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61-794: Thorndon may refer to: People [ edit ] Giles Thorndon ( c. 1388–1477), official of the English Crown Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon (1926–2006), New Zealand judge and member of the British House of Lords Buildings and places [ edit ] New Zealand Thorndon, New Zealand , suburb of Wellington Thorndon Railway Station , former railway station Thorndon School , primary and intermediate school Thorndon (New Zealand electorate) , New Zealand general electorate United Kingdom Aspall and Thorndon railway station , former railway station on

122-482: A German canonist expressed it. No moral obligation seemed more sacred than this ... The whole kindred, therefore, placed as a rule under the command of a chieftain , took up arms to punish the murder of one of its members or merely a wrong that he had suffered. Rita of Cascia , a popular 15th-century Italian saint, was canonized by the Catholic Church due mainly to her great effort to end a feud in which her family

183-521: A centuries-old tradition in Kosovo , tracing back to the Kanun , a 15th-century codification of Albanian customary rules. In the early 1990s, most cases of blood feuds were reconciled in the course of a large-scale reconciliation movement to end blood feuds led by Anton Çetta . The largest reconciliation gathering took place at Verrat e Llukës on 1 May 1990, which had between 100,000 and 500,000 participants. By 1992,

244-764: A deputy to act in his place. He retired to Northumberland in 1460, shortly before the downfall of the Lancastrian dynasty which he had served so long and loyally. The new Yorkist regime, which was generally in favour of reconciliation with its former opponents, left him in peace: whether he maintained contacts with the exiled Henry VI or his Queen, Margaret of Anjou , is unknown. During the brief Readeption of Henry VI in 1470-1, he seems to have played no political role, probably because of his great age. He died in August 1477, aged almost ninety. He married, sometime after 1450, when they were both rather advanced in years, Jane d'Artois,

305-505: A few more decades until the new regulation was universally accepted. In 1506, for example, knight Jan Kopidlansky killed a family rival in Prague , and the town councillors sentenced him to death and had him executed. His brother, Jiri Kopidlansky, declared a private war against the city of Prague. Another case was the Nuremberg-Schott feud, in which Maximilian was forced to step in to halt

366-568: A fight at a carnival celebration in 1991 two young men from the 'Ndrangheta crime organization were killed, leading to a series of feuds between rival clans. Blood feuds within Russian communities do exist (mostly related to criminal gangs), but are neither as common nor as pervasive as they are in the Caucasus . In the United States, gang warfare also often takes the form of blood feuds. A mob war

427-557: A key ally of Ormonde, as his deputy. Thorndon now abandoned any effort to mediate and declared himself to be firmly on the Talbot side. He produced a string of complaints against Ormonde and Chevir, covering a wide range of examples of corruption, bribery, maladministration, and disobedience to the Crown. Ormonde responded by calling a meeting of the Council at Drogheda , where he declared that Thorndon

488-566: A long-running cycle of retaliatory violence . This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation usually makes it extremely difficult to end the feud peacefully. Feuds can persist for generations and may result in extreme acts of violence . They can be interpreted as an extreme outgrowth of social relations based in family honor . A mob war is a time when two or more rival families begin open warfare with one another, destroying each other's businesses and assassinating family members. Mob wars are generally disastrous for all concerned, and can lead to

549-465: A third of Ya̧nomamö males, on average, died from warfare . The accounts of missionaries to the area have recounted constant infighting in the tribes for women or prestige, and evidence of continuous warfare for the enslavement of neighboring tribes, such as the Macu , before the arrival of European settlers and government. In Homeric ancient Greece , the practice of personal vengeance against wrongdoers

610-417: A total of 1,266 rido cases between the 1930s and 2005, which have killed over 5,500 people and displaced thousands. The four provinces with the highest numbers of rido incidences are: Lanao del Sur (377), Maguindanao (218), Lanao del Norte (164), and Sulu (145). Incidences in these four provinces account for 71% of the total documented cases. The findings also show a steady rise in rido conflicts in

671-598: A war, as not only do the families lose considerable money and valuable men, gangland killings also cause public outrage and can trigger mass crackdowns from authorities like the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI. Blood feuds also have a long history within the White Southerner population (and in particular among the "Scots-Irish" or Ulster Scots American population) of the Southern United States , where it

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732-408: Is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans . Feuds begin because one party perceives itself to have been attacked, insulted, injured, or otherwise wronged by another. Intense feelings of resentment trigger an initial retribution , which causes the other party to feel greatly aggrieved and vengeful . The dispute is subsequently fuelled by

