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The Postman Always Rings Twice

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The Postman Always Rings Twice is a 1934 crime novel by American writer James M. Cain . The novel was successful and notorious upon publication. It is considered one of the most outstanding crime novels of the 20th century. The novel's mix of sexuality and violence was startling in its time and caused it to be banned in Boston .

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73-471: The Postman Always Rings Twice may mean: The Postman Always Rings Twice (novel) , a 1934 crime novel by James M. Cain The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film) , a drama-film noir based on the novel The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981 film) , a drama based on the novel The Postman Always Rings Twice (opera) , a 1982 opera based on

146-446: A human interest columnist for New York World , The American Magazine and The Baltimore Sun . "By mid-1934, the whole country was talking about the book, which was well on its way to becoming one of the most phenomenal successes in publishing history. —Biographer Roy Hoopes in Cain (1982) With the publication of The Postman Always Rings Twice , Cain was instantly hailed as

219-432: A buxom woman who pumped his gas. Cain described his encounters with her: Commonplace, but sexy, the kind you have ideas about. We always talked when she filled up my tank. One day I read in the paper where a woman who runs a filling station knocked off her husband. Can it be this bosomy thing? I inquire. Yes, she's the one—this appetizing but utterly commonplace woman. Cain discovered the dramatic component he required for

292-453: A claim arises on the occurrence of a specified event). There are generally three types of insurance contracts that seek to indemnify an insured: From an insured's standpoint, the result is usually the same: the insurer pays the loss and claims expenses. If the Insured has a "reimbursement" policy, the insured can be required to pay for a loss and then be "reimbursed" by the insurance carrier for

365-448: A claim. Adjusting liability-insurance claims is particularly difficult because they involve a third party, the plaintiff , who is under no contractual obligation to cooperate with the insurer and may in fact regard the insurer as a deep pocket . The adjuster must obtain legal counsel for the insured—either inside ("house") counsel or outside ("panel") counsel, monitor litigation that may take years to complete, and appear in person or over

438-533: A claims adjuster. A mandatory out-of-pocket expense required by an insurance policy before an insurer will pay a claim is called a deductible (or if required by a health insurance policy, a copayment ). The insurer may hedge its own risk by taking out reinsurance , whereby another insurance company agrees to carry some of the risks, especially if the primary insurer deems the risk too large for it to carry. Methods for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by Chinese and Indian traders as long ago as

511-495: A clear debt to Émile Zola 's 1868 novel Thérèse Raquin , which has a similar plot. The story is narrated in the first person by Frank Chambers, a young drifter who stops at a rural California diner for a meal and ends up working there. The diner is operated by a beautiful young woman, Cora, and her much older husband, Nick Papadakis, sometimes called "the Greek". Frank and Cora feel an immediate attraction to each other and begin

584-601: A combined ratio over 100% may nevertheless remain profitable due to investment earnings. Insurance companies earn investment profits on "float". Float, or available reserve, is the amount of money on hand at any given moment that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest or other income on them until claims are paid out. The Association of British Insurers (grouping together 400 insurance companies and 94% of UK insurance services) has almost 20% of

657-455: A company insures an individual entity, there are basic legal requirements and regulations. Several commonly cited legal principles of insurance include: To "indemnify" means to make whole again, or to be reinstated to the position that one was in, to the extent possible, prior to the happening of a specified event or peril. Accordingly, life insurance is generally not considered to be indemnity insurance, but rather "contingent" insurance (i.e.,

730-413: A minimum, the following elements: identification of participating parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be " indemnified " against the loss covered in

803-453: A more active role in loss mitigation, such as through building codes . According to the study books of The Chartered Insurance Institute, there are variant methods of insurance as follows: Insurers may use the subscription business model , collecting premium payments periodically in return for on-going and/or compounding benefits offered to policyholders. Insurers' business model aims to collect more in premium and investment income than

