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50-458: The first recorded use of refrigeration technology dates back to 1775 BC in the Sumerian city of Terqa . It was there that the region's King, Zimri-lim , began the construction of an elaborate ice house fitted with a sophisticated drainage system and shallow pools to freeze water in the night. Using ice for cooling and preservation was not new at that time; the ice house was an introductory model for

100-664: A Mayor . He was a Justice of the Peace and member of the Newcastle Land Board, a division of the New South Wales Justice Department. The Scholey family are to be found with various spellings in ancient manuscripts but often as de Scolay or Scoley. They were long resident at Gawber Hall, outside Barnsley , near the village of Barugh, in South Yorkshire . By 1848 the mansion and its farms had been let and

150-679: A bore finding huge seams on this land outside Kurri Kurri, and in January 1890 they sank a new shaft, "the Scholey shaft". However the following year only 2500 tons was produced, the industry suffering a severe depression. In 1897 the company sold a lease of the operations to J & A Brown and Abermain Seaham Collieries, for £39,500 and Brown's changed the name from Richmond Vale to Richmond Main Colliery , although oddly continued to name their rail link

200-532: A construction in Terqa, "which never before had any king built." Evidence of trade contacts with the Indus valley has been found here. Archaeologist Giorgio Buccellati found cloves , an important spice, in a burned-down house which was dated to 1720 BC. Since this house was described as being of a medium size, it seems that, at that time, cloves were already accessible to the common people of Terqa. Cloves are native to

250-842: A continual correspondence with his family in Yorkshire, notably his first cousin, Stephen Scholey, a professor of music also born in Holbeck, who resided in Hunslet, and who outlived John. In a full report of John Scholey's funeral the names of many of the most prominent attendees are given and it is stated that over 200 telegrams of condolence were received. He was buried in the Church of England division of Sandgate Cemetery . In his Will (proved 8 October 1908) he bequeathed his entire estate to his wife, by whom he had seven daughters, six of whom survived him. His daughter Clara married Robert, son of Charles Upfold ,

300-485: A garden suburb of Newcastle. According to Australian Town & Country Journal of 11 July 1887, "he carried on business so successfully that he was able to acquire a considerable share of landed property in the Newcastle and Maitland Districts." On his daughter Agnes's birth certificate (1888) he is described as "Landowner". He eventually bought up much of the Newcastle district known as North Waratah, subdividing it as

350-572: A minor provincial center with a governor or a petty local kingdom. Little is yet known of the early history of Terqa, though it was a sizable entity even in the Early Dynastic period . The principal god of Terqa was Dagan . In the late Early Bronze III-IV, Ebla and Mari competed for hegemony in the Euphrates region and Terqa became a contested town before the Akkadian Empire took control. Terqa

400-590: A sealed deposit dated to the Old Babylonian period . They are attributed to around 1650-1640 BC, or the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt . The hieroglyphs inscribed on them are regarded as "poorly executed and sometimes misunderstood," indicating Levantine, rather than Egyptian, origin. Similar scarabs are also known from Byblos , Sidon and Ugarit. Lagamal was a Mesopotamian deity worshiped chiefly in Dilbat , but it

450-496: A tablet with a list of offerings which starts with her name, and by seals mentioned the goddess. Thousands of beads made out of precious materials such as agate , carnelian , and lapis lazuli were found here. Archaeologists also found a number of small bronze figurines of dogs inside the temple as well. Dogs were the animals sacred to Ninkarrak. A ceremonial axe and a scimitar with a devotional inscription mentioning Ninkarrak, both bronze, were also found. Early occupation of

500-411: A tin container fitted inside with ice between them, all wrapped in rabbit fur to insulate the device. Later versions would include hollow walls that were lined with tin or zinc and packed with various insulating materials such as cork , sawdust, straw, or seaweed. A large block of ice is held in a tray or compartment near the top of the box. Cold air circulates down and around storage compartments in

