Sławków [ˈswafkuf] is a town in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie (part of historic province of Lesser Poland ), near Katowice . Outer town of the Metropolis GZM – a metropolis with a population of around 2 million. Sławków is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship , previously it was in Katowice Voivodeship . The population of the town is 7,017 (2019). From 1999 to 2001, Sławków was part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship . When it was transferred to Silesian Voivodeship in 2002, it was assigned to Będzin County , despite being separated from the rest of that county by the cities of Dąbrowa Górnicza and Sosnowiec . It is the western terminus of the Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line .
153-550: Sławków is located in western Lesser Poland , 29 kilometres (18 miles) from Katowice , and 56 km (35 mi) from Kraków , in Kraków-Silesia Upland (part of Lesser Poland Upland ), on the Biała Przemsza river. The town borders Dąbrowa Górnicza , Sosnowiec , Jaworzno and Bukowno . Apart from its historic center, Sławków has 25 smaller districts, and as much as 35% of the town is covered by forests. The name of
306-483: A "similar attitude towards food," whereas Chicago 's link with Warsaw , Poland began with Chicago's historic Polish community . The twinning of Indianapolis with Monza , Italy, is due to both cities' long association with auto racing . A twin towns program was instituted in the United States in 1956 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower proposed a citizen diplomacy initiative. Sister Cities International (SCI)
459-512: A "tuning" partnership based on a shared musical heritage and culture offer, at the initiative of Bristol Mayor George Ferguson . Annecy , France and Nerima , Tokyo have for several years shared a partnership based on their "co-existent animation industry". Toledo, United States twinned with Toledo, Spain in 1931, and was the first city in North America to engage in town twinning. Vancouver, Canada twinned with Odesa, Ukraine in 1944,
612-463: A Polish custom, whenever a new village was formed next to an older one, the name of the new entity was presented with an adjective little (or lesser ), while the old village was described as greater . The same procedure was used in naming two Polish provinces – the "older" one, the cradle of the Polish state, was called Greater Poland , and its "younger sister", which became part of Poland
765-593: A battleground, with Battle of Kliszów taking place there in 1702, and the Sandomierz Confederation formed in 1704. After the conflict, Lesser Poland began a recovery, which was hampered by several other factors. Province's cities frequently burned (Lublin 1719, Nowy Targ 1784, Nowy Sącz, Dukla 1758, Wieliczka 1718, Miechów 1745, Drzewica), there also were numerous outbreaks of plagues and typhus (in 1707–1708, some 20,000 died in Kraków and its area ) Lesser Poland
918-528: A common etymology . These similarities usually arise from sharing the same or related language or having been a colony or previously conquered. The twinning of towns and cities is sometimes done for political purposes. The Hungarian city Gyöngyös was twinned with the Azerbaijani city of Shusha in 2013, signing the twinning agreement with representatives from the Azerbaijani government; Hungary recognised Shusha as de jure part of Azerbaijan , even though it
1071-552: A decree of Adolf Hitler , General Government , a separate region of the Greater German Reich was created, with Hans Frank as its Governor-General . Its capital was established in Kraków, and it covered most of the area of historical Lesser Poland, except for its western counties, which were directly incorporated into Nazi Germany's Upper Silesia Province ( Będzin , Sosnowiec , Zawiercie , Biała , Żywiec , Chrzanów , Olkusz ). In Lesser Poland, like in all provinces of
1224-432: A defensive castle, located near western border of Lesser Poland. Due to rich deposits of lead and silver, and location on a merchant route from Kraków to Wrocław , Sławków quickly developed, and in the 13th century it was one of the most important urban centers of Lesser Poland. In the 14th century its importance diminished, and later on, the town was destroyed several times in numerous wars (1433, 1434, 1455), as well as in
1377-559: A factory in the Republic of Karelia in Russia and offered the same profit-sharing plan to its Russian employees. China's sister city relationships are managed by the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries , a united front organization. Sister city initiatives are an increasingly widespread mechanism for Chinese public diplomacy . From the early 2000s until 2024,
1530-594: A few years later, was called Lesser Poland . The name Greater Poland ( Polonia Maior ) was for the first time used in 1242, by princes Boleslaw and Przemysław I , who named themselves Duces Majoris Poloniae ( Princes of the Older Poland ). Lesser Poland, or Polonia Minor , appeared for the first time in historical documents in 1493, in the Statutes of Piotrków , during the reign of King Jan Olbracht , to distinguish this province from Greater Poland ( Polonia Maior ). In
1683-564: A fire (1498). Furthermore, the deposits of silver and lead dried out. Until the Partitions of Poland , Sławków remained administrative center of properties of the Bishop of Kraków. In 1795 Sławków briefly belonged to New Silesia , and in 1806 was annexed by the Duchy of Warsaw (since 1815 Russian-controlled Congress Kingdom ). In the mid-19th century first industrial enterprises were established here, and
SECTION 10
#17328512819091836-499: A gift of timber from his native country for use in the new Civic Theatre, which when finished was named Belgrade Theatre . The purpose of twinnings was then expanded to encourage trade and tourism or to reflect other links, such as towns sharing the same name or migration links. By the 2000s, town twinning became increasingly used to form strategic international business links among member cities, and may include localities of any scope such as villages, prefectures, or countries. In
1989-401: A hierarchical relationship. In the 2010s, Tokyo began to actively promote 'city diplomacy' with other global cities at the initiative of governor Yoichi Masuzoe . Relationships between communities can also arise because of shared names; they may be named after one community (as in the case of Córdoba ), they may share names (as in the case of Santiago de Compostela ), or their names may have
2142-600: A link that still exists. Since 9 April 1956 Rome and Paris have been exclusively and reciprocally twinned with each other, following the motto: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris." Within Europe, town twinning is supported by the European Union. The support scheme was established in 1989. In 2003 an annual budget of about € 12 million was allocated to about 1,300 projects. The Council of European Municipalities and Regions also works closely with
2295-495: A major East – West rail line, linking Volhynia , and Upper Silesia , but they never materialized. Desperate situation and lack of jobs caused thousands of inhabitants of Lesser Poland (especially from its southern part) to leave their land, mostly for the United States of America, but also Brazil, and Canada. Lesser Poland remained a center of Polish culture, with Kraków's Jagiellonian University , AGH University of Science and Technology , and Catholic University of Lublin , which
2448-587: A major center of Polish aviation, when Polish Air Force Academy was opened there, and in Mielec , PZL Mielec was opened, which was the largest aerospace manufacturer in Poland. Central Industrial Region, however, did not affect western counties of Lesser Poland, which had already been urbanized and industrialized ( Biala Krakowska , Żywiec , Kraków , Jaworzno , Zagłębie Dąbrowskie , Zawiercie , and Częstochowa ). The government of Poland planned further investments, such as
2601-811: A museum of Polish national memorabilia and a major cultural and political centre. A number of prominent artists, both representing Romanticism , and Positivism was born in Lesser Poland, including Wincenty Pol (born in Lublin), Stefan Żeromski (born near Kielce), Aleksander Świętochowski (born near Łuków in extreme northeast corner of Lesser Poland), Walery Przyborowski (born near Kielce), Piotr Michałowski , Helena Modjeska , Henryk Wieniawski (born in Lublin), Leon Wyczółkowski (born near Siedlce), Juliusz Kossak (born in Nowy Wiśnicz ), Józef Szujski (born in Tarnów). In
2754-516: A result of their support of the failed insurrection, several Lesser Poland's towns lost their charters and were turned into villages. Among them were Kraśnik , Bodzentyn , Opatów , Iłża , Małogoszcz , Wąchock , Busko-Zdrój , Jędrzejów, Cmielow , Zwoleń , Drzewica , Wierzbica , Czeladź , Kazimierz Dolny , Wolborz , Stopnica , Daleszyce , Wiślica , Pajęczno , Lipsko , Pacanów , Ożarów , Wolbrom , Proszowice , Nowe Miasto Korczyn , Włoszczowa , Przysucha , Opole Lubelskie . In
