag county around the city of Trondheim). Historically, both groups have travelled all over, and often overlap into each other's traditional areas. They are known to the settled majority population as fant or fanter , but they prefer
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2898-479: The corresponding terms in Sanskrit , Hindi , Odia , and Sinhala to demonstrate the similarities. Note that the Romani numerals 7 through 9 have been borrowed from Greek . The first attestation of Romani is from 1542 AD in western Europe. The earlier history of the Romani language is completely undocumented, and is understood primarily through comparative linguistic evidence. Linguistic evaluation carried out in
2967-461: The departure from South Asia. The latest territory where Romani is thought to have been spoken as a mostly unitary linguistic variety is the Byzantine Empire , between the 10th and the 13th centuries. The language of this period, which can be reconstructed on the basis of modern-day dialects, is referred to as Early Romani or Late Proto-Romani . The Mongol invasion of Europe beginning in
3036-657: The dialect differences attested today. According to Matras, there were two major centres of innovations: some changes emerged in western Europe (Germany and vicinity), spreading eastwards; other emerged in the Wallachian area, spreading to the west and south. In addition, many regional and local isoglosses formed, creating a complex wave of language boundaries. Matras points to the prothesis of j- in aro > jaro 'egg' and ov > jov 'he' as typical examples of west-to-east diffusion, and of addition of prothetic a- in bijav > abijav as
3105-555: The dialectal diversity of Romani in three successive strata of expansion, using the criteria of phonological and grammatical changes. Finding the common linguistic features of the dialects, he presents the historical evolution from the first stratum (the dialects closest to the Anatolian Romani of the 13th century) to the second and third strata. He also names as "pogadialects" (after the Pogadi dialect of Great Britain ) those with only
3174-405: The differences, the phrase /romani tʃʰib/, which means "Romani language" in all the dialects, can be written as románi csib , románi čib , romani tschib , románi tschiwi , romani tšiw , romeni tšiv , romanitschub , rromani čhib , romani chib , rhomani chib , romaji šjib and so on. A currently observable trend, however, appears to be
3243-507: The edge of a village and would earn money there as tinsmiths , hawkers , horse dealers, or pearl -fishermen. Many found seasonal employment on farms, e.g. doing berry picking or during harvests. Nowadays, the majority of Highland Travellers have settled down into organized campsites or regular houses. The Scottish Highland Travellers have their own (nearly extinct) language based on Scottish Gaelic called Beurla Reagaird . Highland Travellers are closely tied to their native Highlands and
3312-658: The end of the 14th century. They have historically lived a nomadic life. Romani language Romani ( / ˈ r ɒ m ə n i , ˈ r oʊ -/ ROM -ə-nee, ROH - ; also Romany , Romanes / ˈ r ɒ m ə n ɪ s / ROM -ən-iss , Roma ; Romani: rromani ćhib ) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani communities . According to Ethnologue , seven varieties of Romani are divergent enough to be considered languages of their own. The largest of these are Vlax Romani (about 500,000 speakers), Balkan Romani (600,000), and Sinte Romani (300,000). Some Romani communities speak mixed languages based on
3381-500: The families of travelling markets, funfairs, carnvials, and circuses, which required frequent mobility. These groups usually follow a set pattern of yearly nomadism. Membership of these groups has, over the years, been drawn from other communities. For example, showpeople in Great Britain and Ireland often had a mix of English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, and/or Traveller (typically Romanichal Traveller and Irish Traveller ) heritage. As
3450-490: The first half of the thirteenth century triggered another westward migration. The Romani arrived in Europe and afterwards spread to the other continents. The great distances between the scattered Romani groups led to the development of local community distinctions. The differing local influences have greatly affected the modern language, splitting it into a number of different (originally exclusively regional) dialects. Today, Romani
3519-563: The interwar Soviet Union (using the Cyrillic script ) and in socialist Yugoslavia . Portions and selections of the Bible have been translated to many different forms of the Romani language . The entire Bible has been translated to Kalderash Romani . Some traditional communities have expressed opposition to codifying Romani or having it used in public functions. However, the mainstream trend has been towards standardization. Different variants of
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#17328582619183588-567: The intinerant way of life of mainly the Sinti. They partially adopted each other's customs, and mixed marriages were not uncommon. From this mixture of Romani and Western culture, a subculture of their own has emerged. Many also currently live in houses, which makes tracking them difficult. In addition, some are at such an advanced stage of integration into sedentary society that they do not know or deny that they are descendants of Voyageurs , ashamed of an ancestor who walked from door to door. Their number
3657-505: The language are now in the process of being codified in those countries with high Romani populations (for example, Slovakia ). There are also some attempts currently aimed at the creation of a unified standard language . A standardized form of Romani is used in Serbia, and in Serbia's autonomous province of Vojvodina, Romani is one of the officially recognized languages of minorities having its own radio stations and news broadcasts. In Romania,
3726-693: The language or speak various new contact languages from the local language with the addition of Romani vocabulary. Dialect differentiation began with the dispersal of the Romani from the Balkans around the 14th century and on, and with their settlement in areas across Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. The two most significant areas of divergence are the southeast (with epicenter of the northern Balkans) and west-central Europe (with epicenter Germany). The central dialects replace s in grammatical paradigms with h . The northwestern dialects append j- , simplify ndř to r , retain n in
