Misplaced Pages

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112-634: The Miscellaneous Symbols block contains 83 emoji : U+2600–U+2604, U+260E, U+2611, U+2614–U+2615, U+2618, U+261D, U+2620, U+2622–U+2623, U+2626, U+262A, U+262E–U+262F, U+2638–U+263A, U+2640, U+2642, U+2648–U+2653, U+265F–U+2660, U+2663, U+2665–U+2666, U+2668, U+267B, U+267E–U+267F, U+2692–U+2697, U+2699, U+269B–U+269C, U+26A0–U+26A1, U+26A7, U+26AA–U+26AB, U+26B0–U+26B1, U+26BD–U+26BE, U+26C4–U+26C5, U+26C8, U+26CE–U+26CF, U+26D1, U+26D3–U+26D4, U+26E9–U+26EA, U+26F0–U+26F5, U+26F7–U+26FA and U+26FD. The block has 166 standardized variants defined to specify emoji-style (U+FE0F VS16) or text presentation (U+FE0E VS15) for

224-405: A subculture : blogs have been devoted to the emoticon, and URL shortening services have been named after it. In Taiwan, Orz is associated with the concept of nice guys . o7, or O7, is an emoticon that depicts a person saluting , with the o being the head and the 7 being its arm. A portmanteau of emotion and sound , an emotisound is a brief sound transmitted and played back during

336-758: A wristwatch (⌚️) by KDDI. All three vendors also developed schemes for encoding their emoji in the Unicode Private Use Area : DoCoMo, for example, used the range U+E63E through U+E757. Versions of iOS prior to 5.1 encoded emoji in the SoftBank private use area. Most, but not all, emoji are included in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP) of Unicode, which is also used for ancient scripts, some modern scripts such as Adlam or Osage , and special-use characters such as Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols . Some systems introduced prior to

448-438: A "language" of symbols, there may also be the potential of the formation of emoji "dialects". Emoji are being used as more than just to show reactions and emotions. Snapchat has even incorporated emoji in its trophy and friends system with each emoji showing a complex meaning. Emoji can also convey different meanings based on syntax and inversion. For instance, 'fairy comments' involve heart, star, and fairy emoji placed between

560-488: A 1967 article in Reader's Digest , using a dash and right bracket to represent a tongue in one's cheek : — ). Prefiguring the modern "smiley" emoticon, writer Vladimir Nabokov told an interviewer from The New York Times in 1969, "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile—some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question." In

672-473: A Google user to an Apple user goes unreported because it is taken as a joke?" The eggplant (aubergine) emoji ( U+1F346 🍆 AUBERGINE ) has also seen controversy due to it being used to represent a penis . Beginning in December 2014, the hashtag #EggplantFridays began to rise to popularity on Instagram for use in marking photos featuring clothed or unclothed penises. This became such

784-706: A Japanese visual style commonly found in manga and anime , combined with kaomoji and smiley elements. Kurita's work is displayed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City . Kurita's emoji were brightly colored, albeit with a single color per glyph . General-use emoji, such as sports, actions, and weather, can readily be traced back to Kurita's emoji set. Notably absent from the set were pictograms that demonstrated emotion. The yellow-faced emoji in current use evolved from other emoticon sets and cannot be traced back to Kurita's work. His set also had generic images much like

896-536: A U.S. trademark registration for the "frowny" emoticon :-( when used on "greeting cards, posters and art prints". In 2001, they issued a satirical press release, announcing that they would sue Internet users who typed the frowny; the company received protests when its mock release was posted on technology news website Slashdot . A number of patent applications have been filed on inventions that assist in communicating with emoticons. A few of these have been issued as US patents . US 6987991, for example, discloses

1008-496: A colon or an equal sign is used for the eyes. One linguistic study has indicated that the use of a nose in an emoticon may be related to the user's age, with younger people less likely to use a nose. Some variants are also more common in certain countries due to keyboard layouts . For example, the smiley =) may occur in Scandinavia . Diacritical marks are sometimes used. The letters Ö and Ü can be seen as emoticons, as

1120-425: A drop of blood ( U+1FA78 🩸 DROP OF BLOOD ) emoji was released, which is intended to help break the stigma of menstruation . In addition to normalizing periods , it will also be relevant to describe medical topics such as donating blood and other blood-related activities. A mosquito ( U+1F99F 🦟 MOSQUITO ) emoji was added in 2018 to raise awareness for diseases spread by

1232-555: A font invented by Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes , was released by Microsoft in 1990. It could be used to send pictographs in rich text messages, but would only load on devices with the Wingdings font installed. In 1995, the French newspaper Le Monde announced that Alcatel would be launching a new phone, the BC ;600. Its welcome screen displayed a digital smiley face, replacing

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1344-470: A frown and (*) for a wink . An instance of text characters representing a sideways smiling and frowning face could be found in the New York Herald Tribune on March 10, 1953, promoting the film Lili starring Leslie Caron . The September 1962 issue of MAD magazine included an article titled "Typewri-toons". The piece, featuring typewriter-generated artwork credited to "Royal Portable",

1456-522: A giggling face. Some fans thought that she was mocking poor people, but this was not her intended meaning. Researchers from the German Studies Institute at Ruhr-Universität Bochum found that most people can easily understand an emoji when it replaces a word directly – like an icon for a rose instead of the word 'rose' – yet it takes people about 50 percent longer to comprehend the emoji. Emoji characters vary slightly between platforms within