2907-543: A sister-city or twin-city relationship, but the first officially documented case of such a relationship was a signed agreement between the leaders of the cities of Toledo, Ohio and Toledo, Spain in 1931. However, the modern concept of town twinning appeared during the Second World War. More specifically, it was inspired by the bombing of Coventry on 14 November 1940, known as the Coventry Blitz . First conceived by
3060-660: A small territory of Spisz , and next year, the towns of Czorsztyn , Nowy Sącz and Nowy Targ. In 1771, the Russians and the Prussians agreed on the first partition of the country, and in early 1772, Austrian Emperor Maria Theresa decided to join the two powers. In the first partition of the Commonwealth, the Austrians seized the territory which would later be called Galicia , and which included southwestern corner of Lesser Poland (south of
3213-409: A sort of international relations that works in parallel to the conventional system involving embassies, ambassadors, and treaties negotiated at the level of nation states . According to Rodrigo Tavares , the earliest formal attempts to establish city diplomacy across national boundaries took place in the 19th century. Only a handful of cities were involved in the 19th-century efforts; it was not until
SECTION 20
#17328512819093366-537: A twin town. Twinned towns are often chosen because of similarities between them; thus about 15 towns in Wales are twinned with towns in Brittany , and Oxford is with Bonn , Leiden , Grenoble and other university cities. In Italy, two sets of twins are Rovigo with Viernheim , and Bedford with Tulcea . Many former West German cities are twinned with former East German cities; these twinning links were established before
3519-401: A wide autonomy, the province of Galicia, whose western part was made of Lesser Poland, became a hotbed of Polish conspirational activities. In anticipation of a future war, Galician Poles, with help of their brethren from other parts of the divided country, created several paramilitary organizations, such as Polish Rifle Squads , and Riflemen's Association . The capital of Lesser Poland, Kraków,
3672-685: Is Battle of Szczekociny . During Napoleonic Wars , the Duchy of Warsaw was created by Napoleon Bonaparte out of Polish lands which had been granted to Prussia in the Partitions. In 1809, after the Polish–Austrian War , and the Treaty of Schönbrunn , the Duchy was expanded, when northern Lesser Poland was added to its territory (with Kielce, Radom, and Lublin). Following the Congress of Vienna , Duchy of Warsaw
3825-451: Is a historical region situated in southern and south-eastern Poland . Its capital and largest city is Kraków . Throughout centuries, Lesser Poland developed a separate culture featuring diverse architecture, folk costumes , dances , cuisine, traditions and a rare Lesser Polish dialect . The region is rich in historical landmarks, monuments, castles, natural scenery and UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The region should not be confused with
3978-628: Is about 9,000,000 inhabitants. Its landscape is mainly hilly, with the Carpathian Mountains and Tatra Mountain Range in the south; it is located in the basin of the upper Vistula river. It has been noted for its mighty aristocracy ( magnateria ) and wealthy nobility ( szlachta ). Between the 14th and 18th century, the Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland also encompassed
4131-415: Is in a separate smaller painting (above its main one) showing a beech tree, intended as a symbol of prosperity and from which Carshalton Beeches in the borough derives its name. Another example of the use of public art is the wall sculpture of the partner cities of Munich , Germany. A recent study has concluded that geographical distance has very little, if any, influence upon communities' selections of
4284-721: Is marked by the Liwiec river, with both Siedlce , and Łuków being part of Lesser Poland. The line then goes south, with Miedzyrzec Podlaski being part of the historical Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and Radzyń Podlaski as well as Parczew left in Lesser Poland. Between the Vistula and the Bug Rivers, the eastern border of Lesser Poland goes west of Leczna , but east of Krasnystaw and Szczebrzeszyn , both of which historically belong to Red Ruthenia / Cherven Cities . Further south, Lesser Poland includes Frampol , and Biłgoraj , which lie in
4437-497: Is supported by two documents from the 13th century: a charter issued in 1279 by Prince Bolesław V the Chaste , in which the locality is still called a village ( villa episcopalis ) and an agreement dated 1286 between the Bishop of Kraków Paweł z Przemankowa and Prince Leszek II the Black , in which Sławków is already called a town ( civitas ). In the 1280s, Bishop Paweł z Przemankowa built here
4590-447: Is twinned with Dorval, Quebec ; Huai'an, China , and Neyagawa, Osaka , Japan. Town twinning begins for a variety of reasons. Generally, partner towns have similar demographics and size. They may arise from business connections, travel, similar industries, diaspora communities, or shared history. For example, the partnership between Portland, Oregon and Bologna , Italy arose from shared industries in biotechnology and education, and
4743-566: The Archbishop of Kraków , merged with Lesser Poland in 1790. Other Silesian realms lost in 1179, also returned to Lesser Poland – Duchy of Zator (in 1513), and Duchy of Oświęcim (1564). Both duchies merged into a Silesian County of the Kraków Voivodeship, and shared the fate of Lesser Poland. Apart from Jews, among other ethnic minorities of the province were the Walddeutsche , who settled
Sławków - Misplaced Pages Continue
4896-644: The Battle of Wojnicz , and the Battle of Golab . In those years, one of the most important and symbolic events in the history of the nation took place in Lesser Poland. It was the Siege of Jasna Góra , which, according to some accounts, turned the course of the war. Furthermore, following the Treaty of Radnot , Lesser Poland was invaded in January 1657 by George II Rákóczi , whose troops caused more destruction. Foreign armies were not chased out of Lesser Poland until 1657, Kraków itself
5049-423: The Carpathian Mountains , and, except in a few cases, it has not changed for centuries. The cities of Leżajsk , Rzeszów , Sanok , Brzozów , and Krosno do not belong to historical Lesser Poland, as they are part of Red Ruthenia/Cherven Cities ( Lwów Voivodeship , around today's Lviv , Ukraine). Historically, Lesser Poland was divided into two lands - Kraków Land and Sandomierz Land, both of which emerged after
5202-744: The Carpathians in the south to Pilica and Liwiec rivers to the north. It borders Mazovia to the north, Podlaskie to the northeast, Red Ruthenia / Cherven Cities to the east, Slovakia to the south, Silesia to the west, and Greater Poland to the northwest. Currently, the region is divided between Polish voivodeships – Lesser Poland Voivodeship (whole), Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (whole), Silesian Voivodeship (eastern half), Podkarpackie Voivodeship (western part), Masovian Voivodeship (southern part), Łódź Voivodeship (southeastern corner), and Lublin Voivodeship (western part). In Silesian Voivodeship,
5355-521: The November Uprising , which began in 1830, missed Lesser Poland, as major battles took place in the area around Warsaw. In early 1831, when Russian forces advanced into Congress Poland, some skirmishes took place in northern counties of the province – at Puławy, Kurow, and Kazimierz Dolny. In early 1846, a group of Polish patriots attempted a failed uprising in the Free City of Kraków. The insurrection
5508-646: The Polish Golden Age was very fortunate for Lesser Poland. Kings of the Jagiellonian dynasty , especially Sigismund I the Old (himself born in Lesser Poland's Kozienice ), and his son Sigismund II Augustus (born in Kraków), resided in Kraków, which was the capital of the immense Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lesser Poland's prosperity was reflected in numerous examples of Renaissance architecture complexes, built across
5661-866: The Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) . In October 1655, the Russo-Cossack armies under Ivan Vyhovsky entered eastern Lesser Poland, reaching the Vistula, and pillaging Lublin, Puławy , and Kazimierz Dolny . The invaders quickly retreated, but a few months later, Lesser Poland was flooded by the Swedes . Swedish invasion of Poland had catastrophic consequences for the hitherto prosperous province. The attackers, supported by their allies from Transylvania , seized whole Lesser Poland, reaching as far south as Nowy Targ , Nowy Sącz , and Żywiec . All major cities were looted and burned, and some of them, like Radom, did not recover until