793-565: Is a time when two or more rival families/gangs begin open warfare with one another, destroying each other's businesses and assassinating family members. Mafia/Mob wars are generally disastrous for all concerned, and can lead to the rise or fall of a family or gang. African-American , Italian-American , Cambodian , Cuban Marielito , Dominican , Guatemalan , Haitian , Hmong , Sino-Vietnamese Hoa , Irish-American , Jamaican , Korean , Laotian , Puerto Rican , Salvadoran and Vietnamese gangs and organized crime conflicts very often have taken

854-410: Is called the " culture of honor ", and still exists to the present day. A series of prolonged violent engagements in late nineteenth-century Kentucky and West Virginia were referred to commonly as feuds, a tendency that was partly due to the nineteenth-century popularity of William Shakespeare and Sir Walter Scott , both of whom had written semihistorical accounts of blood feuds. These incidents,

915-533: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Giles Thorndon He was born in Newcastle upon Tyne shortly before 1390. Little is known of his family; there is no evidence that he was related to Roger Thornton , the long-serving Mayor of Newcastle, who died in 1430. By his own account he entered the household of the future King Henry V in 1404, when he must still have been in his teens. He continued to serve

976-495: Is known, did not return to Ireland, although his later marriage to Jane d'Artois, widow of Lord Gormanston, suggests that he remained in contact with some of his former colleagues there. Despite his unhappy experiences in Ireland, it was clearly felt by the Crown that Thorndon had acquired useful knowledge of the governance of the country: in 1458 he was confirmed in office as Treasurer of Ireland. Unsurprisingly he preferred to appoint

1037-401: Is not mutual, but rather refers to a prolonged series of hostile acts waged by one person against another without reciprocation. Blood feuds were common in societies with a weak rule of law (or where the state did not consider itself responsible for mediating this kind of dispute), where family and kinship ties were the main source of authority . An entire family was considered responsible for

1098-696: Is the way life is lived in these mountains. Insults must be avenged; family honor must be upheld...." The novel was made into a 2001 movie entitled Behind the Sun by filmmaker Walter Salles , set in 1910 Brazil and starring Rodrigo Santoro , which was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language and a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film . There are now more than 1,600 families who live under an ever-present death sentence because of feuds. and since 1991, some 12,000 people were killed in them. Blood feuds have also been part of

1159-528: The Caucasus , wrote in the mid-19th century: "Among the mountain people the blood feud is not an uncontrollable permanent feeling such as the vendetta is among the Corsicans. It is more like an obligation imposed by the public opinion." In the Dagestani aul of Kadar , one such blood feud between two antagonistic clans lasted for nearly 260 years, from the 17th century until the 1860s. In Japan's feudal past,

1220-532: The Netherlands ; and in criminal feuds between Scottish , White British , Black and Mixed British gangs in the UK . This has resulted in gun violence and murders in cities like Chicago , Detroit , Los Angeles , Miami , Ciudad Juarez , Medellin , Rio de Janeiro , Cape Town , Amsterdam , London , Liverpool , and Glasgow , to name just a few. The Five Families of New York City New York go to great lengths to avoid

1281-565: The Norse culture), which demanded a set value to be paid by those responsible for a wrongful permanent disfigurement or death, even if accidental. If these payments were not made, or were refused by the offended party, a blood feud could ensue. Violence was common in Viking Age Norway . An examination of Norwegian human remains from the Viking Age found that 72% of the examined males and 42% of

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1342-641: The Oxford Companion to the Bible states: "Since life was viewed as sacred ( Genesis 9.6), no amount of blood money could be given as recompense for the loss of the life of an innocent person; it had to be "life for life" ( Exodus 21.23; Deuteronomy 19.21)". The Celtic phenomenon of the blood feud demanded "an eye for an eye", and usually descended into murder. Disagreements between clans might last for generations in Scotland and Ireland. In Scandinavia in

1403-605: The Privy Council , which was only concerned to end the feud, was unsympathetic to their complaints. No action was taken against Ormonde, and the Prior was permanently deprived of office in 1447: the Council's proposal that the Earl and the Prior settle their differences through trial by combat was vetoed personally by King Henry VI , who persuaded them to agree to a truce . Thorndon, as far as

1464-668: The Republic of Texas . It is sometimes considered the largest blood feud in American history. In Albania , gjakmarrja (blood feuding) is a tradition. Blood feuds in Albania trace back to the Kanun , this custom is also practiced among the Albanians of Kosovo . It returned to rural areas after more than 40 years of being abolished by Albanian Communists led by Enver Hoxha . In 1980, Albanian author Ismail Kadare published Broken April , about