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876-570: A novel in March 1933. Completed in September, the manuscript was initially turned down by both Knopf and Macmillan . Walter Lippmann , who Cain had served under as a journalist at the New York World , interceded on his behalf and convinced Alfred Knopf to acquire the story. Originally titled Bar-B-Que , the work appeared as The Postman Always Rings Twice in early 1934. Publisher Knopf detested both

949-407: A passionate affair with sadomasochistic qualities. Cora is tired of her situation, married to a man she does not love and working at a diner that she wants to own and improve. Frank and Cora scheme to murder the Greek in order to start a new life together without Cora losing the diner. They plan on striking Nick's head and making it seem as if he fell and drowned in the bathtub. Cora fells Nick with

1022-622: A premium paid independently of loans began in Belgium about 1300 AD. Separate insurance contracts (i.e., insurance policies not bundled with loans or other kinds of contracts) were invented in Genoa in the 14th century, as were insurance pools backed by pledges of landed estates. The first known insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347. In the next century, maritime insurance developed widely, and premiums were varied with risks. These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated from investment,

1095-443: A radio drama, and as a play (twice). Insurance This is an accepted version of this page Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management , primarily used to protect against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss. An entity which provides insurance

1168-697: A relatively few claimants – and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (called reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit . Policies typically include a number of exclusions, for example: Insurers may prohibit certain activities which are considered dangerous and therefore excluded from coverage. One system for classifying activities according to whether they are authorised by insurers refers to "green light" approved activities and events, "yellow light" activities and events which require insurer consultation and/or waivers of liability, and "red light" activities and events which are prohibited and outside

1241-434: A result of the conversation, Cain decided upon that phrase as a title for his novel. Upon discussing it further, the two men agreed such a phrase was metaphorically suited to Frank's situation at the end of the novel. With the "postman" being God or fate, the "delivery" meant for Frank was his own death as just retribution for murdering Nick. Frank had missed the first "ring" when he initially got away with that killing. However,

1314-539: A separation of roles that first proved useful in marine insurance . The earliest known policy of life insurance was made in the Royal Exchange, London , on 18 June 1583, for £383, 6s. 8d. for twelve months on the life of William Gibbons. Insurance became far more sophisticated in Enlightenment-era Europe , where specialized varieties developed. Property insurance as we know it today can be traced to

1387-469: A ship or cargo, to be repaid with large interest if the voyage prospers. However, the money would not be repaid at all if the ship were lost, thus making the rate of interest high enough to pay for not only for the use of the capital but also for the risk of losing it (fully described by Demosthenes ). Loans of this character have ever since been common in maritime lands under the name of bottomry and respondentia bonds. The direct insurance of sea-risks for

1460-534: A solid blow, but a sudden power outage and the appearance of a policeman make the scheme fail. Nick recovers and because of retrograde amnesia does not suspect that he narrowly avoided being killed. Determined to kill Nick, Frank and Cora fake a car accident. They ply Nick with wine, strike him on the head, and crash the car. Frank is also gravely injured in the crash, while Cora simulates minor injuries and bruises . The local prosecutor suspects what has actually occurred but does not have enough evidence to prove it. As

1533-399: A staff of records management and data entry clerks . Incoming claims are classified based on severity and are assigned to adjusters, whose settlement authority varies with their knowledge and experience. An adjuster undertakes an investigation of each claim, usually in close cooperation with the insured, determines if coverage is available under the terms of the insurance contract (and if so,

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1606-440: A tactic intended to get Cora and Frank to turn on each other, he charges only Cora with the crime of Nick's murder, coercing Frank to sign a complaint against her. Cora, furious and indignant, insists on offering a full confession detailing both their roles. Her lawyer tricks her into dictating that confession to a member of his own staff. Cora, believing her confession made, returns to prison. Though Cora would be sure to learn of

1679-624: A tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s. In the 1880s Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced old age pensions, accident insurance and medical care that formed the basis for Germany's welfare state . In Britain more extensive legislation was introduced by the Liberal government in the National Insurance Act 1911 . This gave the British working classes

1752-572: A univariate analysis could produce confounded results. Other statistical methods may be used in assessing the probability of future losses. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Underwriting performance is measured by something called the "combined ratio", which is the ratio of expenses/losses to premiums. A combined ratio of less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss. A company with