5814-602: The San river, was called Western Lesser Poland , while Eastern Galicia, east of the San, with the city of Lwów ( Lviv ), was called Eastern Lesser Poland (voivodeships of Tarnopol , Stanisławów , and Lwów ). According to a Polish historian Jan Pisuliński , using the term Eastern Lesser Poland to denomine Eastern Galicia is incorrect, as it has no historical justification, being only a designation of nationalist and propaganda significance (similarly to analogous term Western Ukraine used at
5967-514: The Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty , the country was divided between his sons (see also Fragmentation of Poland ). Bolesław III Wrymouth created the Seniorate Province , which, among others, consisted of Kraków. At the same time, Lesser Poland was divided into two parts, when its eastern part formed the Duchy of Sandomierz , carved by the ruler for his son Henry of Sandomierz . During
6120-543: The Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty . In the 14th century, Sandomierz Voivodeship and Kraków Voivodeship were created, and in 1474, Lublin Voivodeship was carved out of three Sandomierz Voivodeship counties, located on the right bank of the Vistula . Historian Adolf Pawiński, who in the late 19th century was the director of the Polish Central Archives of Historical Records , estimated in his book "Polska XVI wieku pod względem geograficzno-statystycznym", that
6273-684: The World Economic Forum . In addition to C40, other organisations facilitating city diplomacy include the World Cities Summit , City Mayors Foundation , the Smart City Expo World Congress , the Strong City Network and 100 Resilient Cities. As of 2016, there were over 125 such multilateral networks and forums to facilitate international collaboration between different municipal authorities. A Bill introduced in
Sławków - Misplaced Pages Continue
6426-603: The fragmentation period , both lands of Lesser Poland were frequently ruled by the same prince. Among them were Bolesław IV the Curly , Mieszko III the Old , Casimir II the Just , Leszek I the White , Bolesław V the Chaste , Leszek II the Black , Władysław I the Elbow-high , and King of Bohemia , Wenceslaus II of Bohemia , who united Lesser Poland in 1290/1291. The province was pillaged during
6579-514: The grain trade , conducted along the Vistula, and among cities which prospered in the 16th century, there are Kraków, Sandomierz, Lublin, Kazimierz Dolny , Pilzno , Tarnów , Radom, Biecz . In later years of the 16th century, further palaces were built or remodelled in Baranow Sandomierski , and Niepołomice . In the early 16th century, Protestant Reformation spread across the Commonwealth, and Lesser Poland became one of early centers of
6732-524: The standard gauge for its railways, unlike Russia and the other former countries of the Soviet Union . The line runs on a single track for almost 400 km (249 mi) from the Polish- Ukrainian border, crossing it just east of Hrubieszów , to Sławków. It is used only for freight transport, mainly iron ore and coal. It is the westernmost broad gauge railway line in Europe that is connected to
6885-406: The 16th century, Lesser Poland retained its position as the most important province of the country. As no major conflicts took place on its territory, it was the center of Renaissance in Poland . The province was home to numerous scholars, writers and statesmen, and it was here where Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was created in 1569 (see Union of Lublin ). In the Commonwealth, Lesser Poland proper
7038-563: The 1990s, when the Nottingham City Council in the UK considered installing a tram network, it consulted experts from its twin city of Karlsruhe , which has one of the most extensive and efficient tram networks in Germany. With assistance from Karlsruhe's specialist engineers, Nottingham completed its second tram line in 2013. In 2014, Bristol and New Orleans announced their intention to form
7191-465: The 19th century. The Swedes captured and pillaged Sandomierz (where they destroyed the Royal Castle, and after the invasion, the city never recovered ), Opoczno, Lublin, Kazimierz Dolny Pilzno, Szydlow, Szydłowiec, Tarnów, Kielce, Kraśnik, and Kraków. The invaders seized the capital of Lesser Poland after a short siege , and their occupation of the province was confirmed after their victories in
7344-521: The 2019 session of the US Congress would have legislated for a City and State Diplomacy Act to create a new Office of Subnational Diplomacy at the Department of State . H.R.3571 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): City and State Diplomacy Act. Recently, the field of city diplomacy has taken a step beyond city-to-city exchanges to target the facilitation of dialogue between cities and multilateral organs, such as
7497-538: The Battle of Iwonicz, the Russians ransacked Biecz. The movement ended in 1772, and its decline was connected with the Partitions of Poland . Another local center of the movement was Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa, which was defended by Kazimierz Pulaski for almost two years (1770–1772). The Partitions of Poland began earlier in Lesser Poland than in other provinces of the country. In 1769, Austrian Empire annexed
7650-502: The Dutch city was still occupied by the German Army in the final months of the war, and children from each city took part in exchanges in 1945 and 1946. Similarly, in 1947, Bristol Corporation (later Bristol City Council) sent five "leading citizens" on a goodwill mission to Hanover . Reading in 1947 was the first British town to form links with a former "enemy" city – Düsseldorf ,
7803-576: The French town; formal twinning charters were not exchanged until 1986. The practice was continued after the Second World War as a way to promote mutual understanding and cross-border projects of mutual benefit. For example, Coventry twinned with Stalingrad and later with Dresden as an act of peace and reconciliation, all three cities having been heavily bombed during the war. The city of Bath formed an " Alkmaar Adoption committee" in March 1945, when
SECTION 50
#17328512819097956-545: The Mongol invasion of Poland, when a combined army of Kraków and Sandomierz was destroyed by Baidar in the Battle of Chmielnik . The loss was so heavy that Norman Davies wrote: "At Chmielnik, the assembled nobility of Małopolska perished to a man." During their 1241 , 1259 , and 1287 invasions, the Mongols burned major cities of Lesser Poland, killing thousands of people. Furthermore, the province, especially its northeastern part,
8109-622: The Netherlands, the term is jumelage , partnerstad or stedenband ("city bond" when providing mutual support). In Greece, the word αδελφοποίηση ( adelphopiisi – fraternisation) has been adopted. In Iceland, the terms vinabæir (friend towns) and vinaborgir (friend cities) are used. In the former Soviet Bloc , "twin towns" and "twin cities" were used, and in Russian, they use города-побратимы (sworn brother cities). The Americas, South Asia, and Australasia use
8262-501: The Pilica river, with such towns as Przedborz , Opoczno , Drzewica , Białobrzegi , and Kozienice located within Lesser Poland. East of Białobrzegi, the boundary goes mainly along the Radomka river, to the Vistula. East of the Vistula, the boundary goes north of Łaskarzew and Żelechów , and south of Mazovian town of Garwolin , turning northwest. The northernmost point of the province
8415-489: The Sandomierz Voivodeship. Borders of the province remained unchanged until 1772. The only exception was large part of contemporary Upper Silesia (the area around Bytom , Toszek , Siewierz , and Oświęcim ), which belonged to Duchy of Kraków until 1179. In that year, prince of Kraków Casimir II the Just , handed these lands to Prince of Opole Mieszko I Tanglefoot . The Duchy of Siewierz , ruled since 1443 by
8568-470: The Scottish village of Dull and the US town of Boring, Oregon , agreed to twin their municipalities to promote tourism in both places, playing on their names. Recently some towns have made novelty twinning arrangements with fictional or virtual locations. Wincanton , England is partnered with Ankh-Morpork from Terry Pratchett 's Discworld books . Town twinning has increasingly been used to form strategic international business links. For example, in
8721-445: The US). In Japan, the international city relations may be split into multiple terms, such as Sister Cities, Friendship Cooperation Cities, Business Partner Cities (BPC), Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), Sister Ports / Friendship Ports, etc. China mostly uses the term "friendship cooperation cities" rather than "sister cities", as the Chinese words for sisters, "姐妹" (reading: jiěmèi, literally elder sister and younger sister), could imply
8874-407: The United Kingdom, the term "twin towns" is most commonly used; the term "sister cities" is generally used for agreements with towns and cities in the Americas. In mainland Europe, the most commonly used terms are "twin towns", "partnership towns", "partner towns", and "friendship towns". The European Commission uses the term "twinned towns" and refers to the process as "town twinning". Spain uses