1525-526: The Viking era, feuds were common, as the lack of a central government left dealing with disputes up to the individuals or families involved. Sometimes, these would descend into "blood revenges", and in some cases would devastate whole families. The ravages of the feuds as well as the dissolution of them is a central theme in several of the Icelandic sagas . An alternative to feud was blood money (or weregild in

1586-461: The samurai class upheld the honor of their family, clan, and their lord by katakiuchi ( 敵討ち ), or revenge killings. These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. While some vendettas were punished by the government, such as that of the Forty-seven Ronin , others were given official permission with specific targets. Blood feuds are still practised in some areas in: During

1647-473: The Butler or the Talbot factions. Thorndon in his early years in Ireland sought to act as a mediator between the rival factions. In 1442 he produced a memorandum on the state of Irish affairs, based, as he noted, on his thirty-eight years' experience of Crown service. At this time he was making every effort to be impartial, stressing that there were faults on both sides. What really mattered, as he pointed out, were

1708-725: The Mid-Suffolk Light Railway Thorndon Hall , Georgian Palladian country house in Ingrave, Essex Thorndon Park Chapel , former Roman Catholic private chapel in the grounds of Thorndon Hall Thorndon, Suffolk , village and civil parish in Suffolk Other [ edit ] Thorndon Mile , Thoroughbred horse race in Wellington, New Zealand Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

1769-648: The Prince after he became King, and remained in the household of Henry VI . For several years he was the Royal sewer i.e. the household official with responsibility for overseeing the kitchens. From these household duties, he was promoted to become a senior Crown servant. In 1434 he became constable of Dublin Castle and Wicklow Castle, and for a time was also entrusted with the wardenship of Cardigan Castle . In 1437 he became Lord Treasurer of Ireland. Fifteenth-century Irish politics

1830-427: The actions of any of its members. Sometimes two separate branches of the same family even came to blows, or further, over some dispute. The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized societies where law enforcement and criminal law take responsibility for punishing lawbreakers. The blood feud has certain similarities to the ritualized warfare found in many pre-industrial tribes. For instance, more than

1891-460: The actual situation is far more complex. While the Muslim-Christian conflict and the state-rebel conflicts dominate popular perceptions and media attention, a survey commissioned by The Asia Foundation in 2002—and further verified by a recent Social Weather Stations survey—revealed that citizens are more concerned about the prevalence of rido and its negative impact on their communities than

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1952-462: The affected communities. The triggers for conflicts range from petty offenses, such as theft and jesting, to more serious crimes, like homicide. These are further aggravated by land disputes and political rivalries, the most common causes of rido . Proliferation of firearms, lack of law enforcement and credible mediators in conflict-prone areas, and an inefficient justice system further contribute to instances of rido . Studies on rido have documented

2013-434: The centuries-old tradition of hospitality, blood feuds, and revenge killing in the highlands of north Albania in the 1930s. The New York Times , reviewing it, wrote: " Broken April is written with masterly simplicity in a bardic style, as if the author is saying: Sit quietly and let me recite a terrible story about a blood feud and the inevitability of death by gunfire in my country. You know it must happen because that

2074-609: The chance, would murder members of the opposing family. The Maniot vendetta is considered the most vicious and ruthless; it has led to entire family lines being wiped out. The last vendetta on record required the Greek Army with artillery support to force it to a stop. Regardless of this, the Maniot Greeks still practice vendettas, even today. Maniots in America, Australia, Canada and Corsica still have on-going vendettas which have led to

2135-580: The conflict between the state and rebel groups. The unfortunate interaction and subsequent confusion of rido -based violence with secessionism , communist insurgency , banditry, military involvement and other forms of armed violence shows that violence in Mindanao is more complicated than what is commonly believed. Rido has wider implications for conflict in Mindanao, primarily because it tends to interact in unfortunate ways with separatist conflict and other forms of armed violence. Many armed confrontations in

2196-695: The creation of mafia families known as "Γδικιωμέοι" (Gdikiomeoi). In Corsica , vendettas were a social code (mores) that required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged the family honor. Between 1821 and 1852, no less than 4,300 murders were perpetrated in Corsica. In the Spanish Late Middle Ages , the Vascongadas was ravaged by the War of the Bands , which were bitter partisan wars between local ruling families. In

