96-491: In Māori mythology , taniwha ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈtaniɸa] ) are large supernatural beings that live in deep pools in rivers, dark caves, or in the sea, especially in places with dangerous currents or deceptive breakers (giant waves). They may be considered highly respected kaitiaki (protective guardians ) of people and places, or in some traditions as dangerous, predatory beings, which for example would kidnap women to have as wives. Linguists have reconstructed
192-521: A Victoria University of Wellington writing fellowship. Beginning in 1975, Ihimaera stopped his own creative writing for a ten-year period, due to his belief that it was "tragically out of date" and a wish not to have it seen as the "definitive portrayal of the world of the Maori". He instead began working on the anthology Into the World of Light (1982), together with co-editor Don Long . The anthology collected
288-498: A cadet journalist for the Gisborne Herald . He subsequently became a postman, moved to Wellington and started studying part-time at Victoria University of Wellington , where he completed his Bachelor of Arts in 1971. He met librarian and student Jane Cleghorn at university, and they married in 1970. Ihimaera began writing seriously in 1969, around the age of 25, and had his first short story "The Liar" accepted for publication by
384-414: A collection of twenty-four stories selected by Ihimaera. In 2009, Ihimaera published The Trowenna Sea , a novel about the early history of Tasmania . At the time, he planned to write a trilogy. Shortly after publication, book reviewer Jolisa Gracewood detected short passages from other writers, especially from historical sources, used without acknowledgement. Ihimaera apologised for not acknowledging
480-545: A fictional recreation of the town. He began writing at a young age, and in later life recounted writing stories on the wall of his childhood bedroom. He attended Te Karaka District High School for three years and the Church College of New Zealand in Temple View , Hamilton , for one year, after which he completed his final year of schooling at Gisborne Boys' High School . He has said that he became interested in becoming
576-749: A lecturer in the English department at the University of Auckland . He later became Professor of English and Distinguished Creative Fellow in Māori Literature, until 2010. He was awarded a Scholarship in Letters in 1991. In 1993 he received the Katherine Mansfield Memorial Fellowship which allowed him to work in Menton, France , for a period, where he wrote his next two novels: Bulibasha: King of
672-527: A mandatory obligation to recognise and make provision for Māori cultural values in all aspects of resource management when preparing and administering regional and district plans, this includes the mandated Coastal Policy Statement. There is a requirement within the RMA for at least one New Zealand coastal policy statement to be in effect at all times. Thus, with consideration of kaitiakitanga in New Zealand legislation,
768-548: A non-fiction booklet called Māori (1975), later adapted into a short film of the same name in 1981, although he felt the final film was a propaganda exercise that bore little resemblance to his written work. He subsequently worked as a diplomat with posts in Canberra , New York City , and Washington, D.C. In 1975 he was the recipient of the Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago , and in 1982 he received
864-570: A number of issues on tāngata whenua values including water quality issues impacting on kai moana being faced by this Rūnanga that stem from tourism, fishing and other resource uses. In order to provide a framework for the Rūnanga to effectively apply tangata whenua values and policies to natural resource and environmental management in the areaTe Rūnanga o Kaikōura developed Te Poha o Toha Raumati: Te Runanga o Kaikoura Environmental Management Plan (Te Poha). The plan took effect from 2005. Te Poha provides
960-452: A particular ancestral canoe. Once arrived in Aotearoa , they took on a protective role over the descendants of the crew of the canoe they had accompanied. The origins of many other taniwha are unknown. When accorded appropriate respect, taniwha usually acted well towards their people. Taniwha acted as guardians by warning of the approach of enemies, communicating the information via a priest who
1056-509: A play from the perspective of an elder Māori woman who has witnessed key historic events and who Ihimaera describes as the personification of the Treaty of Waitangi . He also published The Uncle's Story (2000), a love story about two generations of gay Māori men, children's picture book The Little Kowhai Tree (2002) (illustrated by Henry Campbell ), and the novel Sky Dancer (2003), featuring Māori myths with contemporary characters. Sky Dancer
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#17328517520691152-487: A rewriting of Katherine Mansfield 's short stories from a Māori perspective, in response to celebrations of 100 years since her birth. The collection was well-received overseas but criticised by New Zealand reviewers for a perceived lack of respect for Mansfield. In a three-week period Ihimaera wrote his best-known work The Whale Rider (1987), the story of a young girl becoming a leader of her people. It has been reprinted many times, read by both adults and children and