1568-465: A grin :D , :P for tongue out, and smug :-> ; they can be used to denote a flirting or joking tone, or may be implying a second meaning in the sentence preceding it. ;P , such as when blowing a raspberry . An often used combination is also <3 for a heart and </3 for a broken heart. :O is also sometimes used to depict shock. :/ is used to depict melancholy, disappointment or disapproval. :| may be used to depict

1680-402: A horse, along with a laser pistol target in the corner. On August 1, 2016, Apple announced that in iOS 10 , the pistol emoji ( U+1F52B 🔫 PISTOL ) would be changed from a realistic revolver to a water pistol . Conversely, the following day, Microsoft pushed out an update to Windows 10 that changed its longstanding depiction of the pistol emoji as a toy raygun to

1792-481: A label for "attempted humor" to try to solve the difficulty of conveying humor or sarcasm in plain text. Fahlman sent the following message after an incident where a humorous warning about a mercury spill in an elevator was misunderstood as serious: Within a few months, the smiley had spread to the ARPANET and Usenet . Other suggestions on the forum included an asterisk * and an ampersand & ,

1904-494: A method developed in 2001 to send emoticons over a cell phone using a drop-down menu. The stated advantage was that it eases entering emoticons. The emoticon :-) was also filed in 2006 and registered in 2008 as a European Community Trademark (CTM). In Finland , the Supreme Administrative Court ruled in 2012 that the emoticon cannot be trademarked, thus repealing a 2006 administrative decision trademarking

2016-564: A monocle and ಥ to represent a tearing eye. They were picked up by 4chan and spread to other Western sites soon after. Some have become characters in their own right like Monā . In South Korea , emoticons use Korean Hangul letters, and the Western style is rarely used. The structures of Korean and Japanese emoticons are somewhat similar, but they have some differences. Korean style contains Korean jamo (letters) instead of other characters. The consonant jamos ㅅ , ㅁ or ㅂ can be used as

2128-445: A neutral face. A broad grin is sometimes shown with crinkled eyes to express further amusement; XD and the addition of further "D" letters can suggest laughter or extreme amusement, e.g., XDDDD . The "3" in X3 and :3 represents an animal's mouth. An equal sign is often used for the eyes in place of the colon, seen as =) . It has become more acceptable to omit the hyphen, whether

2240-487: A popular trend that, beginning in April 2015, Instagram disabled the ability to search for not only the #EggplantFridays tag, but also other eggplant-containing hashtags, including simply #eggplant and #🍆 . The peach emoji ( U+1F351 🍑 PEACH ) has likewise been used as a euphemistic icon for buttocks , with a 2016 Emojipedia analysis revealing that only seven percent of English language tweets with

2352-485: A range of human skin color using the Fitzpatrick scale : Additional human emoji can be found in other Unicode blocks: Dingbats , Emoticons , Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs , Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs , Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A and Transport and Map Symbols . In Unicode 1.0 (1991) the same block was named Miscellaneous Dingbats (not to be confused with current " Dingbats " block, which

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2464-503: A range of responses, including "frustration, despair, sarcasm, or grudging respect". It was first used in late 2002 at the forum on Techside, a Japanese personal website. At the "Techside FAQ Forum" ( TECHSIDE教えて君BBS(教えてBBS) ), a poster asked about a cable cover, typing " _|￣|○ " to show a cable and its cover. Others commented that it looked like a kneeling person, and the symbol became popular. These comments were soon deleted as they were considered off-topic. By 2005, Orz spawned

2576-430: A real revolver. Microsoft stated that the change was made to bring the glyph more in line with industry-standard designs and customer expectations. By 2018, most major platforms such as Google, Microsoft, Samsung, Facebook, and Twitter had transitioned their rendering of the pistol emoji to match Apple's water gun implementation. Apple's change of depiction from a realistic gun to a toy gun was criticised by, among others,

2688-577: A right angle to the direction of the text. Users from Japan popularized a kind of emoticon called kaomoji , using Japanese's larger character sets . This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986. They are also known as verticons (from vertical icon ) due to their readability without rotations. As SMS mobile text messaging and the Internet became widespread in the late 1990s, emoticons became increasingly popular and were commonly used in texting , Internet forums and emails . Emoticons have played

2800-603: A shift in usage by younger users as a form of covert prestige : rejecting a standard usage in order to demonstrate in-group membership. Loufrani began to use the basic text designs and turned them into graphical representations. They are now known as graphical emoticons. His designs were registered at the United States Copyright Office in 1997 and appeared online as GIF files in 1998. For ASCII emoticons that did not exist to convert into graphical form, Loufrani also backward engineered new ASCII emoticons from

2912-450: A significant role in communication through technology, and some devices and applications have provided stylized pictures that do not use text punctuation. They offer another range of "tone" through texting through facial gestures. Emoticons were the precursors to modern emojis . In 1648, poet Robert Herrick wrote, "Tumble me down, and I will sit Upon my ruins, (smiling yet:)." Herrick's work predated any other recorded use of brackets as

3024-563: A single equivalent glyph (analogous to a ligature ) as a means of implementing emoji without atomic code points, such as varied compositions of families, was discussed within the "emoji ad-hoc committee". Unicode 8.0 (June 2015) added another 41 emoji, including articles of sports equipment such as the cricket bat, food items such as the taco , new facial expressions, and symbols for places of worship, as well as five characters (crab, scorpion, lion face, bow and arrow, amphora) to improve support for pictorial rather than symbolic representations of

3136-822: A smiling face by around 200 years. However, experts doubted the inclusion of the colon in the poem was deliberate and if it was meant to represent a smiling face. English professor Alan Jacobs argued that "punctuation, in general, was unsettled in the seventeenth century ... Herrick was unlikely to have consistent punctuational practices himself, and even if he did he couldn't expect either his printers or his readers to share them." 17th century typography practice often placed colons and semicolons within parentheses, including 14 instances of " :) " in Richard Baxter 's 1653 Plain Scripture Proof of Infants Church-membership and Baptism . Precursors to modern emoticons have existed since