550-565: A tub or iceboxes. The industry's value in the United States rose from $ 4.5 million in 1889 to $ 26 million in 1919. The icebox was invented by an American farmer and cabinetmaker named Thomas Moore in 1802. Moore used the icebox to transport butter from his home to the Georgetown markets, which allowed him to sell firm, brick butter instead of soft, melted tubs like his fellow vendors at the time. His first design consisted of an oval cedar tub with

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600-486: Is considered to be the first company to produce iceboxes in mass numbers. As many Americans desired large iceboxes, some companies, such as the Boston Scientific Refrigerator Company, introduced ones which could hold up to 50 lbs. of ice. In a 1907 survey of expenditures of New York City inhabitants, 81% of the families surveyed were found to possess "refrigerators" either in the form of ice stored in

650-607: The Kurri Kurri and Cessnock districts of the South Maitland coalfields , he also became involved in the coal-mining industry. In 1887 he employed Mr. T. W. Edgeworth David to assess his lands for coal seams, and the following year he formed a syndicate including a Melbourne partner and established the Richmond Vale Coal Company. Scholey's investment in the new company was his land. In October that year they sunk

700-481: The Molucca Islands off the coast of Indonesia , and were extensively used in ancient India. This was the first evidence of cloves being used in the west before Roman times. The discovery was first reported in 1978. Ancient mitochondrial DNA from freshly unearthed remains (teeth) of 4 individuals deeply deposited in slightly alkaline soil of ancient Terqa and Tell Masaikh (ancient Kar-Assurnasirpal, located on

750-518: The Richmond Vale railway line . As time progressed this colliery produced the largest daily tonnage in the State, as well as providing, from 1912, all the electricity requirements for nearby Kurri Kurri and other townships. In 1904 he was also a Director of Aberdare Collieries Co. Ltd. Scholey was one of the earliest directors of the Newcastle and County Building Company, and one of the prime movers in

800-519: The 'Fall of Mari' came when Hammurabi of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BC) attacked his former ally, Zimri-Lim of Mari (r. 1775 to 1761 BC). With Mari destroyed power in the Middle Euphrates shifted to Terqa. Terqa became the leading city of the kingdom of Khana after the decline of Babylon. In mid-15th century BC, Terqa came under the control of the Mitanni kingdom. Kings Sinia and Qiš-Addu ruled during

850-463: The 1856 Scientific American , a popular science magazine. Schooley described the process as "Combining an ice receptacle with the interior of a refrigerator … a continuous circulation of air shall be kept up through the ice in said receptacle and through the interior of the refrigerator … so that the circulation air shall deposit its moisture on the ice every time it passes through it, and be dried and cooled." This idea of air circulation and cold led to

900-541: The 2013 study and based on analysis of 15751 DNA samples arrives at the conclusion, that "M65a, M49 and/or M61 haplogroups carrying ancient Mesopotamians might have been the merchants from India". John Scholey John Scholey (15 September 1840 in Holbeck , Leeds , – 14 April 1908 in Mayfield, New South Wales ) was an extensive landed proprietor, prominent businessman, colliery owner, Director of Aberdare Collieries, and

950-540: The Amorite ruler Yahdun-Lim one of whose year names was "Year in which Yahdun-Lim built the city walls of Mari and Terqa". Control by Mari continued into the time of Zimri-Lim (c. 1775 to 1761 BC). One year name of Zimri-Lim was "Year in which Zimri-Lim offered a great throne to Dagan of Terqa". When not ruled by a king, Terqa was a vassal city-state ruled by a governor subordinate to Mari . Kibri-Dagan, governor of Terqa, under Zimri-Lim. In Mari Letter ARM 13.110 concerns

