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94-735: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. is an American-headquartered life science and clinical research company. It is a global supplier of analytical instruments, clinical development solutions, specialty diagnostics, laboratory, pharmaceutical and biotechnology services. Based in Waltham, Massachusetts , Thermo Fisher was formed through the merger of Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific in 2006. Thermo Fisher Scientific has acquired other reagent, consumable, instrumentation, and service providers, including Life Technologies Corporation (2013), Alfa Aesar (2015), Affymetrix (2016), FEI Company (2016), BD Advanced Bioprocessing (2018), and PPD (2021). As of 2023,

188-437: A luminophore , with subsequent monitoring of the protein 's translocation within a cell as the primary readout for drug discovery assays. In December 2010, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced its acquisition of Dionex for $ 2.1 billion. In May 2011, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. bought Phadia to expand into the testing of allergies and autoimmune diseases for €2.47 billion ($ 3.5 billion) in cash. In April 2013, after

282-605: A 400-acre (1.6 km ) estate built in 1793 by Boston merchant Theodore Lyman . In 1857, the Waltham Model 1857 watch was produced by the American Watch Company in the city of Waltham, Massachusetts. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Waltham was home to the brass era automobile manufacturer Metz , where the first production motorcycle in the U.S. was built. Another first in Waltham industrial history involves

376-461: A T cell response, and limited evidence for T cell responses implicates nucleoprotein antigens. In Celiac disease there are autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase but the T cell response is to the foreign protein gliadin. This disparity has led to the idea that human autoimmune disease is in most cases (with probable exceptions including type I diabetes) based on a loss of B cell tolerance which makes use of normal T cell responses to foreign antigens in

470-667: A biotechnology company. Together, they plan to create companies in the biotechnology field. In February 2019, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced that it would stop selling its equipment in Xinjiang . In June 2020, Thermo Fisher Scientific was reported to sell its equipment to security services in China for use in what was alleged as part of a genetic surveillance program. A report from the Australian Strategic Policy Institute found that Thermo Fisher Scientific collaborated with

564-407: A colorful assortment of shops, restaurants, and bars. Moody Street's booming nightlife, convenience to the commuter rail and lower rents have attracted younger professionals to Waltham in growing numbers in recent years. Moody Street is also referred to as "Restaurant Row" and has become a destination because of the number, variety and quality of its locally owned restaurants. The city of Waltham has

658-429: A competitive bidding with Hoffmann-La Roche , Thermo Fisher acquired Life Technologies Corporation for US$ 13.6 billion in a deal, adding further service lines related to advanced DNA sequencing and genetic testing. Life Technologies was originally formed in 2008 through a $ 6.7B merger of Invitrogen , a cell therapy, and Applied Biosystems . The company also acquired GIBCO (Grand Island Biological Company) as part of

752-500: A democratic process for city-wide decision-making. For over 25 years, the Waltham Arts Council has sponsored "Concerts On Waltham Common", featuring a different musical act each week of the summer, free of charge to attendees. "Concerts On Waltham Common" was created and organized by Stephen Kilgore until his death in 2004. The Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University is devoted to modern and contemporary art. The Rose holds

846-542: A developer and manufacturer of recombinant proteins, for $ 1.85 billion. PeproTech became part of Thermo Fisher’s biosciences business and was integrated into the Life Sciences Solutions Segment. In October 2022, the company agreed to buy British diagnostics firm, The Binding Site Group, in an all-cash deal for US$ 2.6   billion from Nordic Capital . The acquisition completed in January 2023. In July 2023,

940-552: A difficult time, the Waltham Traffic Commission closed off a segment of the road to allow businesses to have outdoor dining and storefronts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Bus stops that would typically be on the blocked off part of Moody St. are temporarily relocated to nearby spots. Restaurants are supportive of the closure, as they can offer outdoor seating and increase their capacity for business. However, Moody Street has

1034-596: A free "Tick Tock Trolley" on Thursday, Friday and Saturday evenings from 6pm–11pm for visitors that provides easy access to local municipal parking lots. Starting in 2020, the City of Waltham in Massachusetts has shut down a large portion of the main road, Moody St., to vehicular traffic from May 1 until October 31 annually. Moody Street is lined with restaurants and other small businesses but typically has high volumes of automobile passage. In an effort to assist these businesses in

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1128-474: A language other than English at home. The age distribution is as follows: 13.7% under 18, 20% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 9.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% 65 or older. The median age was 34. The population was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. The median income for a household was $ 95,851, and per capita was $ 44,977. In 2020, 9.2% of the population and 5% of families lived below the poverty line . 11.7% of those under 18 and 8.45% of those 65 and older lived below