9027-706: The United Nations. Not only cities and towns, but also provinces, states, territories, and regions enter into twinning agreements. For example, the Canadian province of Alberta has "sister province" agreements with Gangwon, South Korea (since 1974), Hokkaido, Japan (since 1980), Heilongjiang, China (1981), Jalisco, Mexico (1999), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine (2004), Lviv, Ukraine (2005), Guangdong, China (2017), and California, United States (2018), as well as policy-oriented (as opposed to economic and cultural) agreements with Nevada, United States (since 2013), Missouri, United States (2015), and Texas, United States (2018). The earliest known town twinning in Europe
9180-402: The Vistula river), with Żywiec, Tarnów, and Biecz, but without major urban centers of the province, such as Kraków, Sandomierz, Radom, Lublin, Częstochowa, and Kielce. Second Partition of Poland (1793) did not result in significant changes of boundaries in the area, as the Austrian Empire did not participate in it. However, the Prussians moved on, and in 1793 they annexed northwestern corner of
9333-422: The Vistula. Residents of the province tried to improve their conditions using legal means, but when it turned out to be impossible, they took to fighting ( 1923 Kraków riot , 1937 peasant strike in Poland ). As if to exacerbate the desperate situation, Lesser Poland witnessed a catastrophic flood in 1934, after which the government decided to construct dams on local rivers. Even though Lesser Poland's countryside
SECTION 60
#17328512819099486-601: The area. However, exact location of the Lendians has not been determined to this day. Some historians speculate that they occupied Cherven Cities, and their center was in Przemyśl . Around the year 1000, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków was created, and its borders covered whole area of Lesser Poland. During the reign of Casimir I the Restorer , Kraków for the first time became the capital of Poland (around 1040), since Greater Poland and Silesia , with main Polish urban centers, such as Gniezno and Poznań were ravaged by Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia . In 1138, following
9639-581: The areas stolen by Russia are not aware of their Lesser Poland's heritage. Furthermore, current administrative boundaries of the country still reflect the defunct border between the former Russian and Austria–Hungarian Empires. In 1918, when Second Polish Republic was created, whole historical Lesser Poland became part of restored Poland . The historical area of the province was divided between four voivodeships: Kraków Voivodeship (whole), Kielce Voivodeship (whole), Lwów Voivodeship (northwestern corner), and Lublin Voivodeship (western part). Furthermore, in
9792-422: The basis of the new government of the country. In other parts of the province, other governments were formed – Polish Liquidation Commission in Kraków, also the short-lived Republic of Tarnobrzeg . The division of Lesser Poland along the Vistula river, which lasted from 1772 until 1918, is visible even today. For more than 100 years, southern Lesser Poland ( Kraków , Tarnów , Biala Krakowska , and Nowy Sącz )
9945-453: The border between Silesia and Lesser Poland is easy to draw, because, with only a few exceptions, it goes along boundaries of local counties . In the south, it goes along the western boundary of the ancient Duchy of Teschen , with the borderline along the Biała river, with Zwardoń , Milówka and Rajcza located in Lesser Poland. Bielsko-Biała is a city made up of two parts – Lesser Poland's Biala (also called Biala Krakowska ), makes up
10098-443: The borderland of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia (14th through 17th centuries). In the Middle Ages, the Germans inhabited several cities of Lesser Poland, especially Kraków and Sandomierz (see Rebellion of wójt Albert ). In the late Middle Ages , Lesser Poland gradually became the center of Polish statehood, with Kraków being the capital of the country from the mid-11th century until 1596. Its nobility ruled Poland when Queen Jadwiga
10251-549: The broad gauge rail system of the countries which before 1991 constituted the Soviet Union. The line is managed by PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa Spólka z o.o. company. Previous name of this line was Linia Hutniczo-Siarkowa (English: Metallurgy – Sulphur Line ), but after sulfur ceased to be transported on the line its name was changed. Sławków is twinned with: Lesser Poland Lesser Poland , often known by its Polish name Małopolska ( pronounced [mawɔˈpɔlska] ; Latin : Polonia Minor ),
10404-421: The city of Kraków, killing with sword all Czechs he found there". Northern part of Lesser Poland (Lublin and Sandomierz) was probably inhabited by another tribe, the Lendians , and Dr Antoni Podraza, historian of the Jagiellonian University claims that ancient division of Lesser Poland into two major parts – Land (Duchy) of Kraków, and Land (Duchy) of Sandomierz, is based on the existence of two Slavic tribes in
10557-470: The commission (DG Education and Culture) to promote modern, high quality twinning initiatives and exchanges that involve all sections of the community. It has launched a website dedicated to town twinning. As of 1995, the European Union had more than 7,000 bilateral relationships involving almost 10,000 European municipalities, primarily French (2837 twinnings) and German (2485 twinnings). Public art has been used to celebrate twin town links, for instance in
10710-490: The counties of central Lesser Poland, another administrative unit, Sandomierz Voivodeship was planned, but due to the outbreak of World War II, it was never created. Boundaries between two major Lesser Poland voivodeships – Kraków, and Kielce, were the same as pre-1914 boundaries of Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Nevertheless, in the interbellum period, the notion of Lesser Poland was frequently associated only with former Austrian province of Galicia . Therefore, Western Galicia to
10863-447: The country, such as Kujawy , Mazovia , Podlachia , Pomerania , or Greater Poland , Lesser Poland is mainly hilly, with Poland's highest peak, Rysy , located within the borders of the province. Flat are northern and central areas of the province – around Tarnobrzeg , Stalowa Wola , Radom and Siedlce , also valleys of the main rivers – the Vistula, the Pilica , and the San . Apart from Rysy, there are several other peaks located in
11016-550: The daughter of Voivode of Sandomierz, Jerzy Mniszech , was wife of False Dmitriy I , as well as False Dmitriy II . Furthermore, Lesser Poland's lands, especially its northeastern part, became a base for Polish troops, fighting the Cossacks, and King John II Casimir Vasa often stayed in Lublin with his court, preparing military campaigns in Ukraine. The situation changed with the outbreak of
11169-435: The early 14th century became the core of the reunited nation (together with Greater Poland). The period of nation's fragmentation came to a symbolic end on 30 January 1320, when Władysław I the Elbow-high was crowned as King of Poland . The ceremony took place in Kraków's Wawel Cathedral , and the king of the reunited country decided to choose Kraków as the capital. Through 14th and 15th centuries, Lesser Poland's position as
11322-432: The early 20th century, Lesser Poland, especially its part which belonged to Austria-Hungary, was a center of a cultural movement called Young Poland . Many artists associated with the movement were born in Lesser Poland, with the most prominent including Władysław Orkan , Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer , Xawery Dunikowski , Jacek Malczewski , Józef Mehoffer , and Stanisław Wyspiański . Since Austrian part of Poland enjoyed
11475-487: The eastern half of the city, and only in 1951 was it merged with Silesian Bielsko. Further north, the border goes along the western boundaries of the cities of Jaworzno , and Sosnowiec , along the Przemsza and Brynica rivers. Then it goes northwest, leaving Czeladź , Siewierz , Koziegłowy , Blachownia , Kłobuck and Krzepice within Lesser Poland. From Krzepice, the border goes eastwards, towards Koniecpol , and along
11628-464: The fall of the Iron Curtain . Famous examples are the partnerships of Hanover and Leipzig , both of which have important trade fair grounds , or between Hamburg and Dresden. The first US-German town twinning was in 1947 between Worthington, Minnesota and Crailsheim . St Petersburg in Russia holds the record for the largest number of partnership arrangements with other communities. In June 2012,
11781-477: The first years of Polish statehood, southern Lesser Poland was inhabited by the West Slavic tribe of Vistulans , with two major centers in Kraków and Wiślica . Their land, which had probably been part of Great Moravia , and Bohemia , was annexed by Mieszko I of Poland some time in the late 10th century. Cosmas of Prague in his Chronicle of Bohemians wrote: "Polish prince Mieszko, a cunning man, seized by ruse