1000-726: The Euphrates 5 kilometres (5,000 m) upstream from Terqa) was analysed in 2013. Dated to the period between 2.5 Kyrs BC and 0.5 Kyrs AD the studied individuals carried mtDNA haplotypes corresponding to the M4b1, M49 and M61 haplogroups , which are believed to have arisen in the area of the Indian subcontinent during the Upper Paleolithic and are absent in people living today in Syria. However, they are present in people inhabiting today’s India , Pakistan , Tibet and Himalayas . A 2014 study expanding on

1050-637: The Institute of Archaeology at the University of California at Los Angeles , California State University at Los Angeles, Johns Hopkins University , the University of Arizona and the University of Poitiers in France. The team was led by Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati. The final reports from these excavations have been released over time. The same team also excavated the nearby (5 kilometers north) 4th Millennium site of Tell Qraya which they viewed as

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1100-467: The Temple of Dagan. Letter by Kibri-Dagan governor of Terqa to the king: “My lord wrote me about the 10 minas of silver that offenders settled to me: This is silver must arrive quickly to be processed for the works on the throne of Dagan. Mari/Terqa interacted over the wide steppes in Syria with their herdsmen coming in contact with the herdsmen from Qatna, by the way of Palmyra. In a major change of events,

1150-469: The added benefit of not altering the taste of what it is preserving. Underground pits with the constant underground temperature of 12 °C (54 °F) had been used since Roman times to help preserve ice collected during winter. The temperature of the soil is held relatively constant year-round when taken below the frost line, located 0.9 to 1.5 m (3 to 5 ft) below the surface, and varies from about 7 and 21 °C (45 and 70 °F) depending on

1200-493: The banks of the middle Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate , Syria , approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the modern border with Iraq and 64 kilometres (40 mi) north of the ancient site of Mari, Syria . Its name had become Sirqu by Neo-Assyrian times. Terqa was located near the mouth of the Khabur river, thus being a trade hub on the Euphrates and Khabur rivers. To

1250-561: The city environs grew, and renaming it Mayfield after Ada May , one of his daughters. Other streets in the suburb still bear his surname, his wife's maiden name of Greaves, and some of his daughter's Christian names: Clara, Ada, Dora, etc. He sold at a handsome profit the land at Mayfield, some of it bordering the Hunter River , upon which just before World War I was built the new BHP Newcastle Steelworks (now demolished), and other huge heavy industries. Owning much coal-bearing land on

1300-620: The colony. The Earl of Carnarvon and Lord Carrington were present along with a host of other well-known dignitaries. A practising Christian, he was lay representative for Waratah to the 122nd Church of England Synod held at Newcastle in May 1900; he was Diocesan Warden for Newcastle's Christ Church Cathedral, a member of the Newcastle Diocesan Council, and also a member of the Diocesan Church Property Committee. He

1350-556: The ease and efficiency of harvesting natural ice. This invention reduced the cost of ice usage, thereby rendering it more common. Up until then, iceboxes for domestic use were not mass manufactured . By the 1840s, however, various companies, including the Baldwin Refrigerator Company and the Ranney Refrigerator Company, and later Sears , started making home iceboxes commercially. D. Eddy & Son of Boston

1400-711: The establishment of the Waratah Municipal Gasworks which went on to become the principal gas suppliers to the City of Newcastle. John Scholey, as Alderman (elected 1882) and thrice Mayor of the Municipality of Waratah, New South Wales , received an official invitation to the New South Wales Government's State Banquet held in Sydney on Thursday, 26 January 1888, to commemorate the first 100 years of settlement in

1450-407: The eventual invention of the mechanical, gas-driven refrigerators . As these early mechanical refrigerators became available, they were installed at large industrial plants producing ice for home delivery. By the early 1930s, mechanical ice machines gradually began to rise over the ice harvesting industry thanks to its ability to produce clean, sanitary ice independently and year-round. Over time, as