1248-663: A section 186b temporary closure as a form of rāhui was proposed and emplaced on the Waiōpuka reef area of the Kaikōura Peninsula, see figure 2. This rahui has been renewed three times and has been very successful. The term kaitiaki is increasingly used in New Zealand for broader roles of trusteeship or guardianship—especially in public sector organisations, as these examples demonstrate: Witi Ihimaera Witi Tame Ihimaera-Smiler DCNZM QSM ( / ˈ w ɪ t i ɪ h i ˈ m aɪ r ə / ; born 7 February 1944)
1344-645: A sequel to his 1986 novel The Matriarch . That same year, Mataora, The Living Face: Contemporary Māori Artists , which he co-edited with Sandy Adsett and Cliff Whiting , received the Montana Award for Illustrative Arts at the Montana New Zealand Book Awards. His poem "O numi tutelar" was recited at the dawn opening of the British Museum's long-awaited 'Maori' Exhibition in 1998. In the early 2000s Ihimaera published Woman Far Walking (2000),
1440-506: A source of food or for spiritual or cultural reasons, has customarily been of special significance to an iwi or hapū. The purpose of acknowledging a taiāpure is to provide improved provision for recognising rangatiratanga and the fisheries rights secured under the Article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi . A management committee for a taiāpure is appointed by the Minister of Fisheries with the members of
1536-422: A taniwha after they died. This happened to Te Tahi-o-te-rangi, who had been a medium for the taniwha, and had been rescued at one time by one of the creatures. Tūheita, an early ancestor who drowned, became a taniwha despite the fact that he had no prior dealings with the mythical beasts. Sometimes relationships are formed between humans and taniwha. Hine-kōrako was a female taniwha who married a human man, and Pānia
1632-785: A taniwha had attacked and eaten a person from a tribe that it had no connection with. Always, the humans manage to outwit and defeat the taniwha. Many of these taniwha are described as beings of lizard-like form, and some of the stories say the huge beasts were cut up and eaten by the slayers. When Hotu-puku, a taniwha of the Rotorua district, was killed, his stomach was cut open to reveal a number of bodies of men, women, and children, whole and still undigested, as well as various body parts. The taniwha had swallowed all that his victims had been carrying, and his stomach also contained weapons of various kinds, darts, greenstone ornaments, shark's teeth, flax clothing, and an assortment of fur and feather cloaks of
1728-504: A taniwha often appears as a whale or a large shark such as southern right whale or whale shark ; compare the Māori name for the great white shark : mangō-taniwha . In inland waters, they may still be of whale-like dimensions, but look more like a gecko or a tuatara , having a row of spines along the back. Other taniwha appear as a floating log, which behaves in a disconcerting way (Orbell 1998:149–150, Reed 1963:297). Some can tunnel through
1824-566: A uniformly high standard", and Graham Wiremu writing in the New Zealand Listener called the anthology "prodigious and powerful". When Ihimaera began writing again, he wrote The Matriarch (1986) which examined the impacts of European colonisation on Māori, and which again received first prize at the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards. Not long after publication, it came to light that Ihimaera had used passages from
1920-511: A wish to develop iwi resource management plans. The Fisheries Act 1996, under Part 9 and in particular Section 186, and South Island Customary Fisheries Regulations 1999 provides for a number of legal tools derived from traditional kaitiakitanga methods for sustainability that may be applied by local iwi in relation to customary fishing rights and assist local iwi in the sustainable management and protection of their traditional mahinga kai gathering sites. A taiāpure identifies an area that, as
2016-471: A writer was voiced that day. I said to myself that I was going to write a book about Māori people, not just because it had to be done but because I needed to unpoison the stories already written about Māori; and it would be taught in every school in New Zealand, whether they wanted it or not. After high school, Ihimaera attended the University of Auckland for three years, from 1963 to 1966, but did not complete his degree, and returned to Gisborne where he became
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#17328517520692112-456: A writer when he was fifteen and realised that Māori did not feature in the books he read. His schoolteacher then instructed his class to read the short story "The Whare" by Pākehā writer Douglas Stewart , about a young man who encounters a Māori settlement. He found the story "so poisonous" that he threw the book out of the window and was caned for doing so. Writing about the incident in his 2014 memoir Māori Boy , he said: My ambition to be
2208-459: A written statement that consolidates Ngāti Kuri values, knowledge and perspectives on natural resource and environmental management issues, including the coastal marine area and is an expression of kaitiakitanga. The plan has a number of stated purposes: to describe the values underpinning the relationship between Ngāti Kuri and the natural environment, to identify the primary issues associated with natural resource and environmental management within
2304-502: Is a New Zealand author. Raised in the small town of Waituhi , he decided to become a writer as a teenager after being convinced that Māori people were ignored or mischaracterised in literature. He was the first Māori writer to publish a collection of short stories, with Pounamu, Pounamu (1972), and the first to publish a novel, with Tangi (1973). After his early works, he took a ten-year break from writing, during which he focused on editing an anthology of Māori writing in English. From