1825-443: Is attending her mother's funeral, Frank has an affair with a wild cat tamer . Upon returning home, Cora tells him that she is pregnant. She is also angered when she finds out about his affair. Frank and Cora eventually reconcile, get married and plan a happy future and a family. Then Cora is killed in a car crash while Frank is driving. The book ends with Frank, from death row , summarizing the events that followed, explaining that he

1898-468: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages The Postman Always Rings Twice (novel) It is included in Modern Library 's list of 100 best novels, and it was published as an Armed Services Edition during WWII. The novel has been adapted for film seven times, of which the 1946 version is regarded as an important film noir . The story owes

1971-403: Is known as an insurer , insurance company , insurance carrier , or underwriter . A person or entity who buys insurance is known as a policyholder , while a person or entity covered under the policy is called an insured . The insurance transaction involves the policyholder assuming a guaranteed, known, and relatively small loss in the form of a payment to the insurer (a premium) in exchange for

2044-409: Is paid out in losses, and to also offer a competitive price which consumers will accept. Profit can be reduced to a simple equation: Insurers make money in two ways: The most complicated aspect of insuring is the actuarial science of ratemaking (price-setting) of policies, which uses statistics and probability to approximate the rate of future claims based on a given risk. After producing rates,

2117-426: Is the materialized utility of insurance; it is the actual "product" paid for. Claims may be filed by insureds directly with the insurer or through brokers or agents . The insurer may require that the claim be filed on its own proprietary forms, or may accept claims on a standard industry form, such as those produced by ACORD . Insurance-company claims departments employ a large number of claims adjusters, supported by

2190-411: The 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, respectively. Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessel capsizing. Codex Hammurabi Law 238 (c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated that a sea captain , ship-manager , or ship charterer that saved a ship from total loss was only required to pay one-half the value of

2263-657: The Great Fire of London , which in 1666 devoured more than 13,000 houses. The devastating effects of the fire converted the development of insurance "from a matter of convenience into one of urgency, a change of opinion reflected in Sir Christopher Wren 's inclusion of a site for "the Insurance Office" in his new plan for London in 1667." A number of attempted fire insurance schemes came to nothing, but in 1681, economist Nicholas Barbon and eleven associates established

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2336-701: The Phoenicians during the proposed Dorian invasion and emergence of the purported Sea Peoples during the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100–c. 750). The law of general average is the fundamental principle that underlies all insurance. In 1816, an archeological excavation in Minya, Egypt produced a Nerva–Antonine dynasty -era tablet from the ruins of the Temple of Antinous in Antinoöpolis , Aegyptus . The tablet prescribed

2409-460: The Victorian era . When mail (post) was delivered, the postman knocked once to let the household know it was there: no reply was needed. When there was a telegram, however, which had to be handed over personally, he knocked twice so that the household would know to answer the door. Telegrams were expensive and usually the bringers of bad news: so a postman knocking (later, ringing) twice signaled trouble

2482-433: The "Postman remains a forced, structurally imperfect work [pandering] shamelessly to subliterary taste." "Well, there's all sorts of stuff written about what kind of novel it is—it seems to baffle these critics as they keep trying to label it. But to me it's a love story and that's all it is." – Literary critic and satirist Dorothy Parker on The Postman Always Rings Twice . Literary critic Edmund Wilson cautioned that

2555-439: The "hard-boiled" genre and the author labeled the preeminent "tough-guy" writer. He emphatically rejected these characterizations of his writing. The arresting first sentence of the novel begins "They threw me off the haytruck about noon..." and was widely remarked upon. The early passages of the novel have been cited in journals and studied in college writing courses since the novel appeared. Biographer David Madden notes that

2628-562: The Institute of Actuaries . His article detailed an historical account of a Severan dynasty -era life table compiled by the Roman jurist Ulpian in approximately 220 AD that was also included in the Digesta . Concepts of insurance has been also found in 3rd century BC Hindu scriptures such as Dharmasastra , Arthashastra and Manusmriti . The ancient Greeks had marine loans. Money was advanced on