3248-506: A special typographical sign for a smile — some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket." It did not become a mainstream concept until the 1990s, when Japanese, American, and European companies began developing Fahlman's idea. Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope point out that similar symbology was incorporated by Bruce Parello, a student at the University of Illinois , into PLATO IV , the first e-learning system, in 1972. The PLATO system

3360-411: A specific one. Some Apple emoji are very similar to the SoftBank standard, since SoftBank was the first Japanese network on which the iPhone launched. For example, U+1F483 💃 DANCER is female on Apple and SoftBank standards but male or gender-neutral on others. Journalists have noted that the ambiguity of emoji has allowed them to take on culture-specific meanings not present in

3472-537: A warning triangle, and an eject button. Besides Zapf Dingbats, other dingbat fonts such as Wingdings or Webdings also included additional pictographic symbols in their own custom pi font encodings; unlike Zapf Dingbats, however, many of these would not be available as Unicode emoji until 2014. Nicolas Loufrani applied to the US Copyright Office in 1999 to register the 471 smileys that he created. Soon after he created The Smiley Dictionary, which not only hosted

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3584-547: A white smiling face and a black smiling face ("black" refers to a glyph which is filled, "white" refers to a glyph which is unfilled). The Emoticons block was introduced in Unicode Standard version 6.0 (published in October 2010) and extended by 7.0 . It covers Unicode range from U+1F600 to U+1F64F fully. After that block had been filled, Unicode 8.0 (2015), 9.0 (2016) and 10.0 (2017) added additional emoticons in

3696-478: A white flower ( U+1F4AE 💮 WHITE FLOWER ) used to denote "brilliant homework", or a group of emoji representing popular foods: ramen noodles ( U+1F35C 🍜 STEAMING BOWL ), dango ( U+1F361 🍡 DANGO ), onigiri ( U+1F359 🍙 RICE BALL ), curry ( U+1F35B 🍛 CURRY AND RICE ), and sushi ( U+1F363 🍣 SUSHI ). Unicode Consortium founder Mark Davis compared

3808-525: Is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using characters —usually punctuation marks , numbers and letters —to express a person's feelings, mood or reaction, without needing to describe it in detail. The first ASCII emoticons are generally credited to computer scientist Scott Fahlman , who proposed what came to be known as "smileys"— :-) and :-( —in a message on the bulletin board system (BBS) of Carnegie Mellon University in 1982. In Western countries, emoticons are usually written at

3920-435: Is funny, two represent it's really funny, three might represent it's incredibly funny, and so forth. Research has shown that emoji are often misunderstood. In some cases, this misunderstanding is related to how the actual emoji design is interpreted by the viewer; in other cases, the emoji that was sent is not shown in the same way on the receiving side. The first issue relates to the cultural or contextual interpretation of

4032-479: Is the case. According to interviews, he took inspiration from Japanese manga where characters are often drawn with symbolic representations called manpu (such as a water drop on a face representing nervousness or confusion), and weather pictograms used to depict the weather conditions at any given time. He also drew inspiration from Chinese characters and street sign pictograms. The DoCoMo i-Mode set included facial expressions, such as smiley faces, derived from

4144-441: Is to be appended, with the full stop, to every jocular or ironical sentence". In a 1936 Harvard Lampoon article, writer Alan Gregg proposed combining brackets with various other punctuation marks to represent various moods. Brackets were used for the sides of the mouth or cheeks, with other punctuation used between the brackets to display various emotions: (-) for a smile, (--) (showing more "teeth") for laughter, (#) for

4256-652: Is to fill in emotional cues otherwise missing from typed conversation as well as to replace words as part of a logographic system . Emoji exist in various genres, including facial expressions, expressions, activity, food and drinks, celebrations, flags, objects, symbols, places, types of weather, animals and nature. Originally meaning pictograph, the word emoji comes from Japanese [[[wikt:絵#Japanese|e]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ( 絵 , 'picture')  + [[[wikt:文字#Japanese|moji]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ( 文字 , 'character') ;

4368-419: Is very popular. The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but some can be rotated (making them tiny ambigrams ). There are also some variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express another feeling. For example, :( equals sad and :(( equals very sad. Weeping can be written as :'( . A blush can be expressed as :"> . Others include wink ;) ,

4480-648: The ARIB extended characters used in broadcasting in Japan to Unicode. This included several pictographic symbols. These were added in Unicode 5.2 in 2009, a year before the cellular emoji sets were fully added; they include several characters which either also appeared amongst the cellular emoji or were subsequently classified as emoji. After iPhone users in the United States discovered that downloading Japanese apps allowed access to

4592-464: The J-Phones . Elsewhere in the 1990s, Nokia phones began including preset pictograms in its text messaging app, which they defined as "smileys and symbols". A third notable emoji set was introduced by Japanese mobile phone brand au by KDDI . The basic 12-by-12-pixel emoji in Japan grew in popularity across various platforms over the next decade. While emoji adoption was high in Japan during this time,

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4704-553: The Spaceship operator <=> (a comparison), the Diamond operator <> (for type hinting) and the Elvis operator ?: (a shortened ternary operator ). Usually, emoticons in Western style have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and the mouth. It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence, replacing the full stop. The two-character version :) , which omits the nose,