11934-459: The form of seven mural paintings in the centre of the town of Sutton , Greater London. The five main paintings show a number of the main features of the London Borough of Sutton and its four twin towns, along with the heraldic shield of each above the other images. Each painting also features a plant as a visual representation of its town's environmental awareness . In the case of Sutton this
12087-439: The future Pope John Paul II, was born. On 1 September 1939, armed forces of Nazi Germany attacked Poland (see: Invasion of Poland ). Lesser Poland, due to its proximity to the then-border with Germany, became a battleground on the first day of the invasion. The Germans attacked the province both in its northwest (area west of Częstochowa), and in the south ( Podhale ), along the border with Slovakia , which also participated in
12240-553: The genocide in 2016, some twin agreements such as Edirne – Haskovo were terminated by Turkey. China manages sister city relationships through the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC). In April 2019, CPAFFC president Li Xiaolin said, “Friendship city relations have become one of the important channels to implement the Belt and Road Initiative .” In January 2020, Shanghai canceled its sister city relationship with Prague after Prague's mayor signed
12393-536: The historical regions of Podlachia , Volhynia , Podolia and Red Ruthenia / Cherven Cities . In the era of partitions , the southern part of Lesser Poland became known as Galicia , which was under Austrian control until Poland regained its independence in 1918. As a result of this long-lasting division, many inhabitants of the northern part of Lesser Poland (including those in such cities as Lublin , Radom , Kielce and Częstochowa ) do not recognize their Lesser Polish identity. However, while Lublin (Lubelskie)
12546-400: The hitherto divided country. There was no direct rail link between Kraków, and Kielce, Radom, and Lublin, and until 1934, when line from Kraków to Tunel was opened, all travelers had to go via Sosnowiec – Maczki. Lack of rail communication between former Austrian and former Russian parts of Lesser Poland is visible even today. Between Kraków and Dęblin , there are only two rail bridges along
12699-604: The invasion . Lesser Poland was defended by the following Polish armies: After a few days the Battle of the Border was lost, and forces of German Army Group South advanced deep into Lesser Poland's territory. Polish troops resisted fiercely, and among major battles in initial stages of the war, which took place in Lesser Poland, there are Battle of Mokra , Battle of Jordanów , and Battle of Węgierska Górka . By 6 September, Polish forces were in general retreat and Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered all troops to fall back to
12852-418: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lesser Poland remained one of the centers of Polish culture, especially the city of Kraków, where Jagiellonian University was one of only two Polish-language colleges of that period (the other one was University of Lwów ). Another significant center of national culture was the town of Puławy , where in the late 18th century, a local palace owned by Czartoryski family became
13005-640: The longest time, was the extreme northeastern corner of Lesser Poland, around Łuków, where reverend Stanisław Brzóska was active. Since Russian military supremacy was crushing, the Poles were forced to limit their actions to guerrilla warfare. Among the biggest battles which took place in Lesser Poland there are: Battle of Szydłowiec (23 January 1863); Battle of Miechów (17 February 1863); Battle of Małogoszcz (24 February 1863); Battle of Staszów (17 February 1863); Battle of Pieskowa Skała (4 March 1863); two Battles of Opatów (25 November 1863, 21 February 1864). As
13158-540: The middle of the country, away from both German and Soviet border, in the mid-1930s Polish government initiated one of the most ambitious project of the Second Polish Republic – Central Industrial Region , which was located almost exclusively in Lesser Poland. Even though the project was never completed, several plants were constructed, both in Old-Polish Industrial Region , and in other counties of
13311-440: The modern Lesser Poland Voivodeship , which covers only the southwestern part of Lesser Poland. Historical Lesser Poland was much larger than the current voivodeship that bears its name. It reached from Bielsko-Biała in the southwest as far as to Siedlce in the northeast. It consisted of the three voivodeships of Kraków , Sandomierz and Lublin . It comprised almost 60,000 km in area; today's population in this area
13464-602: The most important province of the nation was cemented. It became visible during the reign of Casimir III the Great , who favored less known Lesser Poland's noble families, at the expense of Greater Poland's nobility. The reign of Casimir the Great was a period of growing prosperity of Lesser Poland. With high density of population, fertile soils and rich deposits of minerals (especially salt in Bochnia and Wieliczka , as well as lead in Olkusz ),
13617-593: The movement was set in the town of Pińczów , which came to be known as Sarmatian Athens . It was in Pińczów, where a local nobleman converted a Roman Catholic parish into a Protestant one, opened a Calvinist Academy, and published its Antitrinitarian confession in 1560 and in 1561. Several Calvinist synods took place in Lesser Poland – the first one in Słomniki (1554), Pińczów (the first united Synod of Poland and Lithuania – 1556 1561), and Kraków (1562). In 1563, also in Pińczów,
13770-746: The movement, when students from Wittenberg brought the news to Cracow. In the first years of the century, professor of Jagiellonian University Jakub of Iłża (Jakub z Ilzy, died 1542) became one of the main promoters of the movement in the region. He actively supported the notions of Martin Luther , and in 1528 was called to the Bishop of Kraków's court. Convinced of heresy, he was forced to leave Poland in 1535. Reformation soon became very popular among Lesser Poland's nobility, especially Calvinism , and according to one estimate, some 20% of local szlachta converted from Roman Catholicism. They were attracted by Calvinism's democratic character, and Lesser Poland's center of
13923-559: The night of 6/7 November 1918, Polish People's Republic was proclaimed in Lublin, by Ignacy Daszynski and other activists. In 1919, the legislative election took place in Lesser Poland without major problems. At that time Lesser Poland, like other provinces of the country, faced several problems. Even though major post-World War I conflicts (such as Polish–Soviet War ) did not take place there, it suffered from unemployment, overpopulation, and poverty, especially in towns and countryside. Furthermore, Polish government had to connect parts of
14076-569: The number of China's sister city relationships doubled. More than one-third of Chinese sister city relationships are with sister cities in the east Asia Pacific region. Town twinning is supported in Japan by the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations , a joint agency of local governments established by the Japanese government in 1988 (similar to Sister Cities International , its counterpart in
14229-536: The occupied country, the Nazis ruled with savage brutality, killing hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, both Polish and Jewish (see: World War II crimes in Poland , Occupation of Poland (1939–1945) , Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland , Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles , German AB-Aktion in Poland , Sonderaktion Krakau ). The Auschwitz concentration camp , located at the border of Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia,
14382-456: The palatinates were turned into governorates . Thus, Russian part of Lesser Poland was divided into Kielce Governorate , Lublin Governorate , Radom Governorate , Siedlce Governorate , and Piotrków Governorate (western counties, with Częstochowa and industrial area of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie ). Borders of these administrative units did not reflect historical boundaries of the province. Most of
14535-417: The province are the Vistula, upper Warta , Soła , Skawa , Raba , Dunajec , Wisłok , Wisłoka , San , Wieprz , Przemsza , Nida , Kamienna , Radomka , and Pilica. The major lakes of the province are Lake Rożnów , Lake Czchów , Lake Dobczyce , Lake Czorsztyn , Lake Czaniec , Lake Międzybrodzie , Lake Klimkówka and Żywiec Lake . Most of them are man-made reservoirs. Lesser Poland stretches from
14688-474: The province remained safe. Cossacks of the Khmelnytsky Uprising reached as far west as Zamość and Lwów , but did not enter Lesser Poland. The province did not witness other wars, such as Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) , Polish–Russian War (1609–1618) , Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621) , and Smolensk War . Nevertheless, Lesser Poland's nobility took active part in these conflicts – Marina Mniszech ,
