55-507: For technical reasons , "T_T" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, see List of emoticons . [REDACTED] Look up TT , Tt , tt , or .tt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. TT , Tt , tt , or .tt may refer to: Arts and entertainment [ edit ] Gaming [ edit ] Manx TT Super Bike , an arcade racing game by Sega Tourist Trophy (video game) ,
110-503: A solidly earthed system, earth fault current can be as much as the available short-circuit current. The neutral earthing resistor is monitored to detect an interrupted ground connection and to shut off power if a fault is detected. To avoid accidental shock, current sensing circuits are used at the source to isolate the power when leakage current exceeds a certain limit. Residual-current devices (RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) are used for this purpose. Previously, an earth leakage circuit breaker
165-421: A 1968 Doctor Who serial T.T., a fictional character in the film The Forever Purge Thomas Thorpe (T.T.), the publisher of Shakespeare's sonnets Business and organizations [ edit ] TT Electronics , a British maker of automotive components Tom Tailor , a German clothing company TT Games , a British software producer TT News Agency , a Swedish news agency TT Technologies ,
220-438: A 2-door sports car produced by Audi TT (New York City Subway service) , a former New York City Subway service, US Other uses [ edit ] Therapeutic touch , a pseudoscientific energy therapy TT pistol , a Soviet military automatic pistol designed by Fedor Tokarev TT scale , a niche model railroading scale Trinidad and Tobago (ISO 3166 code) Trust Territory , a former geopolitical status TT bar,
275-621: A construction equipment manufacturer ThunderTalk Gaming , a Chinese esports organization Tigerair Australia (former IATA code: TT), a former low-cost airline Toytown Germany , a website for English-speaking foreigners in Germany Order and Justice (abbreviated TT in Lithuanian), a political party in Lithuania Language [ edit ] Tatar language (ISO 639-1 code) TT, an emoticon indicating tears streaming from
330-758: A face, unless winking, in which case a semicolon is used. However, an equals sign, a number 8, a capital letter B or a capital letter X are also used to indicate normal eyes, widened eyes, those with glasses or those with crinkled eyes, respectively. Symbols for the mouth vary, e.g. ")" for a smiley face or "(" for a sad face. One can also add a "}" after the mouth character to indicate a beard. :)) ;> T-T x_x x_X o_o o‑o Eastern emoticons generally are not rotated sideways, and may include non-Latin characters to allow for additional complexity. These emoticons first arose in Japan, where they are referred to as kaomoji (literally "face characters"). The base form consists of
385-530: A kind of transformation used in computability theory <tt>...</tt> (short for teletype), an HTML presentation element that writes text in monospace font Other science and technology [ edit ] TT earthing system (terre-terre), a system of electrical earthing Tiny Telephone , a type of phone connector Telegraphic transfer (T/T), a method of transferring money Terrestrial Time , an astronomical time standard Sports [ edit ] Time trial , in racing sports,
440-444: A low-impedance metallic conductor between equipment enclosures and supply return (such as in a TT separately earthed system), fault currents are smaller, and will not necessarily operate the over-current protection device. In such case a residual-current device is installed to detect the current leaking to ground and interrupt the circuit. International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing arrangements, using
495-410: A means of communication between the various components of the earthing and lightning protection installations (earthing rods, earthing conductors, current leads, busbars , etc.). For high voltage installations, exothermic welding is used for underground connections. Soil resistance is a major aspect in the design and calculation of an earthing system/grounding installation. Its resistance determines
550-578: A motorcycle racing game for the PlayStation 2 T.T., a character in Diddy Kong Racing Music [ edit ] "TT" (song) , a song by Twice Tritone , the musical interval of an augmented fourth or diminished fifth Theresa Wayman (born 1980), American musician, stage name TT Tying Tiffany (born 1978), Italian singer, stage name TT Other arts and entertainment [ edit ] The Dominators (production code: TT),
605-451: A purpose other than electrical safety. Example purposes include electromagnetic interference (EMI) filtering in an EMI filter, and the use of the Earth as a return path in a single-wire earth return distribution system. In low-voltage networks , which distribute the electric power to the widest class of end users, the main concern for design of earthing systems is safety of consumers who use