2701-418: The conditions and circumstances under which the insurer will compensate the insured, or their designated beneficiary or assignee. The amount of money charged by the insurer to the policyholder for the coverage set forth in the insurance policy is called the premium . If the insured experiences a loss which is potentially covered by the insurance policy, the insured submits a claim to the insurer for processing by

2774-405: The conversation between Cain and Lawrence, noting that Lawrence did not say merely that the postman always rang twice but also that he was sometimes so anxious waiting for the postman that he would go into his backyard to avoid hearing his ring. The tactic inevitably failed, Lawrence continued, because if the postman's first ring was not noticed, his second one, even from the backyard, would be. As

2847-446: The demand for marine insurance . In the late 1680s, Edward Lloyd opened a coffee house , which became the meeting place for parties in the shipping industry wishing to insure cargoes and ships, including those willing to underwrite such ventures. These informal beginnings led to the establishment of the insurance market Lloyd's of London and several related shipping and insurance businesses. Life insurance policies were taken out in

2920-774: The early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office , founded in London in 1706 by William Talbot and Sir Thomas Allen . Upon the same principle, Edward Rowe Mores established the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship in 1762. It was the world's first mutual insurer and it pioneered age based premiums based on mortality rate laying "the framework for scientific insurance practice and development" and "the basis of modern life assurance upon which all life assurance schemes were subsequently based." In

2993-671: The event of general average. In 1873 the "Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations", the forerunner of the International Law Association (ILA), was founded in Brussels. It published the first YAR in 1890, before switching to the present title of the "International Law Association" in 1895. By the late 19th century governments began to initiate national insurance programs against sickness and old age. Germany built on

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3066-673: The first contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment. This system was greatly expanded after the Second World War under the influence of the Beveridge Report , to form the first modern welfare state . In 2008, the International Network of Insurance Associations (INIA), then an informal network, became active and it has been succeeded by the Global Federation of Insurance Associations (GFIA), which

3139-465: The first fire insurance company, the "Insurance Office for Houses", at the back of the Royal Exchange to insure brick and frame homes. Initially, 5,000 homes were insured by his Insurance Office. At the same time, the first insurance schemes for the underwriting of business ventures became available. By the end of the seventeenth century, London's growth as a centre for trade was increasing due to

3212-413: The first sentence of the novel which opens: "They kicked me out of college when I was about twenty-seven…" Hoopes regards The Postman Always Rings Twice as "that rarest of literary achievements—a best-seller widely acclaimed by the critics." Two sources informed Cain's plot inventions for The Postman Always Rings Twice . In California during the early 1930s, he frequented a gas station operated by

3285-419: The float method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards, so a poor economy generally means high insurance-premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the underwriting, or insurance, cycle . Claims and loss handling

3358-513: The foremost American writer in the hard-boiled genre. An "ecstatic" review by Franklin P. Adams in the New York Herald served to alert critics to Cain's achievement. The novel elicited high praise from literary critics in the US and abroad, and proved to be a perennial best-seller: "When the book appeared it caused a sensation." Cain was appalled when his work was described as the "quintessence" of

3431-447: The insurance carrier can generally either "reimburse" or "pay on behalf of", whichever is more beneficial to it and the insured in the claim handling process. An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the "insured" party once risk is assumed by an "insurer", the insuring party, by means of a contract , called an insurance policy . Generally, an insurance contract includes, at

3504-774: The insurance company. Insurance scholars have typically used moral hazard to refer to the increased loss due to unintentional carelessness and insurance fraud to refer to increased risk due to intentional carelessness or indifference. Insurers attempt to address carelessness through inspections, policy provisions requiring certain types of maintenance, and possible discounts for loss mitigation efforts. While in theory insurers could encourage investment in loss reduction, some commentators have argued that in practice insurers had historically not aggressively pursued loss control measures—particularly to prevent disaster losses such as hurricanes—because of concerns over rate reductions and legal battles. However, since about 1996 insurers have begun to take