14841-812: The province was the richest part of Poland. After the recapture of the Cherven Cities /Red Ruthenia, Lesser Poland lost its status of the borderland, and both regions created an economic bridge between Poland and the ports of the Black Sea . The king, who drew Jewish settlers from across Europe to his country , built several castles along western border of Lesser Poland, with the most notable ones in Skawina , Pieskowa Skała , Będzin , Lanckorona , Olkusz , Lelów , Bobolice , Krzepice , Ogrodzieniec , Ojców , Olsztyn , Bobolice , Mirów (see also Eagle Nests Trail ). Furthermore, he built or strengthened castles in other parts of
14994-851: The province which was taken by the Russian Empire) was one of the main centers of the January Uprising (1863–1864). In the first days of the insurrection, skirmishes with the Russian Army took place in such towns, as Łuków , Kraśnik , Szydłowiec , Bodzentyn , and Suchedniów . Since the Poles were poorly armed, the Russians did not have major problems with them, and soon afterwards, the insurrectionists decided to organize military camps. Among biggest camps in Lesser Poland, there were Ojców (3000 soldiers), and Wąchock , where Marian Langiewicz gathered up to 1500 people. The uprising died out by early spring of 1864, and among counties where it continued for
15147-531: The province – Pilsko , Babia Góra , Turbacz , as well as Łysica in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. The southern part of the province is covered by the Carpathian Mountains , which are made of smaller ranges, such as Pieniny , Tatry , and Beskidy . Almost the whole area is located in the Vistula Basin, with the exception of the western and southern parts, belonging to the Odra and Dunaj Basins. The main rivers of
15300-685: The province, such as Szydlow , Chęciny , Wiślica , Radom, Niedzica , Opoczno, Lublin , Sandomierz , as well as the Wawel Castle . Also, during his reign (1333–1370), Casimir the Great founded on Magdeburg rights several cities, urbanizing hitherto rural province. Among major Lesser Poland's cities founded by the King, there are: In the Kingdom of Poland , Lesser Poland was made of three voivodeships – Kraków Voivodeship , Sandomierz Voivodeship , and Lublin Voivodeship , created in 1474 out of eastern part of
15453-520: The province, together with the city of Częstochowa, and its vicinity, which became part of the newly created province of South Prussia . Therefore, in late 1793, Lesser Poland was already divided between three countries – Austrian Empire (south of the Vistula), Kingdom of Prussia (Częstochowa and northwestern corner), and still existing Commonwealth. After the Third Partition (1795), most of Lesser Poland
15606-599: The province. In 1499, hitherto Gothic Wawel Castle was damaged in a fire, and a few years later, Sigismund I, with help of the best native and foreign artists (such as Francesco the Florentine, Bartholomeo Berrecci or Niccolo Castiglione ) refurbished the complex into a splendid Renaissance palace. Furthermore, in the early 16th century, several palaces were built in Lesser Poland – in Drzewica , Szydłowiec , Ogrodzieniec , and Pieskowa Skała . The province became rich mostly due to
15759-428: The province. The brand new city of Stalowa Wola was established in dense forests, around a steel mill . In the late 1930s, Lesser Poland was quickly changing, as construction of several factories, and job opportunities caused influx of rural inhabitants to the towns. Such towns, as Dębica , Starachowice , Puławy , or Kraśnik , quickly grew, with their population rising. Earlier, in 1927, Lesser Poland's Dęblin became
15912-440: The purpose of promoting cultural and commercial ties. While there are early examples of international links between municipalities akin to what are known as sister cities or twin towns today dating back to the 9th century, the modern concept was first established and adopted worldwide during World War II . Throughout history, many cities have participated in various cultural exchanges and similar activities that might resemble
16065-502: The same time by the Ukrainian side), which served in the 1920s and 1930s to make a stronger connection of the area between rivers of San and Zbruch with the Polish state and to emphasize the allegedly indigenously Polish nature of that region. In late 1918, Lesser Poland emerged as one of main centers of fledgling Polish administration and independence movement. According to historian Kazimierz Banburski of Tarnów's District Museum, Tarnów
16218-634: The school, there were Johannes Crellius , Corderius , and Valentinus Smalcius (who translated into German the Racovian Catechism ). In 1572, the Jagiellon dynasty died out, and next year, Henry III of France became first elected king of the country. After his short reign, and War of the Polish Succession (1587–88) , which also took place in Lesser Poland, the new ruler was Stephen Báthory of Poland , who died in 1586. The ruler from Transylvania
16371-400: The secondary lines of defences at the Vistula and San Rivers. German units entered Częstochowa on 3 September (where on the next day they murdered hundreds of civilians ), Kielce on 5 September, Kraków on 6 September, and Radom on 8 September (see also Battle of Radom ). Within a week, almost whole Lesser Poland was under Nazi occupation. Northeastern part of the province, the area of Lublin,
16524-664: The size of Kraków Voivodeship was 19,028 km . Sandomierz Voivodeship had an area of 25,762 km , and Lublin Voivodeship had an area of 11,033 km . Together with the Duchy of Siewierz (607 km ), and the parts of Spiš that belonged to Poland after the Treaty of Lubowla (1211 km ), the total area of Lesser Poland was 57,640 square kilometers. Apart from the three historic lands, Lesser Poland includes other smaller regions, such as Podhale , Ponidzie , and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie . Zygmunt Gloger in his work Historical geography of land of ancient Poland ( Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski ) states that according to
16677-673: The so-called Brest Bible was translated into Polish. In 1570, the Sandomierz Agreement was signed by a number of Protestant groups, with the exception of the Polish Brethren , another religious group very influential in Lesser Poland. The Brethren had their center in Lesser Poland's village of Raków , where a main Arian printing press, as well as a college, known as Akademia Rakowska ( Gymnasium Bonarum Artium ) founded in 1602 were located. Among distinguished European scholars associated with
16830-669: The southeastern corner on Lesser Poland's historical Lublin Voivodeship, close to the border with Red Ruthenia/Cherven Cities. The border then goes west of Biłgoraj, turning south, towards Leżajsk (which belongs to Red Ruthenia/Cherven Cities). The boundary between Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia/Cherven Cities was described by Ukrainian historian and geographer Myron Korduba as being along the line Dukla – Krosno – Domaradz – Czudec – Krzeszów nad Sanem . The border towns of Lesser Poland were: Rudnik , Kolbuszowa , Ropczyce , Sędziszów Małopolski , Strzyżów , Jasło , Gorlice , and Biecz . The southern border of Lesser Poland goes along
16983-466: The subsequent Mayor Emily Smith – had their names embroidered on a tablecloth along with the words "Little help is better than a lot of pity" and sent it, along with money (each donated six pence), to the people of Stalingrad. The tablecloth can now be seen at the Panorama Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad. The twinning between Coventry and Stalingrad was formalized in 1944 and, after the end of
17136-476: The term "ciudades hermanadas", which means "sister cities". Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic each use Partnerstadt (German), miasto partnerskie (Polish) and partnerské město (Czech), which translate as "partner town" or "partner city". France uses ville jumelée (jumelage, twinned town or city), and Italy has gemellaggio (twinning) and comune gemellato (twinned municipality). In
17289-513: The term "sister cities" or "twin cities". In China, the term is 友好城市 (yǒuhǎo chéngshì – friendly cities). Sometimes, other government bodies enter into a twinning relationship, such as the agreement between the provinces of Hainan in China and Jeju in South Korea. The Douzelage is a town twinning association with one town from each of the member states of the European Union. Though
17442-454: The term is often used interchangeably with the term "friendship city", this may mean a relationship with a more limited scope in comparison to a sister city relationship, and friendship city relationships are mayor-to-mayor agreements. City diplomacy is a form of paradiplomacy that involves discussions between officials and residents of different cities. Often these cities will be located in different countries. As such, city diplomacy involves