2257-687: The culprits or their relatives. In the English-speaking world , the Italian word vendetta is used to mean a blood feud; in Italian, however, it simply means (personal) 'vengeance' or 'revenge', originating from the Latin vindicta ( vengeance ), while the word faida would be more appropriate for a blood feud. In the English-speaking world, "vendetta" is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed. Sometimes it

2318-637: The damages done by robber knight Schott. In Greece, the custom of blood feud is found in several parts of the country, for instance in Crete and Mani . Throughout history, the Maniots have been regarded by their neighbors and their enemies as fearless warriors who practice blood feuds , known in the Maniot dialect of Greek as "Γδικιωμός" (Gdikiomos). Many vendettas went on for months, some for years. The families involved would lock themselves in their towers and, when they got

2379-448: The dire results of the feud. In particular impartial justice could not be obtained from the Courts where the interests of one faction or the other were involved, Irish Exchequer officials were not collecting Crown debts , and lavish grants of land to the supporters of whichever faction was in the ascendant had greatly depleted the Crown revenues . He proposed a number of remedies, including

2440-412: The dowager Lady Gormanston; she was the daughter of the prominent Gascony -born military commander and landowner Sir Jenico d'Artois and his first wife Joan Taaffe of Liscarton, and widow of Christopher Preston, 3rd Baron Gormanston . Feud A feud / f juː d / , also known in more extreme cases as a blood feud , vendetta , faida , clan war , gang war , private war , or mob war ,

2501-513: The eleven provinces surveyed from the 1980s to 2004. According to the studies, during 2002–2004, 50% (637 cases) of total rido incidences occurred, equaling about 127 new rido cases per year. Out of the total number of rido cases documented, 64% remain unresolved. Rido conflicts are either resolved, unresolved, or reoccurring. Although the majority of these cases remain unresolved, there have been many resolutions through different conflict-resolving bodies and mechanisms. These cases can utilize

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2562-493: The examined females had suffered weapon-related trauma . Violence was less common in Viking Age Denmark, where society was more centralized and complex than the clan -based Norwegian society. According to historian Marc Bloch : The Middle Ages , from beginning to end, and particularly the feudal era, lived under the sign of private vengeance . The onus , of course, lay above all on the wronged individual; vengeance

2623-534: The form of blood feuds, in which a family member in the gang is killed and a relative takes revenge by killing the murderer as well as other members of the rival gang. This can also be observed in particular cases in conflicts among Colombian , Mexican , Brazilian , and other Latin American gangs, drug cartels , and paramilitary groups; in turf wars among Cape Coloured gangs in South Africa ; in gang fights among Dutch Antillean , Surinamese and Moluccan gangs in

2684-485: The formal procedures of the Philippine government or the various indigenous systems. Formal methods may involve official courts, local government officials, police, and the military. Indigenous methods to resolve conflicts usually involve elder leaders who use local knowledge, beliefs, and practices, as well as their own personal influence, to help repair and restore damaged relationships. Some cases using this approach involve

2745-454: The government or a central authority is weak, as well as in areas where there is a perceived lack of justice and security. Rido is a Maranao term commonly used in Mindanao to refer to clan feuds. It is considered one of the major problems in Mindanao because, apart from numerous casualties, rido has caused destruction of property, crippled local economies, and displaced families. Located in

2806-424: The law of blood-revenge who personally put the initial killer to death was given a special designation: go'el haddam , the blood-avenger or blood-redeemer ( Book of Numbers 35: 19, etc.). Six Cities of Refuge were established to provide protection and due process for any unintentional manslayers. The avenger was forbidden from harming an unintentional killer if the killer took refuge in one of these cities. As

2867-662: The most famous of which was the Hatfield–McCoy feud , were regularly featured in the newspapers of the eastern U.S. between the Reconstruction Era and the early twentieth century, and are seen by some as linked to a Southern culture of honor with its roots in the Scots-Irish forebears of the residents of the area. Another prominent example was the Regulator–Moderator War , which took place between rival factions in

2928-420: The past involving insurgent groups and the military were triggered by a local rido . The studies cited above investigated the dynamics of rido with the intention of helping design strategic interventions to address such conflicts. The causes of rido are varied and may be further complicated by a society's concept of honor and shame , an integral aspect of the social rules that determine accepted practices in

2989-420: The payment of blood money to resolve the conflict. Hybrid mechanisms include the collaboration of government, religious, and traditional leaders in resolving conflicts through the formation of collaborative groups. Furthermore, the institutionalization of traditional conflict resolution processes into laws and ordinances has been successful with the hybrid method approach. Other conflict-resolution methods include