2400-478: Is a legendary creature in the trading card game Magic: The Gathering. In 1874, the mosasaur Taniwhasaurus , first discovered in New Zealand, was named for the Taniwha. In the movie Once Were Warriors , the character Grace Heke can be seen telling her siblings a story about Taniwha outside the family home. Kaitiaki Kaitiakitanga is a New Zealand Māori term used for the concept of guardianship of
2496-399: Is a proactive and preventative approach to environmental management, this traditional management system has not always had an opportunity to address large scale environmental degradation . Traditionally all Māori trace their whakapapa (ancestry and relationships) to the beginning of existence, the single entity that became Ranginui and Papatūānuku . Ranginui became the sky and Papatūānuku
2592-606: Is a temporary closure. A temporary closure is allowed for under Section 186 of the Fisheries Act 1996 and provides for fishing to cease or be restricted in New Zealand waters of the South Island as part of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. The purpose of a rāhui is to improve the size and/or availability of fish stocks, or to recognise their use and management by tāngata whenua. However, under Section 186b of
2688-503: Is currently in proposal form. Te Korowai membership is not only that of Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura, but also local organisations involved at differing levels of responsibility such as Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Kaikōura District Council and various concerned government ministries and interest groups. It is this inclusion of local, regional and national organisations that strengthens the opportunities for Ngāti Kuri values and kaitiakitanga principles to be supported in any proposed implementations in
2784-494: Is eventually enticed to come to the local village for a feast, where he is ambushed and killed by the villagers. In each version of the story, upon his death the monster's tail detaches itself and is thrown far away into a body of water. In the version of Wainui Bay, and the Tākaka Māori, the tail lands in the pool at the base of Wainui Falls . Sometimes, a person who had dealings with taniwha during their lifetime might turn into
2880-447: Is for all those ancestors who have made us all the people we are. It is also for the generations to come, to show them that even when you aren't looking, destiny has a job for you to do." In 2017, Ihimaera was awarded a Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement . The selection panel described him "as one of New Zealand's most important post-colonial writers, who has consistently proved to be an outstanding storyteller, celebrated as
2976-416: Is holistic. It is a system that ensures peace within the environment, providing a process for preventing intrusions that cause permanent imbalances and guarding against environmental damage. Kaitiakitanga is a concept that has "roots deeply embedded in the complex code of tikanga ”. Kaitiakitanga is a broad notion that includes the ideas of guardianship, care, and wise management. However, while kaitiakitanga
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3072-538: Is now actually nearer to the truth than I would like to admit." After the publication of the novel, Ihimaera and his wife remained married, but no longer lived together. A decade after his anthology Into the World of Light (1982), Ihimaera edited the five-volume bilingual anthology of Māori writing, Te Ao Marama ("the world of light"), published between 1992 and 1996. It represented the most comprehensive collection of writing by Māori writers that had been published at that time. In 1997 he published The Dream Swimmer ,
3168-481: Is said to have arrived in New Zealand with the early voyaging canoes and her eleven sons are credited with creating the various branches of the Hokianga Harbour (Orbell 1995:184–185). There has been some speculation based on several marine sightings and on purported habitat & physical representations that the Taniwha myth may be based on periodic populations of Saltwater Crocodile which rarely end up crossing
3264-673: The New Zealand Listener magazine in May 1970. Six of his stories were read by George Henare on Radio New Zealand in 1969. Ihimaera's first book, Pounamu Pounamu (1972), was a collection of short stories, which was awarded third prize at the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards in 1973. Ihimaera has said it was rejected by three publishers before being accepted by the fourth. His first two novels were published in quick succession: Tangi (1973), which won first prize at
3360-557: The Arts Foundation of New Zealand Laureate Award , for which he received NZ$ 50,000. In the same year he received the prestigious Māori arts award Te Tohutiketike a Te Waka Toi at the 2009 Creative New Zealand Te Waka Toi Awards . The award is made to artists who are "exemplary in their chosen field of artistic endeavour". On receiving the award, Ihimaera said it was a recognition of his iwi : "Without them, I would have nothing to write about and there would be no Ihimaera. So this award
3456-520: The Ministry of Fisheries so that the following year’s catch limits can be set allowing for customary use beyond the recreational fishing bag-limits. Tangata Tiaki/Kaitiaki may decide to develop management plans for the fisheries within their rōhe for approval by the local tāngata whenua. For the purposes of the RMA these plans are called "Iwi Planning Documents", there being requirement for these plans to be considered in any resource management planning. Under