17595-482: The then Mayor of Coventry , Alfred Robert Grindlay , culminating in his renowned telegram to the people of Stalingrad (now Volgograd ) in 1942, the idea emerged as a way of establishing solidarity links between cities in allied countries that went through similar devastating events. The comradeship between the two cities continued, when again in response to the Battle of Stalingrad , 830 women in Coventry – led by
17748-553: The town comes from ancient Slavic given name Sławomir ( Sławko, Sławek ), and can be translated as The settlement of Sławko . Archaeological sites from the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages have been discovered giving evidence to early human settlement in the area. The first written record of the town's name comes from 1220. However, the exact date of its incorporation remains unknown. Indirect written sources indicate that it most probably took place between 1279 and 1286. This assumption
17901-472: The town was connected with other locations in the area by a paved road. In 1870 Sławków lost its town privileges, to recover them in 1958. In 1885 it got a rail connection with Kielce and Dąbrowa Górnicza, in 1887 with Sosnowiec. In the Second Polish Republic Sławków belonged to Olkusz County , part of Kielce Voivodeship . After the war, until 1975, it belonged to Kraków Voivodeship , then
18054-418: The turn of the millennium that it became much more common. The first priority of those carrying out city diplomacy typically overlaps with the core aims of municipal government – improving the lives of local residents. Yet they will often collaborate with peers in other cities to work on issues of planet-wide concern, such as efforts to address climate change . The phrase "city diplomacy" is formally used in
18207-569: The verge of extinction, most notably Wymysorys -speaking Vilamovians , Halcnovians , Gorals , Lemkos , and once Polish Jews and Walddeutsche Germans . Lesser Poland lies in the area of the upper confluence of the Vistula river and covers a large upland, including the Świętokrzyskie Mountains with the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland further west, Małopolska Upland , Sandomierz Basin , and Lublin Upland . Unlike other historical parts of
18360-407: The war, similar links were established to foster friendship and understanding among former foes as an act of peace and reconciliation, with new twinnings between Coventry and German cities: Kiel as early as in 1947 and Dresden in 1956. In 1957, Coventry was officially twinned with Belgrade, even though the link actually dates back to 1953 when then Yugoslav Ambassador visited Coventry and offered
18513-792: The workings of the United Cities and Local Governments and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group , and is recognised by the USC Center on Public Diplomacy . A March 2014 debate in the British House of Lords acknowledged the evolution of town twinning into city diplomacy, particularly in matters of trade and tourism, but also in culture and post-conflict reconciliation. The importance of cities developing "their own foreign economic policies on trade, foreign investment, tourism and attracting foreign talent" has also been highlighted by
18666-557: Was a key center of pro-independence movements, with such individuals, as Józef Piłsudski , being actively involved in those activities. In August 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, Pilsudski's Legions crossed the Austrian – Russian border north of Kraków, and entered Congress Poland . However, the Pilsudski and his soldiers were disappointed to see that the inhabitants of Kielce did not welcome them with joy. The division of Lesser Poland
18819-510: Was administered by Austria, while northern, larger part of the province ( Częstochowa , Sosnowiec , Kielce, Radom, Lublin, Sandomierz ) was forcibly part of the Russian Empire . Inhabitants of Austrian part of Poland enjoyed limited autonomy, with Polish language institutions, such as Jagiellonian University . At the same time, Russian-controlled Poland was subject to Russification . As a result of decades of this division, most inhabitants of
18972-548: Was almost exclusively Polish, its towns and cities were inhabited by numerous Jews , whose communities were very vibrant. In Kraków, Jews made 25% of the population, in Lublin – 31%, in Kielce – 30%, and in Radom – 32%. Apart from the Jews, and Gypsies scattered in the south, there were no other significant national minorities in interbellum Lesser Poland. Since Lesser Poland was safely located in
19125-426: Was annexed by Austria, with all major cities. Prussia managed to seize a small, western part of the province, with the towns of Siewierz , Zawiercie , Będzin , and Myszków , calling this land New Silesia , while the Austrians decided to name newly acquired lands of northern Lesser Poland West Galicia . In 1803, West Galicia was merged with Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , but retained some autonomy. Lesser Poland
19278-560: Was between Paderborn , Germany, and Le Mans , France, in 836. Starting in 1905, Keighley in West Yorkshire, England, had a twinning arrangement with French communities Suresnes and Puteaux . The first recorded modern twinning agreement was between Keighley and Poix-du-Nord in Nord, France, in 1920 following the end of the World War I . This was initially referred to as an adoption of
19431-934: Was codified in the Łaski's Statute , and the Crown Tribunal (the highest appeal court in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom) held its sessions in Lublin. In 1525, the Treaty of Kraków was signed, ending the Polish–Teutonic War . Lesser Poland also is home to the oldest Polish university – the Jagiellonian University , founded in 1364 by Casimir the Great, and several outstanding figures of early Polish culture were born here, such as Jan Kochanowski , Mikołaj Rej , Jan z Lublina , Mikołaj Gomółka , Maciej Miechowita , Marcin Kromer , Łukasz Górnicki , and Mikołaj Radomski . In
19584-558: Was controlled at the time and until 2020 by the military forces of Armenia and the unrecognised Republic of Artsakh . An attempt was made in 2003 by Preston city councillors in England to twin with the Palestinian town of Nablus in the name of solidarity. Turkey bans partnerships with any city in a country that recognizes the Armenian genocide . As a result, when Bulgaria recognized
19737-472: Was declared an independent Voivodeship as early as 1474, it still has speakers of the Lesser Polish dialect . Across history, many ethnic and religious minorities existed in Lesser Poland as they fled persecution from other areas or countries. Poland's once tolerant policy towards these minorities allowed them to flourish and create separate self-governing communities. Some minorities still remain, but are on
19890-642: Was discussed. Anti-Nazi resistance was particularly strong in Lesser Poland, and it was in the extreme northwestern corner of the province (around Opoczno), that armed struggle against the occupiers began in late 1939 and early 1940 (see Henryk Dobrzański ). Structures of the Home Army were well-developed in the region. Lesser Poland's independent areas of the Home Army were located in Kraków, Kielce-Radom, and Lublin. During Operation Tempest in mid-1944, several Lesser Poland's towns were liberated, also uprising in Kraków
20043-411: Was followed by Sigismund III Vasa of Sweden, whose election marked gradual decline of the province. Sigismund's eyes were set on Sweden, and for many years he concentrated his efforts on a futile attempt to regain his former Swedish throne (see Polish–Swedish union , War against Sigismund ). Therefore, Lesser Poland, located in southwestern corner of the Commonwealth, began to lose its importance, which
20196-508: Was held by the Poles until 17 September, but eventually, and after fierce battles (see Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski ), all Lesser Poland was firmly under Nazi control. First draft of Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact stipulated that northeastern Lesser Poland (east of the Vistula river) was to be occupied by the Soviet Union, and forces of the Red Army reached the area of Lublin after 20 September, but withdrew east on 28 September. On 12 October 1939, upon
20349-456: Was marked in 1596, when Sigismund moved his permanent residence, court and the crown headquarters to centrally-located Warsaw. Even though first half of the 17th century was filled with wars, all major conflicts did not reach Lesser Poland, and the province continued to prosper, which was reflected in its castles and palaces, such as the enormous Krzyztopor . Apart from minor wars, such as Zebrzydowski Rebellion , and Kostka-Napierski Uprising ,
20502-582: Was more visible than ever. During World War I, Lesser Poland became one of main theaters of the Eastern Front . Russian push into the territory of Austria – Hungary resulted in the Battle of Galicia . Among other major battles which took place in Lesser Poland, there are the Battle of the Vistula River , and the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive . After Russian troops had retreated east , whole province