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#1732848411161660-794: A race against the clock to secure the fastest time TT Pro League , a professional association football league for clubs in Trinidad and Tobago Motorcycle races [ edit ] Isle of Man TT , an annual motor-cycle racing event held on the Isle of Man TT Zero , an Isle of Man TT race for solo motorcycles producing low-emissions Dutch TT , a motorcycling event, held on the last Saturday of June Welsh TT, historic motorcycle road races originally held annually on Pendine Sands , Wales, UK circa 1920 Welsh TT, historic motorcycle road races originally held annually at Mynydd Epynt , Wales, UK circa 1950 Transportation [ edit ] Audi TT ,
715-415: A sequence of an opening round parenthesis, a character for the left eye, a character for the mouth or nose, a character for the right eye and a closing round parenthesis. The parentheses are often omitted for well-known kaomoji. The mouth/nose part may also be omitted if the eyes are much more important. Most East Asian characters are usually inscribed in an invisible square with a fixed width. Although there
770-439: A system to protect them from lightning strikes. Telegraph lines may use the Earth as one conductor of a circuit, saving the cost of installation of a return wire over a long circuit. Radio antennas may require particular grounding for operation, as well as to control static electricity and provide lightning protection. There are three main purposes for earthing: System earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety throughout
825-785: A ten tola gold bar Theban Tombs, discoverer of the tombs of Theban Necropolis , Egypt See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "tt" or "T.T." on Misplaced Pages. Atari TT030 , a computer based on the Motorola 68030 CPU TT-Line , a German shipping company TT-Line Company, a ferry company operating the Spirit of Tasmania service, Australia Pi (letter) (Π) TTT (disambiguation) 2T (disambiguation) T2 (disambiguation) T-square (disambiguation) Tourist Trophy (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with TT All pages with titles containing TT Topics referred to by
880-473: A three-phase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer. This arrangement is a current standard for residential and industrial electric systems particularly in Europe. The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts of the consumer's electrical installation is called protective earth ( PE ; see also: Ground ). The conductor that connects to
935-604: Is also a history of half-width characters , many Japanese, Korean and Chinese fonts include full-width forms for the letters of the basic roman alphabet and also include digits and punctuation as found in US ASCII . These fixed-width forms are also available in Unicode. Mostly depending on the input mode available, kaomoji may use these Eastern forms of Western characters, but hardly ever rely on any particular width to be discernible. A number of Eastern emoticons were originally developed on
990-414: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages List of emoticons This is a list of emoticons or textual portrayals of a writer's moods or facial expressions in the form of icons . Originally, these icons consisted of ASCII art , and later, Shift JIS art and Unicode art . In recent times, graphical icons, both static and animated, have joined
1045-607: Is grounded (earthed) at each consumer service point thereby effectively bringing the neutral potential difference towards zero along the whole length of LV lines. In the IEC 60364 terminology this is called TN-C-S. In North America, the term "multigrounded neutral" system (MGN) is used. In the UK and some Commonwealth countries, the term "PNE", meaning phase-neutral-earth is used to indicate that three (or more for non-single-phase connections) conductors are used, i.e., PN-S. A resistance earth system
1100-411: Is not an earth connection, technically speaking. When current flows from a line conductor to an earth wire, as is the case when a line conductor makes contact with an earthed surface in a Class I appliance, an automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) device such as a circuit breaker or a residual-current device (RCD) will automatically open the circuit to clear the fault. Functional earthing serves
1155-733: Is offset by inherent drawback that the fault location is hard to detect. According to the IEEE standards, grounding rods are made from material such as copper and steel . For choosing a grounding rod there are several selection criteria such as: corrosion resistance, diameter depending on the fault current , conductivity and others. There are several types derived from copper and steel: copper-bonded, stainless-steel, solid copper, galvanized steel ground. In recent decades, there has been developed chemical grounding rods for low impedance ground containing natural electrolytic salts. and Nano-Carbon Fiber Grounding rods. Connectors for earthing installation are