3552-693: The New Zealand Book Awards spanning the period 1973 to 2016, the Robert Burns Fellowship (1975), the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship (1993), and a Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement (2017). Until 2010 he was the Professor of English and Distinguished Creative Fellow in Māori Literature at the University of Auckland . He has since published two volumes of his memoirs: Māori Boy: A Memoir of Childhood (2014) and Native Son: The Writer's Memoir (2019). Ihimaera
3648-487: The Waipāoa River . In their role as guardians, taniwha were vigilant to ensure that the people respected the restrictions imposed by tapu . They made certain that any violations of tapu were punished. Taniwha were especially dangerous to people from other tribes. There are many legends of battles with taniwha, both on land and at sea. Often these conflicts took place soon after the settlement of New Zealand, generally after
3744-522: The sky , the sea , and the land. A kaitiaki is a guardian , and the process and practices of protecting and looking after the environment are referred to as kaitiakitanga . The concept and terminology have been increasingly brought into public policy on trusteeship or guardianship—in particular with the environmental and resource controls under the Resource Management Act . The long-established Māori system of environmental management
3840-512: The 2016 Ockham New Zealand Book Awards . The second instalment, Native Son: A Writer's Memoir was published in 2019, and covers his early adult years in the 1960s and 1970s and how he became a published writer. After finishing Native Son , he decided to take a four-year break from writing, but ended up instead writing Navigating the Stars: Māori Creation Myths (2020), a modern re-telling of traditional Maori legends. In 2019,
3936-448: The Fisheries Act 1996 a temporary closure may not be in force beyond 2 years after the date of its notification, but the rāhui may be extended beyond the two-year period. A rahui can be applied for and emplaced for any particular seasons, months, weeks, days or dates. Kaikōura is a small coastal community on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand with a long history of coastal resource use and remains an important component of
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4032-419: The Fisheries Act, plans can also be used for the development of sustainability measures for those fisheries in the rōhe of the tāngata whenua. Moreover, a kaitiaki has a dual responsibility: firstly, the aim of protecting the mauri ; and secondly, the duty to pass the environment to future generations in a state which is as good as, or better than, the current state. Under the RMA all those exercising power have
4128-565: The Gardens of Spain , a semi-autobiographical novel about a man coming out . Like Ihimaera, the main character was married with two daughters, but unlike Ihimaera the main character was Pākehā (European). Ihimaera had accepted his sexuality in 1984 and began the work, but out of sensitivity to his daughters, did not finish or publish it then. The novel was described by scholar Roger Robinson as featuring "conflict, growth and reconciliation, with subplots heroic, political and tragic". Robinson said it
4224-521: The Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards in 1974, and Whanau (1974), which told the story of a day in the life of a Māori village. He was the first Māori writer to publish a collection of short stories and the first to publish a novel. Norman Kirk , then the prime minister of New Zealand, read Pounamu Pounamu and arranged for Ihimaera to be employed as a writer at the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1973. During his career he wrote
4320-709: The Gypsies (1994) and Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1996). Bulibasha: King of the Gypsies was awarded the prize for Fiction at the Montana New Zealand Book Awards in 1995. It was described in The Dominion Post as "a rollicking good yarn about Maori rural life in the 1950s", and Ihimaera himself has said he was intending to write a Māori Western . The novel was adapted into the 2016 film Mahana by Lee Tamahori (released as The Patriarch outside of New Zealand). In 1996, he published Nights in
4416-420: The Minister of Fisheries. Such reserves identify places of importance for customary food gathering and these reserves can only be applied for over traditional fishing grounds, and must be areas of special significance to the tāngata whenua. Commercial fishing is prohibited within these reserves. Tāngata whenua appoint tānagata tiaki to manage mātaitai, which a tāngata tiaki does by creating the bylaws. A rāhui
4512-571: The New Zealand Fisheries Act 1996 , Part 9, provides for customary fisheries management, without directly identifying this management as kaitiakitanga. Further, there is the role of Tangata Tiaki who are chosen by iwi and hapū groups and appointed by the Ministry of Fisheries to act as guardians for a specific area. Tangata Tiaki are responsible for issuing permits to catch fish in their area for customary use and must report these catches to
4608-542: The RMA the concept of kaitiakitanga has been given a statutory definition. This definition of kaitiakitanga was given within the RMA in section 2(1) as “the exercise of guardianship; and in relation to a resource, includes the ethic of stewardship based on the nature of the resource itself”. However, opposition to this definition and interpretation resulted in this being amended in the Resource Management Amendment Act 1997 to “the exercise of guardianship by