1222-956: A persistent increased risk for autoimmune disease. It has been suggested that the slight, direct exchange of cells between mothers and their children during pregnancy may induce autoimmunity. This would tip the gender balance in the direction of the female. Another theory suggests the female high tendency to get autoimmunity is due to an imbalanced X-chromosome inactivation . The X-inactivation skew theory, proposed by Princeton University's Jeff Stewart, has recently been confirmed experimentally in scleroderma and autoimmune thyroiditis . Other complex X-linked genetic susceptibility mechanisms are proposed and under investigation. An interesting inverse relationship exists between infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. In areas where multiple infectious diseases are endemic, autoimmune diseases are quite rarely seen. The reverse, to some extent, seems to hold true. The hygiene hypothesis attributes these correlations to

1316-573: A role in allowing a rapid immune response in the early stages of an infection when the availability of foreign antigens limits the response (i.e., when there are few pathogens present). In their study, Stefanova et al. (2002) injected an anti- MHC class II antibody into mice expressing a single type of MHC Class II molecule (H-2 ) to temporarily prevent CD4+ T cell-MHC interaction. Naive CD4+ T cells (those that have not encountered non-self antigens before) recovered from these mice 36 hours post-anti-MHC administration showed decreased responsiveness to

1410-619: A variety of aberrant ways. There are a large number of immunodeficiency syndromes that present clinical and laboratory characteristics of autoimmunity. The decreased ability of the immune system to clear infections in these patients may be responsible for causing autoimmunity through perpetual immune system activation. One example is common variable immunodeficiency , in which multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis , an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency,

1504-640: A variety of exhibitions and programs, and collections are free and open to the public. The city's history is also celebrated at a number of museums, monuments, and archives. The Charles River Museum of Industry & Innovation , the Waltham Watch Factory historic district, the Gore Estate, the Lyman Estate, and the Robert Treat Payne Estate are among the most well known of the 109 sites in

1598-442: A variety of other businesses like small grocery stores, clothing stores, and jewelers. Some of these non-restaurant business owners oppose repeating the plan in the future, arguing that closing off the road makes their businesses less accessible due to a lack of automobile access. While Waltham has included a variety of stakeholders in the process of the street closure, it is crucial that they continue to do so in order to continue using

1692-815: A well regarded Ugandan eatery. Wilberforce Kateregga, a Ugandan immigrant to Waltham has since established Waltham College Uganda in Seeta Nazigo, Uganda, a boarding school for over 300 orphans and children affected by AIDS. The school was named in honor of Kateregga's new home city. Among the companies based in Waltham are medtech corporation PerkinElmer , biopharmaceutical services provider Paraxel , energy supply company Global Partners , data services provider Lionbridge , Steel Connect , broker-dealer Commonwealth Financial Network , technology companies Care.com and StudentUniverse , research and development organization Education Development Center (EDC), provisioner of scientific instrumentation Thermo Fisher Scientific , and

1786-578: Is French-born American conductor, Patrick Botti. Open space in the city is protected by the Waltham Land Trust . Waltham embraces its ethnic diversity in a number of festivals. The annual Latinos en Acción Festival celebrates the many Puerto Rican, Mexican, Peruvian, and Guatemalan residents. It is held by Latinos in Action, a local nonprofit group that helps the Latino population register to vote, understand

1880-466: Is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena. Certain individuals are genetically susceptible to developing autoimmune diseases. This susceptibility is associated with multiple genes plus other risk factors. Genetically predisposed individuals do not always develop autoimmune diseases. Three main sets of genes are suspected in many autoimmune diseases. These genes are related to: The first two, which are involved in

1974-594: Is another example. Pancytopenia , rashes, swollen lymph nodes and enlargement of the liver and spleen are commonly seen in such individuals. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of perforin are thought to be responsible. In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes mellitus are also seen in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and chronic inflammation of

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2068-626: Is currently represented in the United States House of Representatives by Katherine Clark . Waltham is also represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by State Representative John J. Lawn and State Representative Thomas M. Stanley, and in the Massachusetts Senate by Senator Michael Barrett . Waltham is close to several U.S. interstate highways. Interstate 95 , multiplexed with Route 128 , runs through

2162-914: Is involved in regulating the activity of immune cells, and so variations in this gene can lead to dysregulation of the immune response, making individuals more susceptible to autoimmune diseases. Most autoimmune diseases are sex-related ; a s a whole, women are much more likely to develop autoimmune disease than men. Being female is the single greatest risk factor for developing autoimmune disease than any other genetic or environmental risk factor yet discovered. Autoimmune conditions overrepresented in women include: lupus , primary biliary cholangitis , Graves' disease , Hashimoto's thyroiditis , and multiple sclerosis , among many others. A few autoimmune diseases that men are just as or more likely to develop as women include: ankylosing spondylitis , type 1 diabetes mellitus , granulomatosis with polyangiitis , primary sclerosing cholangitis , and psoriasis . The reasons for

