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75-552: An emoticon ( / ə ˈ m oʊ t ə k ɒ n / , ə- MOH -tə-kon , rarely / ɪ ˈ m ɒ t ɪ k ɒ n / , ih- MOTT -ih-kon ), short for emotion icon , is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using characters —usually punctuation marks , numbers and letters —to express a person's feelings, mood or reaction, without needing to describe it in detail. The first ASCII emoticons are generally credited to computer scientist Scott Fahlman , who proposed what came to be known as "smileys"— :-) and :-( —in
150-505: A semicolon ;-) , XD , a representation of the Face with Tears of Joy emoji and the acronym LOL . In 1996, The Smiley Company was established by Nicolas Loufrani and his father Franklin as a way of commercializing the smiley trademark. As part of this, The Smiley Dictionary website focused on ASCII emoticons, where a catalogue was made of them. Many other people did similar to Loufrani from 1995 onwards, including David Sanderson creating
225-403: A subculture : blogs have been devoted to the emoticon, and URL shortening services have been named after it. In Taiwan, Orz is associated with the concept of nice guys . o7, or O7, is an emoticon that depicts a person saluting , with the o being the head and the 7 being its arm. A portmanteau of emotion and sound , an emotisound is a brief sound transmitted and played back during
300-482: A 1967 article in Reader's Digest , using a dash and right bracket to represent a tongue in one's cheek : — ). Prefiguring the modern "smiley" emoticon, writer Vladimir Nabokov told an interviewer from The New York Times in 1969, "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile—some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question." In
375-534: A U.S. trademark registration for the "frowny" emoticon :-( when used on "greeting cards, posters and art prints". In 2001, they issued a satirical press release, announcing that they would sue Internet users who typed the frowny; the company received protests when its mock release was posted on technology news website Slashdot . A number of patent applications have been filed on inventions that assist in communicating with emoticons. A few of these have been issued as US patents . US 6987991, for example, discloses
450-440: A child's cognitive ability to detect facial expression is being exposed to it from the time of birth. The more an infant is exposed to different faces and expressions, the more able they are to recognize these emotions and then mimic them for themselves. Infants are exposed to an array of emotional expressions from birth, and evidence indicates that they imitate some facial expressions and gestures (e.g., tongue protrusion) as early as
525-494: A colon or an equal sign is used for the eyes. One linguistic study has indicated that the use of a nose in an emoticon may be related to the user's age, with younger people less likely to use a nose. Some variants are also more common in certain countries due to keyboard layouts . For example, the smiley =) may occur in Scandinavia . Diacritical marks are sometimes used. The letters Ö and Ü can be seen as emoticons, as
600-409: A facial expression voluntarily or involuntarily, and the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling the expression differ in each case. Voluntary facial expressions are often socially conditioned and follow a cortical route in the brain. Conversely, involuntary facial expressions are believed to be innate and follow a subcortical route in the brain. Facial recognition can be an emotional experience for
675-467: A frown and (*) for a wink . An instance of text characters representing a sideways smiling and frowning face could be found in the New York Herald Tribune on March 10, 1953, promoting the film Lili starring Leslie Caron . The September 1962 issue of MAD magazine included an article titled "Typewri-toons". The piece, featuring typewriter-generated artwork credited to "Royal Portable",
750-464: A grin :D , :P for tongue out, and smug :-> ; they can be used to denote a flirting or joking tone, or may be implying a second meaning in the sentence preceding it. ;P , such as when blowing a raspberry . An often used combination is also <3 for a heart and </3 for a broken heart. :O is also sometimes used to depict shock. :/ is used to depict melancholy, disappointment or disapproval. :| may be used to depict
825-471: A label for "attempted humor" to try to solve the difficulty of conveying humor or sarcasm in plain text. Fahlman sent the following message after an incident where a humorous warning about a mercury spill in an elevator was misunderstood as serious: Within a few months, the smiley had spread to the ARPANET and Usenet . Other suggestions on the forum included an asterisk * and an ampersand & ,