4704-549: The Taniwha myth but identifies it with such cryptids as the Loch Ness Monster . In the song " Dirty Creature ", by New Zealand art rock group Split Enz , the Taniwha is described as rising from "the river of dread" and paralyzing its victims with "tentacles on the brain" that "bind and gag [their] wits." In the first episode of the second series of Wellington Paranormal , the police investigate missing fishermen around Wellington Harbour and encounter two taniwha. Taniwha
4800-470: The abode of their legendary protector. This taniwha was said to have the appearance of large white eel, and Ngāti Naho argued that it must not be removed but rather move on of its own accord; to remove the taniwha would be to invite trouble. Television New Zealand reported in November 2002 that Transit New Zealand had negotiated a deal with Ngāti Naho under which "concessions have been put in place to ensure that
4896-447: The book's publisher Penguin Books removed the book from public sale. Ihimaera purchased the remaining stock himself. A revised edition, with fuller acknowledgements, originally planned for 2010, was subsequently cancelled, with no reasons given for the decision. Some literary commentators, such as Vincent O'Sullivan , C.K. Stead and Mark Williams , criticised the university's response to
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#17328517520694992-495: The coastal environment”. This includes among others to provide opportunities for Māori involvement in decision making, such as to “take into account any relevant iwi resource management plan and any other relevant planning document recognised by the appropriate iwi authority or hapū”. Any iwi resource management plan needs to be lodged with a relevant regional or district council. Further, councils are also required to consider practical assistance to those iwi or hapū who have indicated
5088-443: The committee being nominated by the tāngata whenua. The taiāpure management committee has the role of recommending regulations that allow a taiāpure to be managed for the conservation and management of the fish, aquatic life, or seaweed in the taiāpure-local fishery and to allow the taiāpure function according to custom. Regulations may be related to the following: a. the species of fish, aquatic life or seaweed that may be taken, b.
5184-401: The courts." Māori academic Ranginui Walker said that in the modern age a taniwha was the manifestation of a coping mechanism for some Māori. It did not mean there actually was a creature lurking in the water, it was just their way of indicating they were troubled by some incident or event. In 2010 there was an episode of Destination Truth where Josh Gates and his team went looking for
5280-596: The earth, uprooting trees in the process. Legends credit certain taniwha with creating harbours by carving out a channel to the ocean. Wellington 's harbour, Te Whanganui-a-Tara , was reputedly carved out by two taniwha. The petrified remains of one of them turned into a hill overlooking the city. Lake Waikaremoana in Te Urewera Ranges area of Wairoa District was also reputedly carved out by taniwha. Other taniwha allegedly caused landslides beside lakes or rivers. Taniwha can either be male or female. The taniwha Āraiteuru
5376-406: The eleven chapters in the book to the writings of Ihimaera, indicating his importance within the context of New Zealand literature. Fox describes his epic novel The Matriarch as "one of the major and most telling 'monuments' of New Zealand's cultural history in the late twentieth century as far as the situation of Māori in this postcolonial society is concerned", noting that Ihimaera "has remained at
5472-496: The entry on Māori land in An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand (1966), written by Keith Sorrenson, without acknowledgement. Ihimaera apologised to Sorrenson at the time. Mark Williams later noted that the consequences for Ihimaera were minor, and he became a professor in the year of the book's publication. He also wrote a libretto for an opera by Ross Harris , based on his second novel Whanau , and Dear Miss Mansfield (1989),
5568-488: The existence of taniwha have a potential for controversy but there has been a change in the way they are viewed; rather than being derided for holding up development and infrastructure projects they are becoming recognised as indicators of natural hazards. In 2002, Ngāti Naho, a Māori tribe from the Meremere district, successfully ensured that part of the country's major highway, State Highway 1 , be rerouted in order to protect
5664-679: The forefront of Māori arts and letters to an unprecedented degree, with an impressive output across a range of genres". As part of the Auckland Arts Festival 2011, musician Charlotte Yates directed and produced the stage project "Ihimaera", featuring Ihimaera's lyrics about his life and works, and with performances by New Zealand musicians including Victoria Girling-Butcher , Paul Ubana Jones , Ruia Aperahama and Horomona Horo . Yates had previously created similar projects as tributes to New Zealand poets James K. Baxter and Hone Tuwhare , and chose Ihimaera for her third project because he
5760-558: The frequently socially and politically contentious coastal environment. Based from local knowledge and best available science the Kaikoura Marine Strategy has a vision formed around four outcomes and four “cross cutting implementation actions”. These outcomes are fishing for abundance, protecting local treasures, living sustainably and sustaining customary practices with the implementation actions being engaging understanding, governance, compliance and monitoring and review. For