2256-550: Is most likely named for Waltham Abbey in the County of Essex , England. The first record of the name is from the articles of incorporation, dated January 15, 1738. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon words, weald or wald "forest" and ham "homestead" or "enclosure." Waltham had no recognizable town center until the 1830s, when the nearby Boston Manufacturing Company gave the town the land that now serves as its central square . In

2350-659: Is part of the Greater Boston area and lies 9 miles (14 km) west of Downtown Boston. Waltham has been called "watch city" because of its association with the watch industry. Waltham Watch Company opened its factory in Waltham in 1854 and was the first company to make watches on an assembly line. It won the gold medal in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition . The company produced over 35 million watches, clocks, and instruments before it closed in 1957. Waltham borders Watertown and Belmont to

2444-579: Is protected by the 166 full-time, paid firefighters of the city of Waltham Fire Department (WFD). Established in 1816, the Waltham Fire Department is currently organized into three divisions of operations: fire suppression, fire prevention, and training. Autoimmune Autoimmunity means presence of antibodies or T cells that react with self-protein and is present in all individuals, even in normal health state. It causes autoimmune diseases if self-reactivity can lead to tissue damage. In

2538-594: Is the ability of an individual to ignore "self", while reacting to "non-self". This breakage leads to the immune system mounting an effective and specific immune response against self antigens. The exact genesis of immunological tolerance is still elusive, but several theories have been proposed since the mid-twentieth century to explain its origin. Three hypotheses have gained widespread attention among immunologists: In addition, two other theories are under intense investigation: Tolerance can also be differentiated into "central" and "peripheral" tolerance, on whether or not

2632-621: The American Industrial Revolution . The original home of the Boston Manufacturing Company , the city was a prototype for 19th century industrial city planning, spawning what became known as the Waltham-Lowell system of labor and production. The city is now a center for research and higher education as home to Brandeis University and Bentley University . The population was 65,218 at the census in 2020 . Waltham

2726-515: The Gulf Cartel . According to Opengate Capital, the company withheld important documents and pressured employees into concealing the presence of the drug cartel. Waltham, Massachusetts Waltham ( / ˈ w ɔː l θ æ m / WAWL -tham ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts , United States, and was an early center for the labor movement as well as a major contributor to

2820-544: The Pawtucket confederation and the Massachusett , with nearby native settlements at Nonantum and Pequosset (Watertown). Early colonizers recorded the presence of an "Indian Stockade" near today's Cambridge Reservoir , and an "Indian Hollow" in today's Calvary Cemetery. A native trail through Waltham, the "Old Connecticut Path" saw continued use after colonization and became the basis for present day Route 20 . Waltham

2914-756: The Tibet Autonomous Region , the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China called on governments to "investigate and suspend commercial activities with companies providing the PRC government with technologies to carry out biometric surveillance in the Uyghur Region, Tibet and elsewhere in the PRC, including the PRC state backed BGI Group and US firm Thermo Fisher." Thermo Fisher Scientific subsequently halted sales of DNA collection kits in Tibet. In October 2021

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3008-494: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 13.6 square miles (35 km ), of which 12.7 square miles (33 km ) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km ) (6.69%) is water. Waltham has several neighborhoods or villages, including: It is bordered to the west by Weston and Lincoln , to the south by Newton , to the east by Belmont and Watertown , and to the north by Lexington . As of

3102-731: The antigen pigeon cytochrome c peptide, as determined by ZAP70 phosphorylation , proliferation, and interleukin 2 production. Thus Stefanova et al. (2002) demonstrated that self-MHC recognition (which, if too strong may contribute to autoimmune disease) maintains the responsiveness of CD4+ T cells when foreign antigens are absent. Pioneering work by Noel Rose and Ernst Witebsky in New York, and Roitt and Doniach at University College London provided clear evidence that, at least in terms of antibody-producing B cells (B lymphocytes), diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and thyrotoxicosis are associated with loss of immunological tolerance , which

3196-433: The census in 2020, there were 65,218 people and 23,891 households in the city. The population density was 5,117.9/mile². According to 2021 census estimates, the racial makeup of the city was 60.5% White , 7.6% Black or African American , 0.5% Native American or Alaska Native, 11.8% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 5.3% from other races , and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.3% of

3290-471: The gene therapy manufacturing market with a $ 1.7 billion cash acquisition for Brammer Bio. In May 2019, Thermo Fisher Scientific partnered with MMJ International Holdings to manufacture drug products developed by MMJ for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Huntington's disease . In June, the business announced it would acquire mass spectrometry software provider, HighChem. In March 2020, Thermo Fisher Scientific received emergency use authorization from