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#1732851185177900-486: A message on the bulletin board system (BBS) of Carnegie Mellon University in 1982. In Western countries, emoticons are usually written at a right angle to the direction of the text. Users from Japan popularized a kind of emoticon called kaomoji , using Japanese's larger character sets . This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986. They are also known as verticons (from vertical icon ) due to their readability without rotations. As SMS mobile text messaging and
975-492: A method developed in 2001 to send emoticons over a cell phone using a drop-down menu. The stated advantage was that it eases entering emoticons. The emoticon :-) was also filed in 2006 and registered in 2008 as a European Community Trademark (CTM). In Finland , the Supreme Administrative Court ruled in 2012 that the emoticon cannot be trademarked, thus repealing a 2006 administrative decision trademarking
1050-563: A monocle and ಥ to represent a tearing eye. They were picked up by 4chan and spread to other Western sites soon after. Some have become characters in their own right like Monā . In South Korea , emoticons use Korean Hangul letters, and the Western style is rarely used. The structures of Korean and Japanese emoticons are somewhat similar, but they have some differences. Korean style contains Korean jamo (letters) instead of other characters. The consonant jamos ㅅ , ㅁ or ㅂ can be used as
1125-445: A neutral face. A broad grin is sometimes shown with crinkled eyes to express further amusement; XD and the addition of further "D" letters can suggest laughter or extreme amusement, e.g., XDDDD . The "3" in X3 and :3 represents an animal's mouth. An equal sign is often used for the eyes in place of the colon, seen as =) . It has become more acceptable to omit the hyphen, whether
1200-501: A range of responses, including "frustration, despair, sarcasm, or grudging respect". It was first used in late 2002 at the forum on Techside, a Japanese personal website. At the "Techside FAQ Forum" ( TECHSIDE教えて君BBS(教えてBBS) ), a poster asked about a cable cover, typing " _|￣|○ " to show a cable and its cover. Others commented that it looked like a kneeling person, and the symbol became popular. These comments were soon deleted as they were considered off-topic. By 2005, Orz spawned
1275-599: A shift in usage by younger users as a form of covert prestige : rejecting a standard usage in order to demonstrate in-group membership. Loufrani began to use the basic text designs and turned them into graphical representations. They are now known as graphical emoticons. His designs were registered at the United States Copyright Office in 1997 and appeared online as GIF files in 1998. For ASCII emoticons that did not exist to convert into graphical form, Loufrani also backward engineered new ASCII emoticons from
1350-770: A small amount to the inflation, combined, they can produce exaggerated scores. The three main factors are the following: Darwin argued that the expression of emotions has evolved in humans from animal ancestors, who would have used similar methods of expression. Darwin believed that expressions were unlearned and innate in human nature and were therefore evolutionarily significant for survival. He compiled supporting evidence from his research on different cultures, on infants, and in other animal species. Ekman found that people from different cultures recognized certain facial expressions despite vast cultural differences, and his findings tended to confirm Darwin's initial hypothesis. Cross-cultural studies had shown that there are similarities in
1425-454: A variety of purposes. It regulates conversations, shows interest or involvement, and establishes a connection with others. But different cultures have different rules for eye contact . Certain Asian cultures can perceive direct eye contact as a way to signal competitiveness, which in many situations may prove to be inappropriate. Others lower their eyes to signal respect, and similarly, eye contact
1500-545: A white smiling face and a black smiling face ("black" refers to a glyph which is filled, "white" refers to a glyph which is unfilled). The Emoticons block was introduced in Unicode Standard version 6.0 (published in October 2010) and extended by 7.0 . It covers Unicode range from U+1F600 to U+1F64F fully. After that block had been filled, Unicode 8.0 (2015), 9.0 (2016) and 10.0 (2017) added additional emoticons in
1575-518: Is a large increase in the activity of the amygdala. The amygdala receives visual information from the thalamus via the subcortical pathways. The amygdala may also have a significant role in the recognition of fear and negative emotions. It is believed that the emotion disgust is recognized through activation of the insula and basal ganglia. The recognition of emotion may also utilize the occipitotemporal neocortex, orbitofrontal cortex and right frontoparietal cortices. More than anything though, what shapes