5856-400: The highest quality. Many taniwha were killers but in this particular instance the taniwha Kaiwhare was eventually tamed by Tāmure. Tāmure lived at Hauraki and was understood to have a magical mere / pounamu with powers to defeat taniwha. The Manukau people then called for Tāmure to help kill the taniwha. Tāmure and Kaiwhare wrestled and Tāmure clubbed the taniwha over the head. Although he
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#17328517520695952-420: The identity of the local tāngata whenua. Manawhenua (tribal authority) over this area is held by Ngāti Kuri, one of 18 Ngāi Tahu papatipu rūnanga , and have had increased opportunities to develop a local community management strategy, incorporating socio-cultural values along with those of the biophysical. This has been done in cooperation with government, fisheries stakeholders and community agencies. There are
6048-537: The incident. Keith Sorrenson said that the events suggested Ihimaera had "learnt nothing" from his earlier plagiarism of Sorrenson's work in The Matriarch (1986). His twelfth novel, The Parihaka Woman (2011), featured elements of the opera Fidelio and the history of Parihaka and the campaign of non-violent resistance. Michael O'Leary , writing in the online edition of Landfall , called it an "intriguing and significant, if somewhat flawed, work"; he praised
6144-457: The late 1980s onwards, Ihimaera wrote prolifically. In his novels, plays, short stories and opera librettos , he examines contemporary Māori culture, legends and history, and the impacts of colonisation in New Zealand. He has said that "Māori culture is the taonga , the treasure vault from which I source my inspiration". His 1987 novel The Whale Rider is his best-known work, read widely by children and adults both in New Zealand and overseas. It
6240-705: The management of natural resources, wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga, but also to give assistance to local, territorial and national authorities to understand Ngāti Kuri values and perspectives, and fulfil their statutory obligations under the Resource Management Act 1991, Conservation Act 1987 and other environmental legislation. In addition to the Environmental Management Plan there is the Kaikōura Marine Strategy developed by Te Korowai o Te Tai ō Marokura (Kaikōura Coastal Marine Guardians) and
6336-410: The mother earth, with their children taking the form of the various physical elements that humans eventually emerged from. This genealogy is a bond between humans and the rest of the physical world both "immutable and inseparable". Papatūānuku, embodied in the physical form of the earth continues to provide sustenance for all. Accordingly, Māori read more into the interpretation of kaitiakitanga than just
6432-658: The novel's efforts to tackle the horrific events at Parihaka in the late nineteenth century, and the demonstration of the rich cultural life of Māori in that period, but also noted some issues in the detail of Ihimaera's use of Māori lore and in historical accuracies. Reviewers for the Sunday Star-Times , Otago Daily Times and The New Zealand Herald were more negative, and all noted Ihimaera's use of an amateur historian as narrator; they noted that this device allowed him to add numerous citations and references, and avoid any further accusations of plagiarism, but detracted from
6528-434: The passages, said the omission was inadvertent and negligent, and pointed to many pages of other sources that he had acknowledged. The University of Auckland investigated the incident and ruled that Ihimaera's actions did not constitute misconduct in research, as the actions did not appear to be deliberate and Ihimaera had apologised. Gracewood subsequently found additional passages that had been copied without explanation, and
6624-655: The play Witi's Wāhine premiered at Te Tairāwhiti Arts Festival . Written by playwright Nancy Brunning , who died in the same year, the play is a tribute to female characters in Ihimaera's works. Ihimaera wrote the script for a stage show adaptation of Navigating the Stars , produced by theatre company Taki Rua , which was performed at the Soundshell in the Wellington Botanic Garden in early 2021. In 2022, Pounamu Pounamu
6720-432: The practical significance of kaitiakitanga in coastal resource management can be explored. In particular, Policy 2 of the 2010 New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement This calls for coastal managers to take into account a number of aspects regarding tāngata whenua concerns regarding the coastal environment. This includes providing tāngata whenua opportunities to exercise kaitiakitanga “over waters, forests, lands, and fisheries in
6816-416: The quality of the writing. It was followed by the short-story collection The Thrill of Falling (2012), in which Ihimaera explored a range of genres including contemporary comedy and science fiction. Māori Boy: A Memoir of Childhood (2014) was the first instalment of Ihimaera's memoirs and recorded experiences from his childhood up till his teenage years. It received the award for General Non-Fiction at
6912-439: The quantity of each species that may be taken, c. the dates or seasons that each species may be taken, the size limits relating to each species that may be taken, d. the method by which each species may be taken and e. the area or areas in which each species may be taken. Mātaitai are reserves where the tāngata whenua manage all non-commercial fishing by making bylaws, which apply equally to all individuals having been approved by