3384-430: The 1950s, the modern understanding of autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases started to spread. More recently, it has become accepted that autoimmune responses are an integral part of vertebrate immune systems (sometimes termed "natural autoimmunity"). Autoimmunity should not be confused with alloimmunity . While a high level of autoimmunity is unhealthy, a low level of autoimmunity may actually be beneficial. Taking

3478-685: The British way, "Walthum", but when people came to work in the mills from Nova Scotia, the pronunciation evolved. The local version became a phonetic sounding to accommodate French speakers who could not pronounce it in the British way. In some areas, the city is referred to as "The Waltham". Waltham is located at 42°22′50″N 71°14′6″W  /  42.38056°N 71.23500°W  / 42.38056; -71.23500 (42.380596, −71.235005), about 11 miles (18 km) north-west of downtown Boston , Massachusetts , and approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Boston's Brighton neighborhood. The heart of

3572-519: The Chinese Ministry of Public Security to develop a Huaxia PCR amplification kit specifically to identify the genotypes of Uyghur , Tibetan and Hui ethnic minorities. In June 2021, The New York Times reported that, despite bans, Thermo Fisher Scientific equipment continued to be sold to police in Xinjiang. In 2022, following reports that Thermo Fisher Scientific had sold products to police in

3666-510: The City Hall and one near Brandeis University. MBTA bus service also covers the city, including routes 61, 70, 170, 505, 553, 554, 556 and 558. The Charles River runs through Waltham, and bike and walking paths cover most of the south bank, as well as part of the north bank from Prospect Street to Moody Street. Some commuters ride the path to offices in Cambridge and Boston. The city of Waltham

3760-572: The FDA for a test for SARS-CoV-2 to help mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic . Thermo Fisher also partnered with its biopharma customers, including Pfizer and Moderna, to support the development and production of new mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. In March 2020, Thermo Fisher Scientific agreed to purchase Qiagen , a molecular diagnostics company, for $ 10.1 billion. In July, the offer for Qiagen was raised from €39 to €43 per share (€11.3 billion in total). On August 13,

3854-727: The First Avenue area. New retail development has also been active at a former Polaroid site. According to the city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top ten non-city employers in the city are as follows. Waltham is home to: The Waltham Public Schools system includes seven elementary schools (Northeast, Fitzgerald, MacArthur, Plympton, Whittemore, Stanley, and the Waltham Dual Language Elementary School), two middle schools (McDevitt, Kennedy), and one senior high school ( Waltham High School ). Waltham High School's sports teams had been referred to as

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3948-460: The Life Technologies acquisition. In February 2015, the company announced it would acquire Advanced Scientifics for $ 300 million in a cash-deal. ASI designs manufactures, and delivers technologies used in bioprocessing. In June 2015, the company announced its intention to acquire Alfa Aesar, a global manufacturer of research chemicals for $ 405 million from Johnson Matthey , and the acquisition

4042-661: The Life and Laboratory Sciences segment. In November 2006, when Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific merged to form Thermo Fisher Scientific, Casper was named executive vice president of the company and president of the Analytical Technologies Group. He became president and CEO in 2009. In September 2017, Thermo Fisher Scientific signed an agreement with the Institute of Pathology Heidelberg (IPH) to establish its Center of Molecular Pathology at Heidelberg University Hospital as

4136-700: The MHC complex remain the subject of research, in animal models of disease (Linda Wicker's extensive genetic studies of diabetes in the NOD mouse) , and in patients (Brian Kotzin's linkage analysis of susceptibility to lupus erythematosus ). In recent studies, the gene PTPN22 has emerged as a significant factor linked to various autoimmune diseases, such as Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, Addison's disease, Myasthenia Gravis, vitiligo, systemic sclerosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. PTPN22

4230-606: The Watchmen and the Crimson, before they changed the name to the Hawks. Waltham is governed by a mayor and a city council. The current mayor is Jeanette A. McCarthy. There are 15 members of the city council, each elected to two-year terms in non-partisan elections. The current president of the city council is John J. McLaughlin. The city is in Massachusetts's 5th congressional district and

4324-436: The above-stated checking mechanisms operate in the central lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow) or the peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph node, spleen, etc., where self-reactive B-cells may be destroyed). It must be emphasised that these theories are not mutually exclusive, and evidence has been mounting suggesting that all of these mechanisms may actively contribute to vertebrate immunological tolerance. A puzzling feature of