4816-538: The Unicode Consortium and national standardization bodies of various countries gave feedback and proposed changes to the international standardization of the emoji. The feedback from various bodies in the United States, Europe, and Japan agreed on a set of 722 emoji as the standard set. This would be released in October 2010 in Unicode 6.0. Apple made the emoji keyboard available to those outside of Japan in iOS version 5.0 in 2011. Later, Unicode 7.0 (June 2014) added

4928-533: The WordPerfect Iconic Symbols set. Unicode coverage of written characters was extended several times by new editions during the 2000s, with little interest in incorporating the Japanese cellular emoji sets (deemed out of scope), although symbol characters which would subsequently be classified as emoji continued to be added. For example, Unicode 4.0 contained 16 new emoji, which included direction arrows,

5040-485: The character repertoires of the Webdings and Wingdings fonts to Unicode, resulting in approximately 250 more Unicode emoji. The Unicode emoji whose code points were assigned in 2014 or earlier are therefore taken from several sources. A single character could exist in multiple sources, and characters from a source were unified with existing characters where appropriate: for example, the "shower" weather symbol (☔️) from

5152-556: The "godfather of the emoji" for his work in the field. On September 23, 2021, it was announced that Scott Fahlman was holding an auction for the original emoticons he created in 1982. The auction was held in Dallas , United States, and sold the two designs as non-fungible tokens (NFT) . The online auction ended later that month, with the originals selling for US$ 237,500. In some programming languages , certain operators are known informally by their emoticon-like appearance. This includes

5264-532: The "winking" face using a semicolon ;-) , XD , a representation of the Face with Tears of Joy emoji and the acronym LOL . In 1996, The Smiley Company was established by Nicolas Loufrani and his father Franklin as a way of commercializing the smiley trademark. As part of this, The Smiley Dictionary website focused on ASCII emoticons, where a catalogue was made of them. Many other people did similar to Loufrani from 1995 onwards, including David Sanderson creating

5376-469: The 1970s, the PLATO IV computer system was launched. It was one of the first computers used throughout educational and professional institutions, but rarely used in a residential setting. On the computer system, a student at the University of Illinois developed pictograms that resembled different smiling faces. Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope stated this likely took place in 1972, and they claimed these to be

5488-593: The 19th century. The National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in Morse code to express "love and kisses" (later reduced to the more formal " best regards "). Dodge's Manual in 1908 documented the reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88. New Zealand academics Joan Gajadhar and John Green comment that both Morse code abbreviations are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as LOL . The transcript of one of Abraham Lincoln 's speeches in 1862 recorded

5600-512: The ARIB source was unified with an existing umbrella with raindrops character, which had been added for KPS 9566 compatibility. The emoji characters named "Rain" ( "雨" , ame ) from all three Japanese carriers were in turn unified with the ARIB character. However, the Unicode Consortium groups the most significant sources of emoji into four categories: In late 2014, a Public Review Issue

5712-630: The French use heart emoji the most. People in countries like Australia, France, and the Czech Republic used more happy emoji, while this was not so for people in Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina, where people used more negative emoji in comparison to cultural hubs known for restraint and self-discipline, like Turkey, France, and Russia. There has been discussion among legal experts on whether or not emoji could be admissible as evidence in court trials. Furthermore, as emoji continue to develop and grow as

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5824-484: The Unicode Consortium decided to stop accepting proposals for flag emoji, citing low use of the category and that adding new flags "creates exclusivity at the expense of others". The Consortium stated that new flag emoji would still be added when their country becomes part of the ISO 3166-1 standard, with no proposal needed. Oxford Dictionaries named U+1F602 😂 FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY its 2015 Word of

5936-643: The Unicode Consortium, with some members complaining that it had overtaken the group's traditional focus on standardizing characters used for minority languages and transcribing historical records. Conversely, the Consortium thought that public desire for emoji support has put pressure on vendors to improve their Unicode support, which is especially true for characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane , thus leading to better support for Unicode's historic and minority scripts in deployed software. In 2022,

6048-491: The Unicode Standard. The popularity of emoji has caused pressure from vendors and international markets to add additional designs into the Unicode standard to meet the demands of different cultures. Some characters now defined as emoji are inherited from a variety of pre-Unicode messenger systems not only used in Japan, including Yahoo and MSN Messenger . Corporate demand for emoji standardization has placed pressures on

6160-579: The Year . Oxford noted that 2015 had seen a sizable increase in the use of the word "emoji" and recognized its impact on popular culture. Oxford Dictionaries President Caspar Grathwohl expressed that "traditional alphabet scripts have been struggling to meet the rapid-fire, visually focused demands of 21st Century communication. It's not surprising that a pictographic script like emoji has stepped in to fill those gaps — it's flexible, immediate, and infuses tone beautifully." SwiftKey found that "Face with Tears of Joy"

6272-543: The absence of a variation selector , and listed the zero-width joiner sequences for families and couples that were implemented by existing vendors. Maintenance of UTR #51, taking emoji requests, and creating proposals for emoji characters and emoji mechanisms was made the responsibility of the Unicode Emoji Subcommittee (ESC), operating as a subcommittee of the Unicode Technical Committee. With

6384-564: The advent of Unicode emoji were only designed to support characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) on the assumption that non-BMP characters would rarely be encountered, although failure to properly handle characters outside of the BMP precludes Unicode compliance. Emoticon This is an accepted version of this page An emoticon ( / ə ˈ m oʊ t ə k ɒ n / , ə- MOH -tə-kon , rarely / ɪ ˈ m ɒ t ɪ k ɒ n / , ih- MOTT -ih-kon ), short for emotion icon ,