1500-949: The family removed to the vicinity of Leeds . John was the son of a Leeds businessman, Stephen Scholey (1815–1878) who entered the service of the Colonial Office in New South Wales , and was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for East Maitland . John's mother was Anne Spink John appears in the 1851 Census Return at 27 Trafalgar Street, Leeds , aged 11, with his parents and his sister Mary Ann. In October 1852 John Scholey arrived at Melbourne, Australia on board "Julia", together with his father. His mother and young sister joined them in Melbourne in December 1854 on board "Constance". They returned to England on

1550-441: The fresh food readily able to be consumed and the overall safety of that food. However, with metropolitan growth, many sources of natural ice became contaminated from industrial pollution or sewer runoff. Thanks to the icebox manufacturing industry's efforts, a new innovative idea in cooling came about: air circulation. The idea for air circulation in refrigeration systems stems back to John Schooley , who wrote about his process in

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1600-425: The home became possible. With the development of the chlorofluorocarbons (along with the succeeding hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons ), that came to replace the use of toxic ammonia gas, the refrigerator replaced the icebox, though icebox is still sometimes used to refer to mechanical refrigerators. Terqa Terqa is the name of an ancient city discovered at the site of Tell Ashara on

1650-485: The ice melting process. By 1781, personal ice pits were becoming more advanced. The Robert Morris Ice House , located in Philadelphia, brought new refrigeration technologies to the forefront. This pit contained a drainage system for water runoff as well as the use of brick and mortar for its insulation. The octagon-shaped pit, approximately 4 meters in diameter located 5.5 meters underground was capable of storing ice that

1700-506: The lower section. Some finer models have spigots for draining ice water from a catch pan or holding tank. In cheaper models, a drip pan is placed under the box and has to be emptied at least daily. The user has to replenish the melted ice, normally by obtaining new ice from an iceman . The design of the icebox allowed perishable foods to be stored longer than before and without the need for lengthier preservation processes such as smoking , drying , or canning . Refrigerating perishables also had

1750-507: The managing director of the Sydney Soap and Candle Company, "the largest such concern in Australasia". His youngest daughter, Agnes, died a spinster in 1972. John Scholey was described in directories and upon his death certificate, as a "gentleman". His splendid sandstone mansion Mayfield House , "an impressive residence", is now a shadow of its former glory. It is currently leased as

1800-607: The mechanical ice machines became smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, they easily replaced the hassle of getting ice from a source. For example, the De La Vergne Machine Company  [ de ] (originally called the De La Vergne Refrigerating Machine Company) of New York, New York could produce up to 220 tons of ice in a single day from a single machine. With widespread electrification and safer refrigerants, mechanical refrigeration in

1850-416: The modern icebox. The traditional kitchen icebox dates back to the days of ice harvesting , which was commonly used from the mid-19th century until the introduction of the refrigerator for home use in the 1930s. Most municipally consumed ice was harvested in winter from snow-packed areas or frozen lakes, stored in ice houses, and delivered domestically. In 1827 the commercial ice cutter was invented, increasing

1900-469: The probably source for the settlement of Terqa. After 1987, a French team led by Olivier Rouault of Lyon University took over the dig and continued to work there until local conditions deteriorated around 2010. There are 550 cuneiform tablets from Terqa held at the Deir ez-Zor Museum. Notable features found at Terqa include Ninkarrak was the ancient goddess of healing. Her temple was identified based on

1950-404: The region. Prior to the convenience of having refrigeration inside the home, cold storage systems would often be located underground in the form of a pit. These pits would be deep enough to provide thorough insulation and also to deter animals from intruding on the perishable items within. Early examples used straw and sawdust compacted along the sides of ice to provide further insulation and to slow

2000-471: The remains of Terqa are covered by the modern town of Ashara , which limits the possibilities for excavation. The site was briefly excavated by Ernst Herzfeld in 1910. In 1923, 5 days of excavations were conducted by François Thureau-Dangin and P. Dhorrne. From 1974 to 1986, Terqa was excavated for 10 seasons by a team from the International Institute for Mesopotamian Area Studies including