4418-512: The acquisition of PPD, Inc. , a contract research organization, for a total cash purchase price of $ 17.4 billion-plus the assumption of approximately $ 3.5 billion of net debt. PPD generated $ 4.7 billion in revenue during FY 2020, and this transaction, which values their company at approximately $ 20.9 billion. In November, the business announced it would acquire PharmaFluidics and its μPAC range of micro-chip-based chromatography products. In January 2022, Thermo Fisher Scientific acquired PeproTech,

4512-738: The annual Youth Concerto Competition, which provides opportunities for young musicians to perform solo works with the WPO. Annual concerts have included summer Concerts on the Common and the December Holiday Pops. Waltham is home to the Waltham Symphony Orchestra , a high-level semi-professional civic orchestra. The 55 piece orchestra performs five concerts each season at the Kennedy Middle-school Auditorium. Its music director

4606-527: The business announced it would acquire CorEvitas, LLC from Audax Private Equity for more than $ 900 million in cash. In August 2023, it was announced Thermo Fisher had completed the acquisition for $ 912.5 million (in cash). In October 2023, Thermo Fisher Scientific acquired Olink Holding for $ 3.1 billion. Marc N. Casper is chairman, president and chief executive officer of Thermo Fisher Scientific. He first joined Thermo Electron in December 2001 as Vice President of

4700-572: The city is Waltham Common, which is home to Waltham City Hall and various memorial statues. The Common is on Main Street, which is home to several churches, the Waltham Public Library , and Post Office. The city stretches along the Charles River and contains several dams . The dams were used to power textile mills and other endeavors in the early years of the industrial activity. According to

4794-462: The city on the National Register of Historical Sites. Many festivals are held at these sites each year, such as the annual sheep shearing festival at the Gore Estate. The National Archives and Records Administration Northeast regional branch is located in Waltham. The Waltham Public Library has extensive archives regarding the city's history. The Waltham Museum is devoted solely to the history of

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4888-466: The city. Mark Gately is the only stakeholder left of the Waltham Museum. Waltham is known for its embracing of literary arts. Local author Jessica Lucci has written a series of books about Waltham which can be found at the Waltham Museum, The Waltham Historical Society, and many other regional establishments devoted to promoting literary arts. The Waltham Mills Artists Association is located in one of

4982-914: The companies announced that the merger had been completed. However, the Federal Trade Commission ruled that this acquisition was anti-competitive regarding centrifugal evaporators , requiring Fisher to divest Genevac . In April 2007, Genevac was sold to Riverlake Partners LLC and the merger closed with FTC approval. The company's products are sold under the brand names of Thermo Scientific, Fisher Scientific, and several other recognized brand names (e.g. Applied Biosystems, Invitrogen, Patheon , PPD , and Nalgene ). According to company figures, as of 2007, 46% of its sales were in life sciences , 20% in healthcare , and 34% in industrial/environmental and safety. In 1990, Thermo Fisher Scientific (then known as Thermo Instrument Systems) acquired mass spectrometer manufacturer Finnigan Instrument Corporation. In 2003,

5076-846: The company (then Fisher Scientific International) acquired Perbio Science, a transaction that included brands such as Pierce Biotechnology, HyClone and Endogen. In April 2006, BioImage was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific. The merger was complete in November 2006, and technology transfer to a US site was completed during 2007 and 2008. BioImage was established in 1993 as a drug discovery research unit led by Ole Thastrup within Novo Nordisk , from which it spun out of in 1999. It had specialized in developing and selling proprietary bioassays to biopharmaceutical companies and research institutions. It made broad patents covering Enhanced GFP (EGFP), GFP-based biosensors and any genetically encoded protein fusion to

5170-535: The company announced it would acquire MTI-GlobalStem, a previously privately held company that develops reagents for cell transfection, neurobiology and stem cell research. In February 2017, the company acquired Finesse Solutions, Inc., developer of scalable control automation systems and software for bioproduction after receiving early termination of the waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act . The transaction

5264-670: The company announced that its offer to acquire all of the ordinary share had lapsed, and it terminated the acquisition agreement. In August 2020, Thermo Fisher Scientific opened its new Lenexa facility aimed at boosting the production and manufacturing of COVID-19 testing supplies. In December the business announced it would acquire Phitonex, Inc. In January 2021, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced it had acquired Belgium-based viral vector manufacturer, Henogen SA, from Groupe Novasep SAS for €725 million in cash and point-of-care molecular diagnostics provider Mesa Biotech, Inc. for up to $ 550 million. In April 2021, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced

5358-548: The company had a market capitalization of $ 202 billion. It ranked 97th on the Fortune 500 list based on its 2022 annual revenue of US$ 44.92 billion. Thermo Electron was co-founded in 1956 by George N. Hatsopoulos and Peter M Nomikos. Hatsopoulos received a PhD from MIT in mechanical engineering and Nomikos was a Harvard Business School graduate. The company focused on providing analytical and laboratory products, and had revenues of over $ 2 billion in 2004. Fisher Scientific