6496-586: The audience's reaction as: "(applause and laughter ;)". There has been some debate whether the glyph in Lincoln's speech was a typo , a legitimate punctuation construct or the first emoticon. Linguist Philip Seargeant argues that it was a simple typesetting error. Before March 1881, the examples of "typographical art" appeared in at least three newspaper articles, including Kurjer warszawski (published in Warsaw ) from March 5, 1881, using punctuation to represent

6608-461: The basis that the company is "directly abetting the use of an offensive, lewd , obscene gesture" in violation of the Indian Penal Code . Various, often incompatible, character encoding schemes were developed by the different mobile providers in Japan for their own emoji sets. For example, the extended Shift JIS representation F797 is used for a convenience store (🏪) by SoftBank, but for

6720-416: The book Smileys in 1997. James Marshall also hosted an online collection of ASCII emoticons that he completed in 2008. A researcher at Stanford University surveyed the emoticons used in four million Twitter messages and found that the smiling emoticon without a hyphen "nose" :) was much more common than the original version with the hyphen :-) . Linguist Vyvyan Evans argues that this represents

6832-422: The brackets, such as owo , uwu and TwT , popularised in internet subcultures such as the anime and furry communities . Users of the Japanese discussion board 2channel , in particular, have developed a variety emoticons using characters from various scripts, such as Kannada , as in ಠ_ಠ (for a look of disapproval, disbelief or confusion). Similarly, the letter ರೃ was used in emoticons to represent

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6944-404: The characters were added without emoji presentations, meaning that software is expected to render them in black-and-white rather than color, and emoji-specific software such as onscreen keyboards will generally not include them. In addition, while the original incarnations of the modern pentathlon emoji depicted its five events, including a man pointing a gun, the final glyph contains a person riding

7056-529: The collaborative effort from Apple Inc. shortly after, and their official UTC proposal came in January 2009 with 625 new emoji characters. Unicode accepted the proposal in 2010. Pending the assignment of standard Unicode code points , Google and Apple implemented emoji support via Private Use Area schemes. Google first introduced emoji in Gmail in October 2008, in collaboration with au by KDDI , and Apple introduced

7168-619: The competitors failed to collaborate to create a uniform set of emoji to be used across all platforms in the country. The Universal Coded Character Set ( Unicode ), controlled by the Unicode Consortium and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 , had already been established as the international standard for text representation ( ISO/IEC 10646 ) since 1993, although variants of Shift JIS remained relatively common in Japan. Unicode included several characters which would subsequently be classified as emoji, including some from North American or Western European sources such as DOS code page 437 , ITC Zapf Dingbats , or

7280-401: The editor of Emojipedia , because it could lead to messages appearing differently to the receiver than the sender had intended. Insider 's Rob Price said it created the potential for "serious miscommunication across different platforms", and asked, "What if a joke sent from an Apple user to a Google user is misconstrued because of differences in rendering? Or if a genuine threat sent by

7392-407: The emoji set was thus rarely used. In 1999, Shigetaka Kurita created 176 emoji as part of NTT DoCoMo 's i-mode , used on its mobile platform. They were intended to help facilitate electronic communication and to serve as a distinguishing feature from other services. Due to their influence, Kurita's designs were once claimed to be the first cellular emoji; however, Kurita has denied that this

7504-459: The emoji. When the author picks an emoji, they think about it in a certain way, but the same character may not trigger the same thoughts in the mind of the receiver. For example, people in China have developed a system for using emoji subversively so that a smiley face could be sent to convey a despising, mocking, and obnoxious attitude, as the orbicularis oculi (the muscle near that upper eye corner) on

7616-465: The emoticons :-) , =) , =( , :) and :( . In 2005, a Russian court rejected a legal claim against Siemens by a man who claimed to hold a trademark on the ;-) emoticon. In 2008, Russian entrepreneur Oleg Teterin claimed to have been granted the trademark on the ;-) emoticon. A license would not "cost that much—tens of thousands of dollars" for companies but would be free of charge for individuals. A different, but related, use of

7728-412: The emotions of joy, melancholy, indifference and astonishment. In a 1912 essay titled "For Brevity and Clarity", American author Ambrose Bierce suggested facetiously that a bracket could be used to represent a smiling face, proposing "an improvement in punctuation" with which writers could convey cachinnation , loud or immoderate laughter: "it is written thus ‿ and presents a smiling mouth. It

7840-426: The face of the emoji does not move, and the orbicularis oris (the one near the mouth) tightens, which is believed to be a sign of suppressing a smile. The second problem relates to encodes. When an author of a message picks an emoji from a list, it is normally encoded in a non-graphical manner during the transmission, and if the author and the reader do not use the same software or operating system for their devices,

7952-421: The first emoticons. Carnegie Mellon computer scientist Scott Fahlman is generally credited with the invention of the digital text-based emoticon in 1982. The use of ASCII symbols, a standard set of codes representing typographical marks, was essential to allow the symbols to be displayed on any computer. In Carnegie Mellon's bulletin board system , Fahlman proposed colon– hyphen –right bracket :-) as

8064-437: The first release of Apple Color Emoji to iPhone OS on 21 November 2008. Initially, Apple's emoji support was implemented for holders of a SoftBank SIM card; the emoji themselves were represented using SoftBank's Private Use Area scheme and mostly resembled the SoftBank designs. Gmail emoji used their own Private Use Area scheme in a supplementary Private Use plane . Separately, a proposal had been submitted in 2008 to add