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#17328484111611210-404: Is only possible on a network when the neutral is suitably robust against failure, and conversion is not always possible. The PEN must be suitably reinforced against failure, as an open circuit PEN can impress full phase voltage on any exposed metal connected to the system earth downstream of the break. The alternative is to provide a local earth and convert to TT. The main attraction of a TN network
1265-494: Is that in the East, the eyes play the primary role in facial expressions, while in the West, the whole face tends to be used. Western style emoticons are mostly written from left to right as though the head is rotated counter-clockwise 90 degrees. One will most commonly see the eyes on the left, followed by the nose (often omitted) and then the mouth. Typically, a colon is used for the eyes of
1320-419: Is the low impedance earth path allows easy automatic disconnection (ADS) on a high current circuit in the case of a line-to-PE fault as the same breaker or fuse will operate for either L-N or L-PE faults, and an RCD is not needed to detect earth faults. In a TT (Latin: terra–terra) earthing system, the protective earth connection for the consumer is provided by a local earth electrode, (sometimes referred to as
1375-412: Is used for conductors bonding an Earth/Ground rod, electrode or similar to a service panel. The "local" Earth/Ground electrode provides "system grounding" at each building where it is installed. The "Grounded" current carrying conductor is the system "neutral". Australian and New Zealand standards use a modified protective multiple earthing (PME ) system called multiple earthed neutral (MEN). The neutral
1430-468: Is used for mining in India as per Central Electricity Authority Regulations. Instead of a solid connection of neutral to earth, a neutral grounding resistor (NGR) is used to limit the current to ground to less than 750 mA. Due to the fault current restriction it is safer for gassy mines. Since the earth leakage is restricted, leakage protection devices can be set to less than 750 mA. By comparison, in
1485-417: Is used. In industrial applications, earth leakage relays are used with separate core balanced current transformers. This protection works in the range of milli-Amps and can be set from 30 mA to 3000 mA. A separate pilot wire is run from distribution/ equipment supply system in addition to earth wire, to supervise the continuity of the wire. This is used in the trailing cables of mining machinery. If
1540-727: The ground , typically the equipments conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Regulations may identify special cases for earthing in mines, in patient care areas, or in hazardous areas of industrial plants. In addition to electric power systems, other systems may require grounding for safety or function. Tall structures may have lightning rods as part of
1595-569: The terra firma connection) and there is another independently installed at the generator. There is no 'earth wire' between the two. The fault loop impedance is higher, and unless the electrode impedance is very low indeed, a TT installation should always have an RCD (GFCI) as its first isolator. The big advantage of the TT earthing system is the reduced conducted interference from other users' connected equipment. TT has always been preferable for special applications like telecommunication sites that benefit from
1650-840: The Japanese discussion site 2channel . Some of these are wider (made up of more characters) than usual kaomoji, or extend over multiple lines of text. Many use characters from other character sets besides Japanese and Latin. Many emoticons are included as characters in the Unicode standard, in the Miscellaneous Symbols block, the Emoticons block, and the Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs block. TT earthing system An earthing system (UK and IEC) or grounding system (US) connects specific parts of an electric power system with
1705-650: The UK) TT is recommended for situations where a low impedance equipotential zone is impractical to maintain by bonding, where there is significant outdoor wiring, such as supplies to mobile homes and some agricultural settings, or where a high fault current could pose other dangers, such as at fuel depots or marinas. The TT earthing system is used throughout Japan, with RCD units in most industrial settings or even at home. This can impose added requirements on variable frequency drives and switched-mode power supplies which often have substantial filters passing high frequency noise to
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1760-532: The United States and Canada, where the supply voltage is only 120 V power outlets installed before the mid-1960s generally did not include a ground (earth) pin. In the developing world, local wiring practice may or may not provide a connection to an earth. On low voltage electricity networks with a phase to neutral voltage exceeding 240 V to 690 V, which are mostly used in industry, mining equipment and machines rather than publicly accessible networks,