3577-409: The insurer will use discretion to reject or accept risks through the underwriting process. At the most basic level, initial rate-making involves looking at the frequency and severity of insured perils and the expected average payout resulting from these perils. Thereafter an insurance company will collect historical loss-data, bring the loss data to present value , and compare these prior losses to

3650-404: The insurer's promise to compensate the insured in the event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial, but it must be reducible to financial terms. Furthermore, it usually involves something in which the insured has an insurable interest established by ownership, possession, or pre-existing relationship. The insured receives a contract , called the insurance policy , which details

3723-526: The investments in the London Stock Exchange . In 2007, U.S. industry profits from float totaled $ 58 billion. In a 2009 letter to investors, Warren Buffett wrote, "we were paid $ 2.8 billion to hold our float in 2008". In the United States , the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $ 142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period

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3796-593: The late 19th century "accident insurance" began to become available. The first company to offer accident insurance was the Railway Passengers Assurance Company, formed in 1848 in England to insure against the rising number of fatalities on the nascent railway system. The first international insurance rule was the York Antwerp Rules (YAR) for the distribution of costs between ship and cargo in

3869-443: The loss and out of pocket costs including, with the permission of the insurer, claim expenses. Under a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would defend and pay a claim on behalf of the insured who would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language, which enables the insurance carrier to manage and control the claim. Under an "indemnification" policy,

3942-612: The losses that only some insureds may incur. The insured entities are therefore protected from risk for a fee, with the fee being dependent upon the frequency and severity of the event occurring. In order to be an insurable risk , the risk insured against must meet certain characteristics. Insurance as a financial intermediary is a commercial enterprise and a major part of the financial services industry, but individual entities can also self-insure through saving money for possible future losses. Risk which can be insured by private companies typically share seven common characteristics: When

4015-493: The novel Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Postman Always Rings Twice . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Postman_Always_Rings_Twice&oldid=1025593254 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

4088-536: The opening passages showcase Cain's narrative skill: "The compression, the swift execution of the basic situation [in the first pages] are typical of the entire novel." Cain's virtues as a novelist have not been uniformly lauded. Biographer Paul Skenazy noted that the Postman suffered from "simplistic psychological portraits, some mannered writing [and] inconsistencies in the time frame and plot structures...". Critic Walter Wells in his analysis of Hollywood fiction argued that

4161-545: The originally proposed title Bar-B-Que , as well as The Postman Always Rings Twice . A compromise title "For Love or Money" was proposed by Knopf. Cain and Lawrence insisted that the metaphor of a mail carrier as the agent of fate was essential and prevailed in the title dispute. [See below: Origins of the title]. In 1934, the 42-year-old Cain was a successful journalist, known primarily for his satiric dialogues and sketches published in The American Mercury and as

4234-414: The policy. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a claim against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the premium. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims – in theory for

4307-406: The postman rang again and this time the ring was heard; Frank is wrongly convicted of having murdered Cora and then sentenced to die. The theme of an inescapable fate is further underscored by the Greek's escape from death in the lovers' first murder attempt, only to be done in by their second one. The Postman Always Rings Twice has been adapted many times, as a film (seven times), as an opera, as

4380-406: The premium collected in order to assess rate adequacy. Loss ratios and expense loads are also used. Rating for different risk characteristics involves—at the most basic level—comparing the losses with "loss relativities"—a policy with twice as many losses would, therefore, be charged twice as much. More complex multivariate analyses are sometimes used when multiple characteristics are involved and

4453-416: The real-life case, Snyder said she had prevented her husband from discovering the changes she had made to his life insurance policy by telling the postman to deliver the policy's payment notices only to her and instructing him to ring the doorbell twice as a signal indicating he had such a delivery for her. The historian Judith Flanders , however, has interpreted the title as a reference to postal customs in

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4526-404: The reasonable monetary value of the claim), and authorizes payment. Policyholders may hire their own public adjusters to negotiate settlements with the insurance company on their behalf. For policies that are complicated, where claims may be complex, the insured may take out a separate insurance-policy add-on, called loss-recovery insurance, which covers the cost of a public adjuster in the case of