8176-630: The following 83 base characters: U+2600–U+2604, U+260E, U+2611, U+2614–U+2615, U+2618, U+261D, U+2620, U+2622–U+2623, U+2626, U+262A, U+262E–U+262F, U+2638–U+263A, U+2640, U+2642, U+2648–U+2653, U+265F–U+2660, U+2663, U+2665–U+2666, U+2668, U+267B, U+267E–U+267F, U+2692–U+2697, U+2699, U+269B–U+269C, U+26A0–U+26A1, U+26A7, U+26AA–U+26AB, U+26B0–U+26B1, U+26BD–U+26BE, U+26C4–U+26C5, U+26C8, U+26CE–U+26CF, U+26D1, U+26D3–U+26D4, U+26E9–U+26EA, U+26F0–U+26F5, U+26F7–U+26FA and U+26FD. The Miscellaneous Symbols block has two emoji that represent people or body parts. They can be modified using U+1F3FB–U+1F3FF to provide for

8288-493: The glyph ツ from the Japanese katakana writing system. Kaomoji are often seen as the Japanese development of emoticons that is separate to the Scott Fahlman movement, which started in 1982. In 1986, a designer began to use brackets and other ASCII text characters to form faces. Over time, they became more often differentiated from each other, although both use ASCII characters. However, more westernised Kaomojis have dropped

8400-422: The graphical versions he created. These were the first graphical representations of ASCII emoticons. He published his Smiley icons as well as emoticons created by others, along with their ASCII versions, in an online Smiley Dictionary in 2001. This dictionary included 640 different smiley icons and was published as a book called Dico Smileys in 2002. In 2017, British magazine The Drum referred to Loufrani as

8512-446: The insect , such as dengue and malaria . Linguistically, emoji are used to indicate emotional state; they tend to be used more in positive communication. Some researchers believe emoji can be used for visual rhetoric . Emoji can be used to set emotional tone in messages. Emoji tend not to have their own meaning but act as a paralanguage , adding meaning to text. Emoji can add clarity and credibility to text. Sociolinguistically ,

8624-558: The keyboard, pressure grew to expand the availability of the emoji keyboard beyond Japan. The Emoji application for iOS, which altered the Settings app to allow access to the emoji keyboard, was created by Josh Gare in February 2010. Before the existence of Gare's Emoji app, Apple had intended for the emoji keyboard to only be available in Japan in iOS version 2.2. Throughout 2009, members of

8736-542: The largest global telecom companies, was still referring to today's emoji sets as smileys in 2001. The digital smiley movement was headed up by Nicolas Loufrani, the CEO of The Smiley Company . He created a smiley toolbar, which was available at smileydictionary.com during the early 2000s to be sent as emoji. Over the next two years, The Smiley Dictionary became the plug-in of choice for forums and online instant messaging platforms. There were competitors, but The Smiley Dictionary

8848-400: The largest number of smileys at the time, it also categorized them. The desktop platform was aimed at allowing people to insert smileys as text when sending emails and writing on a desktop computer . By 2003, it had grown to 887 smileys and 640 ascii emotions. The smiley toolbar offered a variety of symbols and smileys and was used on platforms such as MSN Messenger . Nokia , then one of

8960-399: The latter meant to represent a person doubled over in laughter, as well as a percent sign % and a pound sign # . Scott Fahlman suggested that not only could his emoticon communicate emotion , but also replace language. Since the 1990s, emoticons (colon, hyphen and bracket) have become integral to digital communications, and have inspired a variety of other emoticons, including

9072-460: The limits in meaning defined by the Unicode specification, as companies have tried to provide artistic presentations of ideas and objects. For example, following an Apple tradition, the calendar emoji on Apple products always shows July 17, the date in 2002 Apple announced its iCal calendar application for macOS . This led some Apple product users to initially nickname July 17 " World Emoji Day ". Other emoji fonts show different dates or do not show

9184-740: The mouth or nose component and ㅇ , ㅎ or ㅍ for the eyes. Using quotation marks " and apostrophes ' are also commonly used combinations. Vowel jamos such as ㅜ and ㅠ can depict a crying face. Example: ㅜㅜ , (same function as T in Western style). Sometimes ㅡ (not an em-dash "—", but a vowel jamo), a comma ( , ) or an underscore ( _ ) is added, and the two character sets can be mixed together, as in ㅠ.ㅡ , ㅡ^ㅜ and ㅜㅇㅡ . Also, semicolons and carets are commonly used in Korean emoticons; semicolons can mean sweating, examples of it are -;/ , --^ and -_-;; . The character 囧 (U+56E7), which means ' bright ' , may be combined with

9296-734: The original glyphs . For example, U+1F485 💅 NAIL POLISH has been described as being used in English-language communities to signify "non-caring fabulousness" and "anything from shutting haters down to a sense of accomplishment". Unicode manuals sometimes provide notes on auxiliary meanings of an object to guide designers on how emoji may be used, for example noting that some users may expect U+1F4BA 💺 SEAT to stand for "a reserved or ticketed seat, as for an airplane, train, or theater". Some emoji have been involved in controversy due to their perceived meanings. Multiple arrests and imprisonments have followed

9408-515: The peach emoji refer to the actual fruit. In 2016, Apple attempted to redesign the emoji to less resemble buttocks. This was met with fierce backlash in beta testing, and Apple reversed its decision by the time it went live to the public. In December 2017, a lawyer in Delhi , India , threatened to file a lawsuit against WhatsApp for allowing use of the middle finger emoji ( U+1F595 🖕 REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED ) on

9520-524: The posture emoticon Orz, such as 囧rz. The character existed in Oracle bone script but was rarely used until its use as an emoticon, documented as early as January 20, 2005. Other variants of 囧 include 崮 (king 囧), 莔 (queen 囧), 商 (囧 with a hat), 囧興 (turtle) and 卣 ( Bomberman ). The character 槑 (U+69D1), a variant of 梅 ' plum ' , is used to represent a double of 呆 ' dull ' or further magnitude of dullness. In Chinese, normally full characters (as opposed to