20655-752: Was often raided by the Lithuanians , Rusyns , Yotvingians , and Old Prussians . The city of Lublin suffered most frequently – among others, it was burnt by the Rusyns in 1244, the Lithuanians 1255, the Prussians in 1266, and the Yotvingians in 1282. Another center of the province, Sandomierz, was destroyed by the Tartars in 1260, and burnt by the Lithuanians in 1349. Unlike other Polish provinces, especially Silesia , Lesser Poland did not undergo further fragmentation, and in
20808-590: Was one of main centers of the Bar Confederation . On 21 June 1786 in Kraków, local confederation was announced, and on the same day Voievode of Kraków, Michal Czarnocki, urged his citizens to join the movement. Soon afterwards, Kraków was captured by the Russian troops, and the center of Lesser Poland's insurgency moved to the mountainous south – areas around Dukla and Nowy Sącz. During the Confederation, several battles and skirmishes took place there. In 1770, after
20961-420: Was one of major centers of Polish resistance against the occupiers. On 24 March 1794 in Kraków, Tadeusz Kościuszko announced the general insurrection (see Kościuszko Uprising ), mobilising all able males of Lesser Poland. Two weeks later, Battle of Racławice took place, ending with a Polish victory. The uprising was suppressed by combined Prusso – Russian forces, and among battles fought in Lesser Poland, there
21114-518: Was opened in 1918. Several important figures of interbellum political, military, and cultural life of Poland were born in Lesser Poland. Among them were Wincenty Witos , Władysław Sikorski , Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski , Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki , Józef Haller , Władysław Belina-Prażmowski , Tadeusz Kutrzeba , Feliks Koneczny , Stefan Żeromski , Tadeusz Peiper , Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska , Witold Gombrowicz , Jan Kiepura , Stefan Jaracz . In 1920, in Lesser Poland's town of Wadowice , Karol Wojtyla ,
21267-513: Was opened on 14 June 1940, and on 1 October 1941, the Germans opened Majdanek concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin. The third concentration camp in Lesser Poland was in Kraków's district of Płaszów . In late 1939 and early 1940, in Lesser Poland's spa of Zakopane , and in Kraków, several Gestapo–NKVD Conferences took place, during which the mutual cooperation between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union
21420-567: Was originally a program of the National League of Cities , but it became a separate corporation in 1967 due to the growth and popularity of the program. Twin town cultural events include the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, D.C., honoring Washington's twin relationship with Tokyo City . Many twinned towns developed business agreements with their partners. For example, Vermont 's Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream company opened
21573-444: Was prepared, but never realized. Apart from the Home Army, other resistance groups were strong in the province, such as pro-Communist Armia Ludowa , peasant's Bataliony Chłopskie , and right-wing National Armed Forces , with its Holy Cross Mountains Brigade . Sister city A sister city or a twin town relationship is a form of legal or social agreement between two geographically and politically distinct localities for
21726-536: Was quickly suppressed by the Austrian troops, and as a result, the Free City was annexed by the Austrian Empire. In the same year, Austrian part of Lesser Poland was witness to a massacre of Polish nobility by the peasantry, known as Galician slaughter . The peasants, led by Jakub Szela , murdered about 1000 nobles, and destroyed about 500 manors. These events took place in three counties – Sanok , Jasło and Tarnów . Northern and central Lesser Poland (the part of
21879-505: Was recaptured on 18 August 1657. After these invasions, the province was ruined, with hundreds of villages, towns and cities burned. The population decreased (the urban population by nearly half ), the peasantry starved, and like other parts of the Commonwealth, Lesser Poland was devastated. The period of peace lasted for about forty years, when in 1700, another major conflict, the Great Northern War began. Lesser Poland once again became
22032-457: Was the base of the Lesser Poland Province , which covered southern lands of the vast country. The province was made of Lesser Poland itself, also Podlachia , Red Ruthenia / Cherven Cities , Volhynia , Podolia , and Ukrainian voivodeships of Kijów ( Kyiv ) and Czernihów ( Chernihiv ), which, until 1569, had been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The period in Polish history known as
22185-403: Was the first Polish city which became independent, after 123 years of oppression . On 31 October 1918, at 8 am, Tarnów's inhabitants began disarming demoralized Austrian soldiers, and after three hours, the city was completely in Polish hands. On 28 October 1918, Polish Liquidation Committee was created in Kraków. A few days later, socialist peasants founded the Republic of Tarnobrzeg . In
22338-464: Was the first twinned city in Canada and the second in North America, while Denver, United States , twinned with Brest, France , was the second twinned city in the United States. Liberal, Kansas was twinned with Olney, United Kingdom in 1950, and the cities have run a joint Pancake Day race ever since. Littleton, Colorado, twinned with Bega, Australia, in 1961. Tashkent , the capital city of Uzbekistan,
22491-406: Was the most important province of the country , several important events took place on its territory. In 1364, Casimir the Great called the Congress of Kraków , and in 1401, the Union of Vilnius and Radom was signed. In 1505 in Radom, the Sejm adopted the Nihil novi title, which forbade the King to issue laws without the consent of the nobility. In the same year, also in the same city, Polish law
22644-487: Was too young to control the state, and the Union of Krewo with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the brainchild of Lesser Poland's szlachta . In the 15th and 16th centuries, Lesser Poland remained the most important part of the country. After the death of Casimir the Great, Lesser Poland's nobility promoted Louis I of Hungary as the new king, later supporting his daughter Jadwiga of Poland in exchange for Privilege of Koszyce . Since Jadwiga, crowned on 16 October 1384,
22797-622: Was too young to rule the country, Poland was in fact governed by the Lesser Poland's nobility, who decided to find her a husband, Grand Duke of Lithuania , Jogaila . Consequently, unions of Poland and Lithuania at Krewo and Horodło were the brainchildren of Lesser Poland's nobility, among whom the most influential individuals were Spytek z Melsztyna , and cardinal Zbigniew Olesnicki . Other famous Lesser Poland's families are Lubomirski family , Kmita family , Tarnowski family , Potocki family , Sobieski family , Koniecpolski family , Ossolinski family , Poniatowski family . Since Lesser Poland
22950-461: Was transferred to Katowice Voivodeship . Between 1977 and 1984, Sławków was a district of Dąbrowa Górnicza. At that time the town grew in size, due to the construction of Katowice Steelworks . Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa (known by its acronym LHS , English: Broad gauge metallurgy line ) in Sławków is the longest broad gauge railway line in Poland . Except for this one line, and a few very short stretches near border crossings , Poland uses
23103-558: Was turned into Russian-ruled Congress Poland , and historical capital of the province, Kraków, was turned into Free City of Kraków , which also included the towns of Trzebinia , Chrzanów , Jaworzno , and Krzeszowice . In Congress Poland, the lands of Lesser Poland were initially divided between four palatinates – Palatinate of Kraków (with capital in Kielce), Palatinate of Sandomierz (with capital in Radom), Palatinate of Lublin, and Palatinate of Podlasie (with capital in Siedlce), (see also Administrative division of Congress Poland ). Later,
23256-458: Was twinned with Seattle , Washington, in 1973. Rochester, Minnesota , and Knebworth , UK, both centers for primary medical research, twinned in 1967. Ontario, California , has five sister cities around the world. They are Brockville, Ontario, Canada (since 1977); Guamúchil, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1982); Mocorito, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1982); Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1988); and Winterthur, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Oakville, Ontario
23409-400: Was under control of the Austrians and the Germans, and northern Lesser Poland was part of the German-sponsored Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) . In later stages of the conflict, the divided province once again became a center of Polish independence movement. An independent Polish government was re-proclaimed in northern Lesser Poland's city of Lublin, on 7 November 1918. Soon afterwards, it formed
#908091