3050-547: The practice of blood wealth , functioned as an effective form of social control for limiting and ending conflicts between individuals and groups who are related by kinship , as described by anthropologist Max Gluckman in his article "The Peace in the Feud" in 1955. A blood feud is a feud with a cycle of retaliatory violence, with the relatives or associates of someone who has been killed or otherwise wronged or dishonored seeking vengeance by killing or otherwise physically punishing

3111-888: The reconciliation campaign ended at least 1,200 deadly blood feuds, and in 1993, not a single homicide occurred in Kosovo. Criminal gang feuds also exist in Dublin , Ireland and in the Republic's third-largest city, Limerick . Traveller feuds are also common in towns across the country. Feuds can be due to personal issues, money, or disrespect, and grudges can last generations. Since 2001, over 300 people have been killed in feuds between different drugs gangs, dissident republicans , and Traveller families. Family and clan feuds, known locally as rido , are characterized by sporadic outbursts of retaliatory violence between families and kinship groups, as well as between communities. It can occur in areas where

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3172-688: The region of Navarre , next to Vascongadas, these conflicts became polarised in a violent struggle between the Agramont and Beaumont parties. In Biscay , in Vascongadas, the two major warring factions were named Oinaz and Gamboa. ( Cf. the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy). High defensive structures ("towers") built by local noble families, few of which survive today, were frequently razed by fires, and sometimes by royal decree. Leontiy Lyulye , an expert on conditions in

3233-424: The rise or fall of a family. Until the early modern period , feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments and were regulated to some degree. For example, Montenegrin culture calls this krvna osveta , meaning "blood revenge", which had unspoken but highly valued rules. In Albanian culture it is called gjakmarrja , which usually lasts for generations. In tribal societies, the blood feud, coupled with

3294-573: The southern Philippines, Mindanao is home to a majority of the country's Muslim community, and includes the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Mindanao "is a region suffering from poor infrastructure, high poverty, and violence that has claimed the lives of more than 120,000 in the last three decades." There is a widely held stereotype that the violence is perpetrated by armed groups that resort to terrorism to further their political goals, but

3355-638: The strengthening of his own office and ensuring that the Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer was a trained lawyer (Irish Barons of the Court of Exchequer then often lacked any legal qualifications). In 1443 the Butler–Talbot feud seemed to be dying down, but in 1444 it flared up again. The immediate cause of the conflict was Thorndon's refusal to reappoint William Chevir , justice of the Court of King's Bench and

3416-413: The title Thorndon . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorndon&oldid=668758302 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

3477-459: Was considered natural and customary: "Embedded in the Greek morality of retaliation is the right of vengeance... Feud is a war, just as war is an indefinite series of revenges; and such acts of vengeance are sanctioned by the gods". In ancient Hebrew law , it was considered the duty of the individual and family to avenge unlawful bloodshed, on behalf of God and on behalf of the deceased. The executor of

3538-556: Was deemed to have vacated his office, and accused him of treasonable conspiracy with the quarrelsome and litigious Thomas FitzGerald, Prior of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem at Kilmainham . He also produced a monk called Thomas Talbot, who testified that Thorndon had threatened Ormond's life, allegedly saying that: "I wish to be the first to cut his head off". Thorndon and Prior FitzGerald fled to England where they charged Ormonde with treason , and (rather curiously) with necromancy , but

3599-542: Was dominated for almost thirty years by the feud between the faction of James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormonde , who served for many years as the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland on the one side, and the faction of Richard Talbot , Archbishop of Dublin and Lord Chancellor of Ireland , backed by his brother John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury , on the other side. As the feud grew more bitter, almost all Irish Crown officials were forced to declare themselves as supporters of either

3660-400: Was imposed on him as the most sacred of duties ... The solitary individual, however, could do but little. Moreover, it was most commonly a death that had to be avenged. In this case the family group went into action and the faide (feud) came into being, to use the old Germanic word which spread little by little through the whole of Europe—'the vengeance of the kinsmen which we call faida' , as

3721-469: Was involved and which claimed the life of her husband. At the Holy Roman Empire 's Reichstag at Worms in 1495 AD , the right of waging feuds was abolished. The Imperial Reform proclaimed an "eternal public peace " ( Ewiger Landfriede ) to put an end to the abounding feuds and the anarchy of the robber barons , and it defined a new standing imperial army to enforce that peace. However, it took

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