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#17328511851771650-484: Is avoided in Nigeria; however, in western cultures this could be misinterpreted as lacking self-confidence . Even beyond the idea of eye contact, eyes communicate more data than a person even consciously expresses. Pupil dilation is a significant cue to a level of excitement, pleasure, or attraction. Dilated pupils indicate greater affection or attraction, while constricted pupils send a colder signal. Facial expression
1725-591: Is emotional. These expressions originate from the extrapyramidal motor system , which involves subcortical nuclei. For this reason, genuine emotions are not associated with the cortex and are often displayed unconsciously. This is demonstrated in infants before the age of two; they display distress, disgust, interest, anger, contempt, surprise, and fear. Infants' displays of these emotions indicate that they are not cortically related. Similarly, blind children also display emotions, proving that they are subconscious rather than learned. Other subcortical facial expressions include
1800-401: Is the assumption that certain facial expressions and face-related acts or events are signals of specific emotions (happiness with laughter and smiling, sadness with tears, anger with a clenched jaw, fear with a grimace, or gurn , surprise with raised eyebrows and wide eyes along with a slight retraction of the ears, and disgust with a wrinkled nose and squinted eyes—emotions which frequently lack
1875-439: Is to be appended, with the full stop, to every jocular or ironical sentence". In a 1936 Harvard Lampoon article, writer Alan Gregg proposed combining brackets with various other punctuation marks to represent various moods. Brackets were used for the sides of the mouth or cheeks, with other punctuation used between the brackets to display various emotions: (-) for a smile, (--) (showing more "teeth") for laughter, (#) for
1950-460: Is used in sign languages to convey specific meanings. In American Sign Language (ASL), for instance, raised eyebrows combined with a slightly forward head tilt to indicate that what is being signed is a yes–no question . Lowered eyebrows are used for wh-word questions. Facial expression is also used in sign languages to show adverbs and adjectives such as distance or size: an open mouth, squinted eyes and tilted back head indicate something far while
2025-419: Is very popular. The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but some can be rotated (making them tiny ambigrams ). There are also some variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express another feeling. For example, :( equals sad and :(( equals very sad. Weeping can be written as :'( . A blush can be expressed as :"> . Others include wink ;) ,
2100-518: The Dingbat and Miscellaneous Symbols blocks. Facial expression Facial expression is the motion and positioning of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of an individual to observers and are a form of nonverbal communication . They are a primary means of conveying social information between humans , but they also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species . Humans can adopt
2175-477: The Internet became widespread in the late 1990s, emoticons became increasingly popular and were commonly used in texting , Internet forums and emails . Emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology, and some devices and applications have provided stylized pictures that do not use text punctuation. They offer another range of "tone" through texting through facial gestures. Emoticons were
2250-552: The Spaceship operator <=> (a comparison), the Diamond operator <> (for type hinting) and the Elvis operator ?: (a shortened ternary operator ). Usually, emoticons in Western style have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and the mouth. It is commonly placed at the end of a sentence, replacing the full stop. The two-character version :) , which omits the nose,
2325-519: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Cachinnation " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for
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2400-470: The "emoticlip" as a form of viral marketing for the second season of the show The Hills . The emoticlips were twelve short snippets of dialogue from the show, uploaded to YouTube. The emoticlip concept is credited to the Bradley & Montgomery advertising firm, which wrote that they hoped it would be widely adopted as "greeting cards that just happen to be selling something". In 2000, Despair, Inc. obtained
2475-553: The "godfather of the emoji" for his work in the field. On September 23, 2021, it was announced that Scott Fahlman was holding an auction for the original emoticons he created in 1982. The auction was held in Dallas , United States, and sold the two designs as non-fungible tokens (NFT) . The online auction ended later that month, with the originals selling for US$ 237,500. In some programming languages , certain operators are known informally by their emoticon-like appearance. This includes