9632-747: The range from U+1F910 to U+1F9FF. Currently, U+1F90C – U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F94D – U+1F94F, U+1F96C – U+1F97F, U+1F998 – U+1F9CF (excluding U+1F9C0 which contains the 🧀 emoji) and U+1F9E7 – U+1F9FF do not contain any emoticons since Unicode 10.0. For historic and compatibility reasons, some other heads and figures, which mostly represent different aspects like genders, activities, and professions instead of emotions, are also found in Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs (especially U+1F466 – U+1F487) and Transport and Map Symbols . Body parts, mostly hands, are also encoded in

9744-506: The reader's device may visualize the same emoji in a different way. As an example, in April 2020, British actress and presenter Jameela Jamil posted a tweet from her iPhone using the Face with Hand Over Mouth emoji (🤭) as part of a comment on people shopping for food during the COVID-19 pandemic . On Apple's iOS , the emoji expression was neutral and pensive, but on other platforms the emoji shows as

9856-450: The release of version 5.0 in May 2017 alongside Unicode 10.0, UTR #51 was redesignated a Unicode Technical Standard (UTS #51), making it an independent specification. As of July 2017, there were 2,666 Unicode emoji listed. The next version of UTS #51 (published in May 2018) skipped to the version number Emoji 11.0 so as to synchronise its major version number with the corresponding version of

9968-515: The resemblance to the English words emotion and emoticon is purely coincidental . The first emoji sets were created by Japanese portable electronic device companies in the late 1980s and the 1990s. Emoji became increasingly popular worldwide in the 2010s after Unicode began encoding emoji into the Unicode Standard. They are now considered to be a large part of popular culture in the West and around

10080-468: The same emojis. Unlike other languages emojis frequently are repeated one after another, while in languages, such as English, it is rare to see words repeated after one another. An example of this is that a common bigram for emojis is two crying laughing emojis. Rather than being a repeated word or phrase the use of emojis after one another typically represents an emphasize of the displayed emoji's meaning instead. So, one crying laughing emoji means something

10192-579: The signs of the Zodiac . Also in June 2015, the first approved version ("Emoji 1.0") of the Unicode Emoji report was published as Unicode Technical Report #51 (UTR #51). This introduced the mechanism of skin tone indicators, the first official recommendations about which Unicode characters were to be considered emoji, and the first official recommendations about which characters were to be displayed in an emoji font in

10304-493: The stylistic use of 槑) might be duplicated to express emphasis. Orz (other forms include: Or2 , on_ , OTZ , OTL , STO , JTO , _no , _冂○ and 囧 ​rz ) is an emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person (the Japanese version of which is called dogeza ), with the "o" being the head, the "r" being the arms and part of the body, and the "z" being part of the body and the legs. This stick figure can represent respect or kowtowing , but commonly appears along

10416-467: The term "emoticon" is found in the Unicode Standard , referring to a subset of emoji that display facial expressions. The standard explains this usage with reference to existing systems, which provided functionality for substituting certain textual emoticons with images or emoji of the expressions in question. Some smiley faces were present in Unicode since 1.1 , including a white frowning face,

10528-503: The upright versions of :O (meaning that one is surprised) and :D (meaning that one is very happy), respectively. In countries where the Cyrillic alphabet is used, the right parenthesis ) is used as a smiley. Multiple parentheses )))) are used to express greater happiness, amusement or laughter. The colon is omitted due to being in a lesser-known position on the ЙЦУКЕН keyboard layout . The ' shrug ' emoticon, ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ , uses

10640-405: The usage of smileys ) may ease the challenges related to translation and implementation for brief cross-cultural surveys. As emojis act as a paralanguage this causes a unique pattern to be seen in the bigrams, trigrams, and quadrigrams of emojis. A study conducted by Gretchen McCulloch and Lauren Gawne showed that the most common bigrams, trigrams, and quadrigrams of emojis are those that repeat

10752-662: The usage of pistol ( U+1F52B 🔫 PISTOL ), knife ( U+1F5E1 🗡 DAGGER KNIFE ), and bomb ( U+1F4A3 💣 BOMB ) emoji in ways that authorities deemed credible threats. In the lead-up to the 2016 Summer Olympics , the Unicode Consortium considered proposals to add several Olympic-related emoji, including medals and events such as handball and water polo . By October 2015, these candidate emoji included " rifle " ( U+1F946 🥆 RIFLE ) and " modern pentathlon " ( U+1F93B 🤻 MODERN PENTATHLON ). However, in 2016, Apple and Microsoft opposed these two emoji, and

10864-719: The use of emoji differs depending on speaker and setting. Women use emojis more than men. Men use a wider variety of emoji. Women are more likely to use emoji in public communication than in private communication. Extraversion and agreeableness are positively correlated with emoji use; neuroticism is negatively correlated. Emoji use differs between cultures: studies in terms of Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory found that cultures with high power distance and tolerance to indulgence used more negative emoji, while those with high uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and long-term orientation use more positive emoji. A 6-country user experience study showed that emoji-based scales (specifically

10976-629: The use of emoji to a developing language, particularly mentioning the American use of eggplant ( U+1F346 🍆 AUBERGINE ) to represent a phallus . Some linguists have classified emoji and emoticons as discourse markers . In December 2015, a sentiment analysis of emoji was published, and the Emoji Sentiment Ranking 1.0 was provided. In 2016, a musical about emoji premiered in Los Angeles. The animated The Emoji Movie