7008-475: The restoration of titular honours by the New Zealand government, he declined redesignation as a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. In 2004, Ihimaera received an honorary doctorate from Victoria University of Wellington. In the same year, he undertook a residency in world literature at George Washington University , funded by Fulbright New Zealand. In 2009 he was one of five recipients of
7104-534: The strait from Australia. Northern New Zealand presently appears to be just outside the temperature range where a population can sustain itself indefinitely, dying out during unusually cold winters. Most taniwha have associations with tribal groups; each group may have a taniwha of its own. The taniwha Ureia, depicted on this page, was associated as a guardian with the Māori people of the Hauraki district . Many well-known taniwha arrived from Hawaiki , often as guardians of
7200-656: The surface meaning of the words translated into English. A number of government acts provide for recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi and kaitiakitanga, including the Conservation Act of 1987, though perhaps most importantly is the Resource Management Act of 1991 (RMA) and its amendments. Under Section 7 of the RMA all individuals exercising functions and powers in relation to managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical resources are required to “have particular regard” to kaitiakitanga amongst others. Through
7296-483: The takiwā, articulate Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura policies and management guidelines for natural resource and environmental management, including the coastal environment, and to provide continuity between the past, the present and the future. All these purposes are intended to be viewed and be consistent with Ngāti Kuri values. Further, the stated purpose of this plan is to provide a tool for Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura to not only effectively and proactively apply Ngāti Kuri values to
7392-428: The taniwha are respected". Some like the journalist Brian Rudman have criticised such deals in respect of 'secretive taniwha which rise up from swamps and river beds every now and again, demanding a tithe from Transit New Zealand'. In 2001 "another notable instance of taniwha featuring heavily within the public eye was that of a proposed Northland prison site at Ngawha which was eventually granted approval through
7488-532: The taniwha, but turned up no good evidence. In 2021, the 28th Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand Nanaia Mahuta characterised China–New Zealand relations as the relationship between a taniwha and a dragon. Moʻo or Moho , reptilian deities which can be seen in Hawaiian lore, strongly share characteristics with Taniwha as being both protector and harmful to men, shape-shifting, and so on. The Power Rangers Dino Charge episode "Deep Down Under" mentions
7584-399: The tāngata whenua of an area in accordance with tikanga Māori in relation to natural and physical resources; and includes the ethics of stewardship”. Despite this definition in RMA, it is the rūnanga holding manawhenua tribal authority over a particular area or resource that will be able to determine the characteristics of kaitiakitanga and how this will be expressed. In addition to the RMA,
7680-475: The tāngata whenua of this coastal area there has been concern over the prevalence of black market and poaching of fish and other seafood in the Kaikōura area. Further, with no fisheries officer based in Kaikōura it is the local community that have been mostly required to monitor the fishing in the area. Due to the pressures from the combination of recreational, commercial and customary harvesters depleting fish stocks
7776-530: The woman bore the taniwha six sons, with three like their father and three fully human. She educated all her sons and in particular taught her human sons the art of war, helping them to fashion and use weapons. The human sons then killed their three taniwha brothers, and eventually their father. They all went back to their homes. "In more recent years, taniwha have featured prominently in New Zealand news broadcasts—due to taniwha spirits being referenced in both court cases and in various legal negotiations." Beliefs in
7872-557: The word taniwha to Proto-Oceanic * tanifa , with the meaning "shark species". In Tongan and Niuean , tenifa refers to a large dangerous shark, as does the Samoan tanifa ; the Tokelauan tanifa is a sea-monster that eats people. In most other Polynesian languages , the cognate words refer to sharks or simply fish. Some anthropologists have stated that the taniwha has "analogues that appear within other Polynesian cosmologies ". At sea,
7968-431: The work of 39 Māori writers. In Ihimaera and Long's introduction, they said that Māori oral tradition formed the context for Māori literature, and observed that the apparent lack of Māori writing in the mid-20th century was due to publishers' reluctance to publish books by Māori writers because of a belief that Māori "don't read books". The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature described the collected works as being "of
8064-450: Was "a writer with a huge body of work that I can give to a number of musicians for them to put their heart and soul to". In the 1986 Queen's Birthday Honours , Ihimaera was awarded the Queen's Service Medal for public services. In the 2004 Queen's Birthday Honours , he was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit , for services to literature. In 2009, following