4599-637: The rules and membership dues of a burial society collegium established in Lanuvium , Italia in approximately 133 AD during the reign of Hadrian (117–138) of the Roman Empire . In 1851 AD, future U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Joseph P. Bradley (1870–1892 AD), once employed as an actuary for the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company , submitted an article to the Journal of

4672-456: The scope of insurance cover. Insurance can have various effects on society through the way that it changes who bears the cost of losses and damage. On one hand it can increase fraud; on the other it can help societies and individuals prepare for catastrophes and mitigate the effects of catastrophes on both households and societies. Insurance can influence the probability of losses through moral hazard , insurance fraud , and preventive steps by

4745-531: The ship to the ship-owner . In the Digesta seu Pandectae (533), the second volume of the codification of laws ordered by Justinian I (527–565), a legal opinion written by the Roman jurist Paulus in 235 AD was included about the Lex Rhodia ("Rhodian law"). It articulates the general average principle of marine insurance established on the island of Rhodes in approximately 1000 to 800 BC, plausibly by

4818-468: The story in the details of the 1927 Ruth Snyder -Judd Gray case, in which a wife murdered her husband in collusion with her lover, the prototypes for his characters Cora Papadakis and Frank Chambers in Postman . Biographer Paul Skenazy suggests that Cain was intrigued not only by their adultery and murder, but the subsequent betrayals that sent Snyder and Gray into "a self-destructive spiral." The meaning of

4891-461: The story is "always in danger of becoming unintentionally funny." Biographer Roy Hoopes noted that "After reading…Cain's light fiction, you cannot help but wonder whether the comic scenes in Postman were really unintentional." The fame of The Postman Always Rings Twice prompted parodies: humorist James Thurber , who had worked with Cain at The New Yorker in the early 1930s, offered a burlesque of

4964-473: The title has been the subject of much speculation. William Marling, for instance, suggested that Cain may have taken the title from the sensational 1927 case of Ruth Snyder , who, like Cora in Postman , had conspired with her lover to murder her husband. Cain used the Snyder case as an inspiration for his 1943 novel Double Indemnity ; Marling believed it was also a model for the plot and the title of Postman . In

5037-487: The trickery, a few valuable hours are gained. The lawyer uses the time to manipulate the insurance companies financially interested in the trial to have their private detective recant his testimony, which was the final remaining weapon in the prosecution's arsenal. The state is forced to grant Cora a plea agreement under which she is given a suspended sentence and no jail time. After the trial, Cora's diner begins to boom, but her relationship with Frank worsens. While Cora

5110-452: Was $ 68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance-industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg , do not believe that it is possible to sustain a profit from float forever without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Reliance on float for profit has led some industry experts to call insurance companies "investment companies that raise the money for their investments by selling insurance". Naturally,

5183-492: Was formally founded in 2012 to aim to increase insurance industry effectiveness in providing input to international regulatory bodies and to contribute more effectively to the international dialogue on issues of common interest. It consists of its 40 member associations and 1 observer association in 67 countries, which companies account for around 89% of total insurance premiums worldwide. Insurance involves pooling funds from many insured entities (known as exposures) to pay for

5256-460: Was on the way. In the preface to Double Indemnity , Cain wrote that the title of The Postman Always Rings Twice came from a discussion he had with the screenwriter Vincent Lawrence. According to Cain, Lawrence spoke of the anxiety he felt when waiting for the postman to bring him news on a submitted manuscript, noting that he would know when the postman had finally arrived because he always rang twice. In his biography of Cain, Roy Hoopes recounted

5329-467: Was wrongly convicted of murdering Cora. The text, he hopes, will be published after his execution. After failing as a scriptwriter for Paramount and Columbia studios in 1932, Cain resumed his efforts to write a longer work of fiction. His short story " The Baby in the Icebox " had impressed Alfred A. Knopf publishers, and with their encouragement and that of playwright Vincent Lawrence, Cain began to write

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