2550-458: The "knit brow" during concentration, raised eyebrows when listening attentively, and short "punctuation" expressions to add emphasis during speech. People can be unaware that they are producing these expressions. The lower portions of the face are controlled by the opposite cerebral hemisphere , causing asymmetric facial expression. Because the right hemisphere is more specialised for emotional expression , emotions are more strongly expressed on
2625-520: The 1970s, the PLATO IV computer system was launched. It was one of the first computers used throughout educational and professional institutions, but rarely used in a residential setting. On the computer system, a student at the University of Illinois developed pictograms that resembled different smiling faces. Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope stated this likely took place in 1972, and they claimed these to be
2700-636: The 19th century. The National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in Morse code to express "love and kisses" (later reduced to the more formal " best regards "). Dodge's Manual in 1908 documented the reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88. New Zealand academics Joan Gajadhar and John Green comment that both Morse code abbreviations are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as LOL . The transcript of one of Abraham Lincoln 's speeches in 1862 recorded
2775-582: The audience's reaction as: "(applause and laughter ;)". There has been some debate whether the glyph in Lincoln's speech was a typo , a legitimate punctuation construct or the first emoticon. Linguist Philip Seargeant argues that it was a simple typesetting error. Before March 1881, the examples of "typographical art" appeared in at least three newspaper articles, including Kurjer warszawski (published in Warsaw ) from March 5, 1881, using punctuation to represent
2850-415: The book Smileys in 1997. James Marshall also hosted an online collection of ASCII emoticons that he completed in 2008. A researcher at Stanford University surveyed the emoticons used in four million Twitter messages and found that the smiling emoticon without a hyphen "nose" :) was much more common than the original version with the hyphen :-) . Linguist Vyvyan Evans argues that this represents
2925-473: The brackets, such as owo , uwu and TwT , popularised in internet subcultures such as the anime and furry communities . Users of the Japanese discussion board 2channel , in particular, have developed a variety emoticons using characters from various scripts, such as Kannada , as in ಠ_ಠ (for a look of disapproval, disbelief or confusion). Similarly, the letter ರೃ was used in emoticons to represent
3000-513: The brain and the amygdala is highly involved in the recognition process. Beyond the accessory nature of facial expressions in spoken communication between people, they play a significant role in communication with sign language . Many phrases in sign language include facial expressions. There is controversy surrounding the question of whether facial expressions are a worldwide and universal display among humans. Facial expressions are vital to social communication between humans. They are caused by
3075-640: The chimps in evaluating their expressions. Of course, differences between the species' physical facial properties, such as white sclera and everted lips in chimps, would mean that some expressions could not be compared. Similarly, Darwin observed that infants' method of expression for certain emotions was instinctive, as they were able to display emotional expressions they had not themselves yet witnessed. Facial morphology impacts expression recognition in important ways, and therefore, infant facial morphology may also serve some specific communicative function. These similarities in morphology and movement are important for
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3150-488: The correct interpretation of an emotion. Darwin was particularly interested in the functions of facial expression as evolutionarily important for survival. He looked at the functions of facial expression in terms of the utility of expression in the life of the animal and in terms of specific expressions within species. Darwin deduced that some animals communicated feelings of different emotional states with specific facial expressions. He further concluded that this communication
3225-462: The emoticons :-) , =) , =( , :) and :( . In 2005, a Russian court rejected a legal claim against Siemens by a man who claimed to hold a trademark on the ;-) emoticon. In 2008, Russian entrepreneur Oleg Teterin claimed to have been granted the trademark on the ;-) emoticon. A license would not "cost that much—tens of thousands of dollars" for companies but would be free of charge for individuals. A different, but related, use of