8160-657: Was "no small achievement to take this material off the grubby walls of public toilets, free it from sleaze, write it with vivid passion and through it affirm and celebrate a way of life of which most of us know almost nothing". In a review for The Dominion Post , Gavin McLean described it as Ihimaera's best book to date, and noted that much of the book's impact came from the intensity of the main character's relationship with his parents and his "desperate need to do better by his children"; "Unlike characters in many similar novels, coming out does not mean discarding all one's past." In 2010, it
8256-411: Was a medium; sometimes the taniwha saved people from drowning. Because they lived in dangerous or dark and gloomy places, the people were careful to placate the taniwha with appropriate offerings if they needed to be in the vicinity or to pass by its lair. These offerings were often of a green twig, accompanied by a fitting incantation. In harvest time, the first kūmara ( sweet potato ) or the first taro
8352-440: Was a woman from the sea who married a human and gave birth to a taniwha (Orbell 1998:150). In the legend "The Taniwha of Kaipara " three sisters went out to pick berries. One of the sisters was particularly beautiful. The taniwha caused havoc on their walk back and the sisters fled. The taniwha caught the sisters one by one, trying to capture the beautiful one. On succeeding, he then took her back to his cave. Many years passed and
8448-483: Was adapted into the critically acclaimed film of the same name in 2002. It won the Nielsen BookData New Zealand Booksellers' Choice Award in 2003. It was published and read internationally; Kirkus Reviews described it as a "luminous joining of myth and contemporary culture". In 1989, he left his job as a diplomat at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the following year he became
8544-563: Was adapted into the critically acclaimed 2002 film Whale Rider directed by Niki Caro . His semi-autobiographical novel Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1996) was about a married man coming to terms with his homosexuality. In later works he has dealt with historical events such as the campaign of non-violent resistance at Parihaka in the late nineteenth century. Ihimaera is an influential figure in New Zealand literature, and over his long career has won numerous awards and fellowships, including multiple awards for both fiction and non-fiction at
8640-519: Was adapted into the film Kawa by director Katie Wolfe . The central character was changed from Pākehā to Māori businessman Kawa, played by Calvin Tuteao . In an article in The Sunday Star Times , Ihimaera was quoted as saying the change "was quite a shock to me because I had always tried to hide, to say 'this is a book that could be about "everyman", this is not a specific story'. So [the film]
8736-611: Was born in Gisborne , a city in the east of New Zealand's North Island and is of Māori descent. His iwi (tribe) is Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki . He has affiliations to Ngāi Tūhoe , Te Whānau-ā-Apanui , Ngāti Kahungunu , Ngāi Tāmanuhiri , Rongowhakaata , Ngāti Porou , and Whakatōhea . He also has Scottish ancestry through both parents. His family marae is Te Rongopai Marae in Waituhi , and he grew up in Waituhi—many of his stories are set in
8832-566: Was often presented to the taniwha. Arising from the role of taniwha as tribal guardians, the word can also refer in a complimentary way to chiefs. The famous saying of the Tainui people of the Waikato district plays on this double meaning: Waikato taniwha rau (Waikato of a hundred chiefs) (Mead & Groves 2001:421). Witi Ihimaera , author of The Whale Rider , says that he has a female kaitiaki (guardian) taniwha named Hine Te Ariki who lives in
8928-588: Was published in 2005, which featured both a revised version of his first novel Tangi (1973) and a new sequel The Return . His short story collection Ask at the Posts of the House (2007) was longlisted for the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award , and one of the novellas included in that collection was adapted into the 2013 film White Lies . In 2003, and again in 2009, Penguin New Zealand published His Best Stories ,
9024-649: Was re-issued by Penguin Random House with a new introduction by Ihimaera. In 2023, he edited an anthology of non-fiction Māori writing, Ngā Kupu Wero . Ihimaera has been recognised as "one of the world's leading indigenous writers". Literary scholar and Professor Emeritus at the University of Otago Alistair Fox in The Ship of Dreams: Masculinity in Contemporary New Zealand Fiction (2008) devotes four of
9120-617: Was shortlisted for Best Book in the South Pacific & South East Asian Region of the 2004 Commonwealth Writers' Prize . In 2004, he published Whanau II , which featured the characters of his second novel Whanau (1974), and which was subsequently published in London under the title Band of Angels (2005). His novella "The Halcyon Summer" was published in Nine New Zealand Novellas (2005), edited by Peter Simpson . The Rope of Man
9216-400: Was unable to kill it, his actions tamed the taniwha. Kaiwhare still lives in the waters but now lives on kōura ( crayfish ) and wheke ( octopus ). Ngārara Huarau is a taniwha known from the myths of several groups of Māori in the northern South Island. In most versions of the story, the monster eats several villagers and captures a young woman whom he keeps in a cave by the sea. Ngārara Huarau
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