5452-659: The construction of a cell therapy development, manufacturing and collaboration center in cooperation with University of California, San Francisco on the school's Mission Bay campus. In February 2022, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced a 15-year strategic collaboration agreement with Moderna, Inc. The collaboration was designed to scale up the manufacturing of Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine and other investigational mRNA products. In May 2023, Thermo Fisher partnered with Pfizer , with plans to work together on expanding testing capabilities for lung and breast cancer patients. In November 2023, Thermo Fisher partnered with Flagship Pioneering ,

5546-545: The documented loss of tolerance seen in spontaneous human autoimmunity is that it is almost entirely restricted to the autoantibody responses produced by B lymphocytes. Loss of tolerance by T cells has been extremely hard to demonstrate, and where there is evidence for an abnormal T cell response it is usually not to the antigen recognised by autoantibodies. Thus, in rheumatoid arthritis there are autoantibodies to IgG Fc but apparently no corresponding T cell response. In systemic lupus there are autoantibodies to DNA, which cannot evoke

5640-467: The early 19th century, Francis Cabot Lowell and his friends and colleagues established in Waltham the Boston Manufacturing Company —the first integrated textile mill in the United States, with the goal of eliminating the problems of co-ordination, quality control, and shipping inherent in the subcontracting based textile industry. The Waltham–Lowell system of production derives its name from the city and

5734-406: The east, Lexington to the north, Lincoln and Weston to the west, and Newton to the south. Waltham was first colonized by Europeans in 1634 as part of Watertown , and was officially incorporated as a separate town in 1738, but the area was inhabited for thousands of years prior to English colonization. At the time of European arrival, Waltham was in a border zone between the territories of

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5828-538: The effects of smoking correlate with the presence of antibodies to citrullinated peptides . Several mechanisms are thought to be operative in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, against a backdrop of genetic predisposition and environmental modulation. It is beyond the scope of this article to discuss each of these mechanisms exhaustively, but a summary of some of the important mechanisms have been described: The roles of specialized immunoregulatory cell types, such as regulatory T cells , NKT cells , γδ T-cells in

5922-481: The estate of Henrietta Lacks sued to get past and future payment for the alleged and widely known unauthorized sale by Thermo Fisher Scientific of her HeLa cells which are essential in many types of research. Over 50 million tons of her cells have been produced and used in over 60,000 scientific studies touching virtually every realm of medicine, including the development of polio vaccines , gene mapping , in-vitro fertilization , and multitudes more. In May 2022, it

6016-442: The experience of a beneficial factor in autoimmunity further, one might hypothesize with intent to prove that autoimmunity is always a self-defense mechanism of the mammal system to survive. The system does not randomly lose the ability to distinguish between self and non-self; the attack on cells may be the consequence of cycling metabolic processes necessary to keep the blood chemistry in homeostasis. Second, autoimmunity may have

6110-696: The former factories of the Boston Manufacturing Company. The WMAA Open Studios takes place each year on the first weekend of November. The 76 artists of the WMAA open their homes and studios to the public. Works of all media imaginable are demonstrated, displayed and discussed. The Waltham Philharmonic Orchestra, a civic symphony of the MetroWest area, began in 1985 under the direction of local musicians David J. Tierney and Harold W. McSwain, Jr. With almost 60 professional, semi-professional, and amateur musicians,

6204-522: The founder of the mill. The city is home to a number of large estates, including Gore Place , a mansion built in 1806 for former Massachusetts governor Christopher Gore , the Robert Treat Paine Estate , a residence designed by architect Henry Hobson Richardson and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted for philanthropist Robert Treat Paine, Jr. (1810–1905), and the Lyman Estate ,

6298-416: The genesis of autoimmune conditions, or conditions that simulate autoimmune diseases. The most striking of these is the drug-induced lupus erythematosus . Usually, withdrawal of the offending drug cures the symptoms in a patient. Cigarette smoking is now established as a major risk factor for both incidence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis . This may relate to abnormal citrullination of proteins, since

6392-808: The gut and lungs are seen in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) as well. CGD is a caused by decreased production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by neutrophils. Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with midline granulomatous disease; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and NK/T cell lymphomas. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma. In autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g., hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Finally, IgA deficiency

6486-653: The host immune signaling. A paradoxical observation has been the strong association of certain microbial organisms with autoimmune diseases. For example, Klebsiella pneumoniae and coxsackievirus B have been strongly correlated with ankylosing spondylitis and diabetes mellitus type 1 , respectively. This has been explained by the tendency of the infecting organism to produce super-antigens that are capable of polyclonal activation of B-lymphocytes , and production of large amounts of antibodies of varying specificities, some of which may be self-reactive (see below). Certain chemical agents and drugs can also be associated with