2050-704: The ship Speedy which left Sydney on 1 November 1857, arriving in London on 1 March 1858. He arrived back in Leeds the following day. On 18 January 1860 he again set out for Australia, travelling from Leeds, via Halifax for Liverpool , the following day taking up his cabin on board the ship Red Jacket berthed at the Queen's Dock, declaring the accommodation "splendid and superior to any ship I have been in before." He landed at Melbourne on 26 April. He made valuable contacts in Melbourne, but in 1862 commenced business in Newcastle. and at

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2100-563: The south was Mari. To the north was Tuttul (Tell Bi'a) near the mouth of the Balikh river. Terqa ruled a larger hinterland. Terqa was always second to Mari, as the valley could hold only one political main center. The region was dominated by arid/non-irrigable land, with a characteristic relationship to water resources and land exploitation. Amorite tribal groups included the Khaeans and Suteans south of Mari. Terqa would politically play to role as

2150-432: The structure has been dated to roughly the same period as the reigns of three kings of Terqa. The earliest of them was Yadikh-abu, a contemporary of Samsuiluna of Babylon , defeated by the latter in 1721 BCE. Kashtiliash, and Shunuhru-ammu also ruled during this period. The temple was remodeled multiple times. The Egyptian scarabs found in the temple of Ninkarrak represent the easternmost known example of such objects in

2200-402: The techniques for food preservation steadily improved, prices decreased and food became more readily available. As more households adopted the icebox, the overall quality and freshness of this food was also improved. Iceboxes meant that people were able to go to the market less and could more safely store leftovers. All of this contributed to the improvement of the population's health by increasing

2250-473: The time of his marriage to Anne, née Greaves (1845–1931), on 16 January 1865, at Christ Church Anglican Cathedral, Newcastle, the register states that he was now resident in that parish. His father was a witness at the ceremony. John was listed at that time: "Scholey, John, Hunter Street, Newcastle ". On his daughter Jessie's birth certificate in February 1883, John Scholey stated that he now resided at Hamilton ,

2300-523: The time of the Mitanni kings Sausadatra, Sa’itarna and Parattarna. According to Podany (2014), Later, it fell into the sphere of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon and eventually the Neo-Assyrian Empire . A noted stele of Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta II (890 to 884 BC) was found near Terqa. The main site is around 20 acres (8.1 ha) in size and has a height of 60 feet (18 m). Two thirds of

2350-508: Was an urban center with a massive defensive wall, but a provincial city under the political control of Mari. In Early Bronze IVB, the Ur III dynasty had governors at Mari, which may have included Terqa as well. In the early 2nd millennium BC it was under the control of Shamshi-Adad (c. 1808–1776 BC) of the Amorite Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia, followed by Mari beginning with the reign of

2400-442: Was obtained during the winter months to the next October or November. Ice blocks collected during winter months could later be distributed to customers. As the icebox began to make its way into homes during the early to mid 19th century, ice collection and distribution expanded and soon became a global industry. During the latter half of the 19th century, natural ice became the second most important US export by value, after cotton. As

2450-509: Was prominent in Terqa as well, and also in Susa . This was a deity associated with the underworld. In the majority of known sources Lagamal is a male deity, but it was regarded as a goddess rather than a god in Terqa. The oldest attested ice house (building) in the world may have been built in Terqa. It is recorded in a cuneiform tablet from c. 1780 BC that Zimri-Lim , the King of Mari ordered such

2500-826: Was the sole surviving Executor of the Will of his father-in-law, William Greaves, another Newcastle businessman, when he signed the declaration that all affairs to do with that estate were now complete, 18 May 1907. When the Foundation stone of the Waratah School of Arts was laid by Henry Parkes , John Scholey became a guarantor for the building. He was also Patron of the Northern District Bowling Association from its formation, President of Waratah Bowling Club, and churchwarden (Lay Representative) of St. Andrew's Church of England, Mayfield. Until his death he maintained

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