1815-464: The circuit would create small equipment to ground voltages, a failure of the neutral conductor or connections would allow the equipment to go to full 120 volts to ground, an easily lethal situation. The 1996 and newer editions of the NEC no longer permit this practice. For similar reasons, most countries have now mandated dedicated protective earth connections in consumer wiring that are now almost universal. In
1870-408: The difficulty of arranging reliable automatic disconnection (ADS) in the case of a line-to-PE fault (in comparison with TN systems, where the same breaker or fuse will operate for either L-N or L-PE faults). But as residual current devices mitigate this disadvantage, the TT earthing system has become much more attractive providing that all AC power circuits are RCD-protected. In some countries (such as
1925-433: The distribution networks, where connections are fewer and less vulnerable, many countries allow the earth and neutral to share a conductor. If the fault path between accidentally energized objects and the supply connection has low impedance, the fault current will be so large that the circuit over-current protection device (fuse or circuit breaker) will open to clear the ground fault. Where the earthing system does not provide
1980-483: The earth wire is broken, the pilot wire allows a sensing device at the source end to interrupt power to the machine. This type of circuit is a must for portable heavy electric equipment (like LHD (Load, Haul, Dump machine) ) being used in underground mines. In high-voltage networks (above 1 kV), which are far less accessible to the general public, the focus of earthing system design is less on safety and more on reliability of supply, reliability of protection, and impact on
2035-476: The earthing system design is equally important from safety point of view as for domestic users. From 1947 to 1996 for ranges (including separate cook tops and ovens) and 1953 to 1996 for clothes dryers, US National Electrical Code allowed the supply neutral wire to be used as the equipment enclosure connection to ground if the circuit originated in the main service panel. This was permitted for plug-in equipment and permanently connected equipment. Normal imbalances in
2090-464: The earthing system. There are five types of neutral earthing: In solid or directly earthed neutral, transformer's star point is directly connected to the ground. In this solution, a low-impedance path is provided for the ground fault current to close and, as result, their magnitudes are comparable with three-phase fault currents. Since the neutral remains at the potential close to the ground, voltages in unaffected phases remain at levels similar to
2145-431: The efficiency of the diversion of unwanted currents to zero potential (ground). The resistance of a geological material depends on several components: the presence of metal ores, the temperature of the geological layer, the presence of archeological or structural features, the presence of dissolved salts, and contaminants, porosity and permeability. There are several basic methods for measuring soil resistance. The measurement
2200-591: The electric appliances and their protection against electric shocks. The earthing system, in combination with protective devices such as fuses and residual current devices, must ultimately ensure that a person does not come into contact with a metallic object whose potential relative to the person's potential exceeds a safe threshold, typically set at about 50 V. In most developed countries, 220 V, 230 V, or 240 V sockets with earthed contacts were introduced either just before or soon after World War II, though with considerable national variation. However in
2255-437: The equipment in presence of a short circuit. Only the magnitude of phase-to-ground short circuits, which are the most common, is significantly affected with the choice of earthing system, as the current path is mostly closed through the earth. Three-phase HV/MV power transformers , located in distribution substations , are the most common source of supply for distribution networks, and type of grounding of their neutral determines
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2310-458: The excess current to the Earth before it reaches an appliance. System earthing allows for equipotential bonding to all metal works to prevent potential differences between them. Having Earth as a common reference point keeps the electrical system's potential difference limited to the supply voltage. Equipment earthing provides electrical safety during an electrical fault. It prevents equipment damage and electric shock. This type of earthing
2365-476: The eyes Science and technology [ edit ] Medicine [ edit ] Tetanus toxoid , a vaccine to prevent tetanus Thrombin time , a coagulation blood test Computing [ edit ] .tt , the country code top-level domain for Trinidad and Tobago Template Toolkit , a Perl template engine Transaction translator , a particular unit in USB hubs tt-reduction (truth-table reduction),