6580-570: The immune-manipulating strategies of pathogens. While such an observation has been variously termed as spurious and ineffective, according to some studies, parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease. The putative mechanism is that the parasite attenuates the host immune response in order to protect itself. This may provide a serendipitous benefit to a host that also has autoimmune disease. The details of parasite immune modulation are not yet known, but may include secretion of anti-inflammatory agents or interference with

6674-469: The innate immune system at the other extreme. Within this scheme, the full spectrum of autoimmunity can be included. Many common human autoimmune diseases can be seen to have a substantial innate immune mediated immunopathology using this new scheme. This new classification scheme has implications for understanding disease mechanisms and for therapy development. Diagnosis of autoimmune disorders largely rests on accurate history and physical examination of

6768-434: The institution has long been covered by local and, at times, national media. The name of the city is pronounced with the primary stress on the first syllable and a full vowel in the second syllable, / ˈ w ɔː l θ æ m / WAWL -tham , though the name of the Waltham watch was pronounced with a reduced schwa in the second syllable: / ˈ w ɔː l θ əm / . At one time, most people would have pronounced it in

6862-442: The later 19th century, it was believed that the immune system was unable to react against the body's own tissues. Paul Ehrlich , at the turn of the 20th century, proposed the concept of horror autotoxicus . Ehrlich later adjusted his theory to recognize the possibility of autoimmune tissue attacks, but believed certain innate protection mechanisms would prevent the autoimmune response from becoming pathological. In 1904, this theory

6956-399: The laws and find scholarships. The festival includes a parade, music, food, and a beauty pageant. Waltham has in recent decades become a center for Ugandan culture, with an estimated 1500 Ugandans living in the city, leading some to call Waltham "Little Kampala". The Ugandan North America Association is headquartered in Waltham, along with St. Peters Church of Uganda Boston, as well as Karibu,

7050-603: The marketing firm Constant Contact . Footwear manufacturer Wolverine World Wide, Inc. moved their regional headquarters from Lexington to the CityPoint campus in July 2016. C & J Clark America, Inc. moved their headquarters from Newton to the Polaroid site in October 2016. Retail activity is concentrated on Main Street, Moody Street, Lexington Street, River Street, parts of Route 60, and

7144-499: The method to mass-produce the magnetron tube, invented by Percy Spencer at Raytheon . During World War II, the magnetron tube technology was applied to radar. Later, magnetron tubes were used as components in microwave ovens. Waltham was also the home of the Walter E. Fernald State School , the western hemisphere's oldest publicly funded institution serving people with developmental disabilities . The storied and controversial history of

7238-514: The newest member of the Next Generation Sequencing Companion Dx Center of Excellence Program (COEP). The initiative focuses on establishing strategic collaborations with leading, European-based organizations that can lead studies using Thermo Fisher's Oncomine portfolio of research panels destined for development as companion diagnostics to help drive precision oncology in the region. In 2021, Thermo Fisher announced

7332-401: The orchestra's mission is to provide the Waltham community with the opportunity to perform in and attend classical concerts of the highest quality. WPO musicians come from Waltham as well as from Boston and surrounding communities. The ensemble includes players of a wide range of ages and professions. There are five to six concerts throughout the season, including one that features the winner of

7426-473: The pathogenesis of autoimmune disease are under investigation. Autoimmune diseases can be broadly divided into systemic and organ-specific or localised autoimmune disorders, depending on the principal clinico-pathologic features of each disease. Using the traditional "organ specific" and "non-organ specific" classification scheme, many diseases have been lumped together under the autoimmune disease umbrella. However, many chronic inflammatory human disorders lack

7520-477: The patient, and high index of suspicion against a backdrop of certain abnormalities in routine laboratory tests (example, elevated C-reactive protein ). In several systemic disorders, serological assays which can detect specific autoantibodies can be employed. Localised disorders are best diagnosed by immunofluorescence of biopsy specimens. Autoantibodies are used to diagnose many autoimmune diseases. The levels of autoantibodies are measured to determine

7614-430: The population. There were 23,891 households, 19.8% of which included children under the age of 18 and 28.4% with people 65 and older. 39.7% of households were married couples living together, 9.9% cohabitating couples, 21.2% male householders with no partner present, and 29.2% female householders with no partner present. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.02. 32.7% of households spoke

7708-679: The poverty line. As of 2020, 26.6% of Waltham residents were born outside of the United States. Of foreign-born residents, 41.5% were born in Asia, 32.7% in Latin America, 11.9% in Europe, and 9.7% in Africa. Waltham's combination of population (especially in central and south Waltham) parks, public transit, stores, and trails gives it 62 (out of 100) walkability ranking on walkscore.com . Moody Street in downtown Waltham offers its own brand of entertainment with