3300-409: The emotions of joy, melancholy, indifference and astonishment. In a 1912 essay titled "For Brevity and Clarity", American author Ambrose Bierce suggested facetiously that a bracket could be used to represent a smiling face, proposing "an improvement in punctuation" with which writers could convey cachinnation , loud or immoderate laughter: "it is written thus ‿ and presents a smiling mouth. It
3375-415: The first emoticons. Carnegie Mellon computer scientist Scott Fahlman is generally credited with the invention of the digital text-based emoticon in 1982. The use of ASCII symbols, a standard set of codes representing typographical marks, was essential to allow the symbols to be displayed on any computer. In Carnegie Mellon's bulletin board system , Fahlman proposed colon– hyphen –right bracket :-) as
3450-540: The first few days of life. In addition, gender affects the tendency to express, perceive, remember, and forget specific emotions. For instance, angry male faces and happy female faces are more recognizable, compared to happy male faces and angry female faces. A 2020 study on "emotion residue" found that even when study participants attempted to make neutral facial expressions, their faces still retained emotion residue from prior expressions, and these prior expressions were able to be detected by observers. A 1988 study on
3525-475: The first pharyngeal arch. There are two brain pathways associated with facial expression; the first is voluntary expression. Voluntary expression travels from the primary motor cortex through the pyramidal tract , specifically the corticobulbar projections . The cortex is associated with display rules in emotion, which are social precepts that influence and modify expressions. Cortically related expressions are made consciously. The second type of expression
3600-432: The formation of impressions. This article discusses eyes and facial expressions and the effect they have on interpersonal communication . A person's eyes reveal much about how they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate can reveal how nervous or at ease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on
3675-901: The 💕 Look for Cachinnation on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Cachinnation in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
3750-493: The glyph ツ from the Japanese katakana writing system. Kaomoji are often seen as the Japanese development of emoticons that is separate to the Scott Fahlman movement, which started in 1982. In 1986, a designer began to use brackets and other ASCII text characters to form faces. Over time, they became more often differentiated from each other, although both use ASCII characters. However, more westernised Kaomojis have dropped
3825-416: The graphical versions he created. These were the first graphical representations of ASCII emoticons. He published his Smiley icons as well as emoticons created by others, along with their ASCII versions, in an online Smiley Dictionary in 2001. This dictionary included 640 different smiley icons and was published as a book called Dico Smileys in 2002. In 2017, British magazine The Drum referred to Loufrani as
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#17328511851773900-417: The latter meant to represent a person doubled over in laughter, as well as a percent sign % and a pound sign # . Scott Fahlman suggested that not only could his emoticon communicate emotion , but also replace language. Since the 1990s, emoticons (colon, hyphen and bracket) have become integral to digital communications, and have inspired a variety of other emoticons, including the "winking" face using
3975-470: The left side of the face, particularly for negative emotions . Asymmetries in expression can be seen in chimeric faces (facial portraits made by combining the left and right halves of faces with different expressions) and also in portraits which more often show the left, more emotional side of the face than the right. The amygdala plays an important role in facial recognition. Functional imaging studies have found that when shown pictures of faces, there
4050-458: The looking behaviors of others convey significant information. Infants prefer to look at faces that engage them in mutual gaze and that, from an early age, healthy babies show enhanced neural processing of direct gaze. Eye contact is another major aspect of facial communication. Some have hypothesized that this is due to infancy, as humans are one of the few mammals who maintain regular eye contact with their mother while nursing. Eye contact serves
4125-438: The matching facial expression from an array of three faces. The Fore selected the correct face on 64–90% of trials but had difficulty distinguishing the fear face from the surprise face. Children selected from an array of only two faces, and their results were similar to the adults'. Subsequent cross-cultural studies found similar results Both sides of this debate agree that the face expresses emotion. The controversy surrounds