11088-534: The usual text seen as part of the "welcome message" often seen on other devices at the time. In 1997, SoftBank's J-Phone arm launched the SkyWalker DP-211SW, which contained a set of 90 emoji. Its designs, each measuring 12 by 12 pixels, were monochrome , depicting numbers, sports, the time, moon phases , and the weather. It contained the Pile of Poo emoji in particular. The J-Phone model experienced low sales, and

11200-450: The viewing of a message, typically an IM message or email message. The sound is intended to communicate an emotional subtext . Some services, such as MuzIcons, combine emoticons and music players in an Adobe Flash -based widget. In 2004, the Trillian chat application introduced a feature called "emotiblips", which allows Trillian users to stream files to their instant message recipients "as

11312-581: The voice and video equivalent of an emoticon". In 2007, MTV and Paramount Home Entertainment promoted the "emoticlip" as a form of viral marketing for the second season of the show The Hills . The emoticlips were twelve short snippets of dialogue from the show, uploaded to YouTube. The emoticlip concept is credited to the Bradley & Montgomery advertising firm, which wrote that they hoped it would be widely adopted as "greeting cards that just happen to be selling something". In 2000, Despair, Inc. obtained

11424-646: The words of a sentence. These comments often invert the meanings associated with hearts and may be used to 'tread on borders of offense.' In 2017, the MIT Media Lab published DeepMoji , a deep neural network sentiment analysis algorithm that was trained on 1.2 billion emoji occurrences in Twitter data from 2013 to 2017. DeepMoji was found to outperform human subjects in correctly identifying sarcasm in Tweets and other online modes of communication. On March 5, 2019,

11536-541: The world. In 2015, Oxford Dictionaries named the Face with Tears of Joy emoji (😂) the word of the year . The emoji was predated by the emoticon , a concept implemented in 1982 by computer scientist Scott Fahlman when he suggested text-based symbols such as :-) and :-( could be used to replace language. Theories about language replacement can be traced back to the 1960s, when Russian novelist and professor Vladimir Nabokov stated in an interview with The New York Times : "I often think there should exist

11648-545: Was Google beginning in 2007. In August 2007, a team made up of Mark Davis and his colleagues Kat Momoi and Markus Scherer began petitioning the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) in an attempt to standardise the emoji. The UTC, having previously deemed emoji to be out of scope for Unicode, made the decision to broaden its scope to enable compatibility with the Japanese cellular carrier formats which were becoming more widespread. Peter Edberg and Yasuo Kida joined

11760-420: Was created by the Unicode Technical Committee , seeking feedback on a proposed Unicode Technical Report (UTR) titled " Unicode Emoji ". This was intended to improve interoperability of emoji between vendors, and define a means of supporting multiple skin tones. The feedback period closed in January 2015. Also in January 2015, the use of the zero-width joiner to indicate that a sequence of emoji could be shown as

11872-422: Was entirely made up of repurposed typography, including a capital letter P having a bigger 'bust' than a capital I, a lowercase b and d discussing their pregnancies, an asterisk on top of a letter to indicate the letter had just come inside from snowfall, and a classroom of lowercase n's interrupted by a lowercase h "raising its hand". A further example attributed to a Baltimore Sunday Sun columnist appeared in

11984-411: Was not considered mainstream, and therefore Parello's pictograms were only used by a small number of people. Scott Fahlman's emoticons importantly used common alphabet symbols and aimed to replace language/text to express emotion, and for that reason are seen as the actual origin of emoticons . The first emoji are a matter of contention due to differing definitions and poor early documentation. It

12096-443: Was previously widely considered that DoCoMo had the first emoji set in 1999, but an Emojipedia blog article in 2019 brought SoftBank's earlier 1997 set to light. More recently, in 2024, earlier emoji sets were uncovered on portable devices by Sharp Corporation and NEC in the early 1990s, with the 1988 Sharp PA-8500 harboring what can be defined as the earliest known emoji set that reflects emoji keyboards today. Wingdings ,

12208-575: Was released in summer 2017. In January 2017, in what is believed to be the first large-scale study of emoji usage, researchers at the University of Michigan analyzed over 1.2 billion messages input via the Kika Emoji Keyboard and announced that the Face With Tears of Joy was the most popular emoji. The Heart and the Heart eyes emoji stood second and third, respectively. The study also found that

12320-454: Was the most popular emoji across the world. The American Dialect Society declared U+1F346 🍆 AUBERGINE to be the "Most Notable Emoji" of 2015 in their Word of the Year vote. Some emoji are specific to Japanese culture, such as a bowing businessman ( U+1F647 🙇 PERSON BOWING DEEPLY ), the shoshinsha mark used to indicate a beginner driver ( U+1F530 🔰 JAPANESE SYMBOL FOR BEGINNER ),

12432-434: Was the most popular. Platforms such as MSN Messenger allowed for customisation from 2001 onwards, with many users importing emoticons to use in messages as text. These emoticons would eventually go on to become the modern-day emoji. It was not until MSN Messenger and BlackBerry noticed the popularity of these unofficial sets and launched their own from late 2003 onwards. The first American company to take notice of emoji

12544-581: Was then renamed to "Zapf Dingbats"). The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Miscellaneous Symbols block: Emoji An emoji ( / ɪ ˈ m oʊ dʒ iː / ih- MOH -jee ; plural emoji or emojis ; Japanese : 絵文字 , Japanese pronunciation: [emoꜜʑi] ) is a pictogram , logogram , ideogram , or smiley embedded in text and used in electronic messages and web pages . The primary function of modern emoji

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