2420-417: The fault current will not be equal to zero: conductors in the circuit — particularly underground cables — have an inherent capacitance towards the earth, which provides a path of relatively high impedance. Systems with isolated neutral may continue operation and provide uninterrupted supply even in presence of a ground fault. However, while the fault is present, the potential of other two phases relative to
2475-460: The fault is cleared. For that reason, they are chiefly limited to underground and submarine networks, and industrial applications, where the reliability need is high and probability of human contact relatively low. In urban distribution networks with multiple underground feeders, the capacitive current may reach several tens of amperes, posing significant risk for the equipment. The benefit of low fault current and continued system operation thereafter
2530-529: The ground conductor. In an IT network (isolé–terre), the electrical distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has only a very high- impedance connection. While the national wiring regulations for buildings of many countries follow the IEC 60364 terminology, in North America (United States and Canada), the term "equipment grounding conductor" refers to equipment grounds and ground wires on branch circuits, and "grounding electrode conductor"
2585-450: The ground reaches 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}} of the normal operating voltage, creating additional stress for the insulation ; insulation failures may inflict additional ground faults in the system, now with much higher currents. Presence of uninterrupted ground fault may pose a significant safety risk: if the current exceeds 4 A – 5 A an electric arc develops, which may be sustained even after
2640-402: The interference-free earthing. Also, TT networks do not pose any serious risks in the case of a broken neutral. In addition, in locations where power is distributed overhead, earth conductors are not at risk of becoming live should any overhead distribution conductor be fractured by, say, a fallen tree or branch. In pre- RCD era, the TT earthing system was unattractive for general use because of
2695-508: The neutral through a resistance which limits the ground fault current to a value equal to or slightly greater than the capacitive charging current of that system. In unearthed , isolated or floating neutral system, as in the IT system, there is no direct connection of the star point (or any other point in the network) and the ground. As a result, ground fault currents have no path to be closed and thus have negligible magnitudes. However, in practice,
2750-536: The pre-fault ones; for that reason, this system is regularly used in high-voltage transmission networks , where insulation costs are high. To limit short circuit earth fault an additional neutral earthing resistor (NER) is added between the neutral of transformer's star point and earth. With low resistance fault current limit is relatively high. In India it is restricted for 50 A for open cast mines according to Central Electricity Authority Regulations , CEAR, 2010, rule 100. High resistance grounding system grounds
2805-401: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title TT . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TT&oldid=1254532668 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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#17328484111612860-461: The star point in a three-phase system, or that carries the return current in a single-phase system, is called neutral ( N ). Three variants of TN systems are distinguished: It is possible to have both TN-S and TN-C-S supplies taken from the same transformer. For example, the sheaths on some underground cables corrode and stop providing good earth connections, and so homes where high resistance "bad earths" are found may be converted to TN-C-S. This
2915-437: The system that is not caused by a short circuit or other electrical fault . It prevents static buildup and protects against power surges caused by nearby lightning strikes or switching. Static buildup, as induced by friction for example, such as when wind blows onto a radio mast , is dissipated to the Earth. In the event of a surge, a lightning arrester , a surge arrester or a surge protection device (SPD) will divert
2970-430: The traditional text-based emoticons; these are commonly known as emoji . Emoticons can generally be divided into three groups: Western (mainly from United States and Europe ) or horizontal (though not all are in that orientation); Eastern or vertical (mainly from East Asia ); and 2channel style (originally used on 2channel and other Japanese message boards). The most common explanation for these different styles
3025-407: The two-letter codes TN , TT , and IT . The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment (generator or transformer): The second letter indicates the connection between earth or network and the electrical device being supplied: In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually the star point in
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