7802-486: The progress of the disease. Treatments for autoimmune disease have traditionally been immunosuppressive , anti-inflammatory , or palliative . Managing inflammation is critical in autoimmune diseases. Non-immunological therapies, such as hormone replacement in Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Type 1 diabetes mellitus treat outcomes of the autoaggressive response, thus these are palliative treatments. Dietary manipulation limits

7896-587: The recognition of antigens, are inherently variable and susceptible to recombination. These variations enable the immune system to respond to a very wide variety of invaders, but may also give rise to lymphocytes capable of self-reactivity. Fewer correlations exist with MHC class I molecules. The most notable and consistent is the association between HLA B27 and spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis . Correlations may exist between polymorphisms within class II MHC promoters and autoimmune disease. The contributions of genes outside

7990-592: The severity of celiac disease. Steroidal or NSAID treatment limits inflammatory symptoms of many diseases. IVIG is used for CIDP and GBS . Specific immunomodulatory therapies, such as the TNFα antagonists (e.g. etanercept ), the B cell depleting agent rituximab , the anti-IL-6 receptor tocilizumab and the costimulation blocker abatacept have been shown to be useful in treating RA. Some of these immunotherapies may be associated with increased risk of adverse effects, such as susceptibility to infection. Helminthic therapy

8084-448: The sex role in autoimmunity vary. Women appear to generally mount larger inflammatory responses than men when their immune systems are triggered, increasing the risk of autoimmunity. Involvement of sex steroids is indicated by that many autoimmune diseases tend to fluctuate in accordance with hormonal changes, for example: during pregnancy, in the menstrual cycle, or when using oral contraception. A history of pregnancy also appears to leave

8178-429: The telltale associations of B and T cell driven immunopathology. In the last decade it has been firmly established that tissue "inflammation against self " does not necessarily rely on abnormal T and B cell responses. This has led to the recent proposal that the spectrum of autoimmunity should be viewed along an "immunological disease continuum", with classical autoimmune diseases at one extreme and diseases driven by

8272-665: The western part of the city. Exits in Waltham are 26, 27, and 28. Interstate 90 , which is also the Massachusetts Turnpike , is just to the south in Newton . Due to its proximity to the center of the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a number of state highways are within a few miles. The MBTA commuter rail has two stops in Waltham as part of the Fitchburg-Boston Line : one in Central Square Waltham across from

8366-454: Was a Fortune 500 company. In September 2018, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced it had signed a definitive agreement with Becton, Dickinson and Company (BDX) to acquire their Advanced Bioprocessing business. This BD business had annualized revenue of approximately $ 100 million; as of October 16, 2018, it had been integrated into Thermo Fisher's Life Sciences Solutions Segment. In March 2019, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced its entry into

8460-431: Was announced Thermo Fisher Scientific went to court to seek a dismissal of the lawsuit. In late July 2023, with the motion to dismiss still outstanding, the court ordered the parties to attend a settlement conference. Soon after that, settlement of the suit, with undisclosed terms, was announced. In 2013, Opengate Capital Group LLC filed suit against Thermo Fisher Scientific for selling it a manufacturing plant controlled by

8554-410: Was challenged by the discovery of a substance in the serum of patients with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria that reacted with red blood cells. During the following decades, a number of conditions could be linked to autoimmune responses. However, the authoritative status of Ehrlich's postulate hampered the understanding of these findings. Immunology became a biochemical rather than a clinical discipline. By

8648-408: Was completed a day later. In March, the company announced it would acquire Core Informatics, provider of cloud-based platforms supporting scientific data management. In August, the company acquired Patheon, a contract development and manufacturing organization serving the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, for approximately $ 7.2 billion. As of 2017, the company had revenues of $ 20.9 billion, and

8742-408: Was completed at the end of September In January 2016, the company announced it would acquire Affymetrix for $ 1.3 billion. On May 27, 2016, the company announced it would acquire FEI Company for $ 4.2 billion, a manufacturer of electron microscopes . This acquisition is anticipated to close in early 2017 and will contribute to the growth of Thermo's Analytical Instruments business group. In November

8836-488: Was founded in 1902 by Chester G. Fisher from Pittsburgh . It focused on providing laboratory equipment, chemicals, supplies and services used in healthcare, scientific research, safety, and education. On May 8, 2006, Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific announced that they would merge in a tax-free, stock-for-stock exchange; the merged company was named Thermo Fisher Scientific, and had about 30,000 employees, and reported US$ 9 billion in combined revenue. On November 9, 2006,

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