4200-740: The mouth or nose component and ㅇ , ㅎ or ㅍ for the eyes. Using quotation marks " and apostrophes ' are also commonly used combinations. Vowel jamos such as ㅜ and ㅠ can depict a crying face. Example: ㅜㅜ , (same function as T in Western style). Sometimes ㅡ (not an em-dash "—", but a vowel jamo), a comma ( , ) or an underscore ( _ ) is added, and the two character sets can be mixed together, as in ㅠ.ㅡ , ㅡ^ㅜ and ㅜㅇㅡ . Also, semicolons and carets are commonly used in Korean emoticons; semicolons can mean sweating, examples of it are -;/ , --^ and -_-;; . The character 囧 (U+56E7), which means ' bright ' , may be combined with
4275-633: The mouth pulled to one side and the cheek held toward the shoulder indicate something close, and puffed cheeks mean very large. It can also show the manner in which something is done, such as carelessly or routinely. Some of these expressions, also called non-manual signs, are used similarly in different sign languages while others are different from one language to another. For example, the expression used for 'carelessly' in ASL means 'boring or unpleasant' in British Sign Language . The universality hypothesis
4350-460: The movement of muscles that connect to the skin and fascia in the face. These muscles move the skin, creating lines and folds and causing the movement of facial features, such as the mouth and eyebrows. These muscles develop from the second pharyngeal arch in the embryo. The temporalis , masseter , and internal and external pterygoid muscles , which are mainly used for chewing, have a minor effect on expression as well. These muscles develop from
4425-522: The posture emoticon Orz, such as 囧rz. The character existed in Oracle bone script but was rarely used until its use as an emoticon, documented as early as January 20, 2005. Other variants of 囧 include 崮 (king 囧), 莔 (queen 囧), 商 (囧 with a hat), 囧興 (turtle) and 卣 ( Bomberman ). The character 槑 (U+69D1), a variant of 梅 ' plum ' , is used to represent a double of 呆 ' dull ' or further magnitude of dullness. In Chinese, normally full characters (as opposed to
4500-436: The precursors to modern emojis . In 1648, poet Robert Herrick wrote, "Tumble me down, and I will sit Upon my ruins, (smiling yet:)." Herrick's work predated any other recorded use of brackets as a smiling face by around 200 years. However, experts doubted the inclusion of the colon in the poem was deliberate and if it was meant to represent a smiling face. English professor Alan Jacobs argued that "punctuation, in general,
4575-747: The range from U+1F910 to U+1F9FF. Currently, U+1F90C – U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F94D – U+1F94F, U+1F96C – U+1F97F, U+1F998 – U+1F9CF (excluding U+1F9C0 which contains the 🧀 emoji) and U+1F9E7 – U+1F9FF do not contain any emoticons since Unicode 10.0. For historic and compatibility reasons, some other heads and figures, which mostly represent different aspects like genders, activities, and professions instead of emotions, are also found in Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs (especially U+1F466 – U+1F487) and Transport and Map Symbols . Body parts, mostly hands, are also encoded in
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#17328511851774650-522: The relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce's data is interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channeled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates' perspiration, eye contact and stiffness. Within their first year, Infants learn rapidly that
4725-642: The social component of those like shame, pride, jealousy, envy, deference, etc.) and are recognized by people regardless of culture, language, or time. The belief in the evolutionary basis of these kinds of facial expressions can be traced back to Darwin 's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . Reviews of the universality hypothesis have been both supportive and critical. Work in 2013 by Nelson and Russell and Jack et al. has been especially critical. Ekman 's work on facial expressions had its starting point in
4800-489: The stylistic use of 槑) might be duplicated to express emphasis. Orz (other forms include: Or2 , on_ , OTZ , OTL , STO , JTO , _no , _冂○ and 囧 rz ) is an emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person (the Japanese version of which is called dogeza ), with the "o" being the head, the "r" being the arms and part of the body, and the "z" being part of the body and the legs. This stick figure can represent respect or kowtowing , but commonly appears along
4875-515: The term "emoticon" is found in the Unicode Standard , referring to a subset of emoji that display facial expressions. The standard explains this usage with reference to existing systems, which provided functionality for substituting certain textual emoticons with images or emoji of the expressions in question. Some smiley faces were present in Unicode since 1.1 , including a white frowning face,