3795-456: The largest spoken minority language in the European Union. The language is recognized as a minority language in many countries. At present the only places in the world where Romani is employed as an official language are the Republic of Kosovo (only regionally, not nationally) and the Šuto Orizari Municipality within the administrative borders of Skopje , North Macedonia 's capital. The first efforts to publish in Romani were undertaken in
3864-529: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinkers&oldid=1244847696 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Itinerant groups in Europe The origins of the indigenous itinerant groups are not always clear. The largest of these groups are
3933-635: The mid-nineteenth century the linguist and author George Borrow was able to state categorically his findings that it was a language with its origins in India, and he later published a glossary, Romano Lavo-lil . Research into the way the Romani dialects branched out was started in 1872 by the Slavicist Franz Miklosich in a series of essays. However, it was the philologist Ralph Turner 's 1927 article “The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan” that served as
4002-517: The native Gaelic-speaking population; they may follow an itinerant or a settled lifestyle. They have played an essential role in the preservation of traditional Gaelic culture. Travellers' outstanding contribution to Highland life has been as custodians of an ancient and vital Gaelic singing, storytelling, and folklore tradition. It is estimated that there are only 2,000 Highland Travellers leading their traditional lifestyle. In German-speaking Europe , France , and Wallonia (part of Belgium), there are
4071-435: The nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) showed the Romani language to be a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left India significantly earlier than AD 1000. The principal argument favouring a migration during or after the transition period to NIA is the loss of the old system of nominal case, and its reduction to just
4140-432: The nominalizer -ipen / -iben , and lose adjectival past-tense in intransitives ( gelo , geli → geljas 'he/she went'). Other isoglosses (esp. demonstratives, 2/3pl perfective concord markers, loan verb markers) motivate the division into Balkan, Vlax, Central, Northeast, and Northwest dialects. Matras (2002, 2005) has argued for a theory of geographical classification of Romani dialects, which
4209-608: The process. They speak Romani, an Indo-Aryan language. Scottish Highland Travellers are also known as Ceàrdannan in Scottish Gaelic (which means 'Craftsmen'). Other terms in English include the pejorative Black Tinkers and the more poetic Summer Walkers . The Highland Traveller community has a long history in Scotland going back on record to at least the 12th century. Historically, they would travel from village to village and would pitch their bow-tents on rough ground around
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#17328582619184278-409: The second layer (or case marking clitics) to the nominal stem, concord markers for the past tense, the neutralisation of gender marking in the plural, and the use of the oblique case as an accusative. This has prompted much discussion about the relationships between these two languages. Domari was once thought to be the "sister language" of Romani, the two languages having split after the departure from
4347-457: The so-called Baltic dialects . In the second there are Ćergari (of Podgorica ), Gurbeti , Jambashi , Fichiri , Filipiʒi (of Agia Varvara ) The third comprises the rest of the Romani dialects, including Kalderash , Lovari , Machvano . Some Roma have developed mixed languages (chiefly by retaining Romani lexical items and adopting second language grammatical structures), including: Romani
4416-642: The south of the country. Many Travellers used to speak a cant language, Bargoens , and a derivative sociolect continues to exist. Living in trailer parks or caravan camps gave rise to the pejorative name Kampers to refer to Dutch Travellers, while the latter prefer to call themselves Reizigers ('Travellers'). In turn, Travellers have used the terms burger and kaffer against those who live in regular housing. Similar to indigenous Norwegian Travellers, Dutch and Flemish Travellers are theorised to have Yenish (German) admixture. Voyageurs are an indigenous Flemish group who are related to
4485-495: The surrounding language with retained Romani-derived vocabulary – these are known by linguists as Para-Romani varieties, rather than dialects of the Romani language itself. The differences between the various varieties can be as large as, for example, the differences between the Slavic languages . Speakers of the Romani language usually refer to the language as rromani ćhib "the Romani language" or rromanes (adverb) "in
4554-583: The term reisende ('travellers'). This term is also used by Romanisæl Travellers (the largest population of Romani people in Norway and Sweden), though the two groups are distinct. There are also groups in German-speaking countries who refer to themselves as reisende , which is German for 'travellers'. Eilert Sundt , a 19th-century sociologist, termed the indigenous Travellers småvandrer or småvandringer ('small travellers'), to contrast them with
4623-498: The transition to NIA. Most of the neuter nouns became masculine while a few feminine, like the neuter अग्नि ( agni ) in the Prakrit became the feminine आग ( āg ) in Hindi and jag in Romani. The parallels in grammatical gender evolution between Romani and other NIA languages have been cited as evidence that the forerunner of Romani remained on the Indian subcontinent until
4692-450: Was Medieval Greek , which contributed lexically, phonemically, and grammatically to Early Romani (10th–13th centuries). This includes inflectional affixes for nouns, and verbs that are still productive with borrowed vocabulary, the shift to VO word order , and the adoption of a preposed definite article. Early Romani also borrowed from Armenian and Persian . Romani and Domari share some similarities: agglutination of postpositions of
4761-549: Was descended from Sanskrit . This prompted the philosopher Christian Jakob Kraus to collect linguistic evidence by systematically interviewing the Roma in Königsberg prison. Kraus's findings were never published, but they may have influenced or laid the groundwork for later linguists, especially August Pott and his pioneering Darstellung der Zigeuner in Europa und Asien (1844–45). By
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