4950-487: The uncertainty about what specific emotional information is read from a facial expression. Opponents of the universality hypothesis believe that more general information is pieced together with other contextual information in order to determine how a person feels. One argument against the evidence presented in support of the universality hypothesis is that the method typically used to demonstrate universality inflates recognition scores. Although each factor may contribute only
5025-503: The upright versions of :O (meaning that one is surprised) and :D (meaning that one is very happy), respectively. In countries where the Cyrillic alphabet is used, the right parenthesis ) is used as a smiley. Multiple parentheses )))) are used to express greater happiness, amusement or laughter. The colon is omitted due to being in a lesser-known position on the ЙЦУКЕН keyboard layout . The ' shrug ' emoticon, ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ , uses
5100-557: The viewing of a message, typically an IM message or email message. The sound is intended to communicate an emotional subtext . Some services, such as MuzIcons, combine emoticons and music players in an Adobe Flash -based widget. In 2004, the Trillian chat application introduced a feature called "emotiblips", which allows Trillian users to stream files to their instant message recipients "as the voice and video equivalent of an emoticon". In 2007, MTV and Paramount Home Entertainment promoted
5175-421: The way emotions are expressed across diverse cultures, but studies have even shown that there are similarities between species in how emotions are expressed. Research has shown that chimpanzees are able to communicate many of the same facial expressions as humans through the complex movements of the facial muscles. In fact, the facial cues were so similar that Ekman's Facial Action Coding System could be applied to
5250-611: The work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins . Ekman showed that facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures. To demonstrate his universality hypothesis, Ekman ran a test on a group of the South Fore people of New Guinea , a pre-industrial culture that was isolated from the West. The experiment participants were told brief stories about emotional events (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust). After each story, they were asked to select
5325-505: The “facial feedback” hypothesis found that study participants mood was improved when they smiled. However, this study later failed a large replication attempt. One experiment investigated the influence of gaze direction and facial expression on face memory. Participants were shown a set of unfamiliar faces with either happy or angry facial expressions, which were either gazing straight ahead or had their gaze averted to one side. Memory for faces that were initially shown with angry expressions
5400-421: Was entirely made up of repurposed typography, including a capital letter P having a bigger 'bust' than a capital I, a lowercase b and d discussing their pregnancies, an asterisk on top of a letter to indicate the letter had just come inside from snowfall, and a classroom of lowercase n's interrupted by a lowercase h "raising its hand". A further example attributed to a Baltimore Sunday Sun columnist appeared in
5475-405: Was found to be poorer when these faces had averted as opposed to direct gaze, whereas memory for individuals shown with happy faces was unaffected by gaze direction. It is suggested that memory for another individual's face partly depends on an evaluation of the behavioural intention of that individual. A person's face, especially their eyes, creates the most obvious and immediate cues that lead to
5550-460: Was important for the survival of animals in group-dwelling species; the skill to effectively communicate or interpret another animal's feelings and behaviors would be a principal trait in naturally fit species. However, this suggests that solitary species such as orangutans would not exhibit such expressions. For a discussion of the controversies on these claims, see Fridlund and Russell & Fernandez Dols. cachinnation From Misplaced Pages,
5625-586: Was unsettled in the seventeenth century ... Herrick was unlikely to have consistent punctuational practices himself, and even if he did he couldn't expect either his printers or his readers to share them." 17th century typography practice often placed colons and semicolons within parentheses, including 14 instances of " :) " in Richard Baxter 's 1653 Plain Scripture Proof of Infants Church-membership and Baptism . Precursors to modern emoticons have existed since
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