Misplaced Pages

#168831

143-503: The name Szombathely is from the Hungarian szombat , "Saturday" and hely , "place", referring to its status as a market town, and the medieval markets held on Saturday every week. Once a year during August they hold a carnival to remember the history of "Savaria". The Latin name Savaria or Sabaria comes from Sibaris , the Latin name of the river Gyöngyös (German Güns ). The root of

286-399: A shtetl . By the beginning of the nineteenth century, only three or four Jewish families lived in the city. The residents of the shtetl Stein-am-Anger dwelt in the outlying districts (now united into one municipality). They separated in 1830 from the community of Rechnitz (Rohonc), of which they had previously formed a part, and were henceforth known as the community of Szombathely. When

429-601: A Turkic language continued to be a matter of impassioned political controversy throughout the 18th and into the 19th centuries. During the latter half of the 19th century, a competing hypothesis proposed a Turkic affinity of Hungarian, or, alternatively, that both the Uralic and the Turkic families formed part of a superfamily of Ural–Altaic languages . Following an academic debate known as Az ugor-török háború ("the Ugric-Turkic war"),

572-417: A circumfix , to change a word's meaning and its grammatical function. Hungarian uses vowel harmony to attach suffixes to words. That means that most suffixes have two or three different forms, and the choice between them depends on the vowels of the head word. There are some minor and unpredictable exceptions to the rule. Nouns have 18 cases , which are formed regularly with suffixes. The nominative case

715-679: A Hungary under a crowned king, we urge the Transylvanians neither to secede from it, nor to resist to it, but rather to make efforts, according to their abilities and with united will, to subject themselves to that Crown in the ancient way. Bocskai's wife, Margit, was the daughter of Lestár Hagymássy (who was a lesser nobleman with estates in Zala County ) and Katalin Csáby. Margit was born around 1560. Her dying mother made Lestár's brother, Kristóf Hagymássy, Margit's guardian around 1570. Kristóf Hagymássy

858-681: A high proportion of words specific to agriculture and livestock are of Chuvash origin. A strong Chuvash influence was also apparent in Hungarian burial customs. The first written accounts of Hungarian date to the 10th century, such as mostly Hungarian personal names and place names in De Administrando Imperio , written in Greek by Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII . No significant texts written in Old Hungarian script have survived, because

1001-554: A mediumwave broadcasting station operated on 1251 kHz with 25 kW, which uses as antenna two 60 metres tall free-standing radio towers insulated against ground. It is the only mediumwave broadcasting station in Hungary using free-standing self radiating towers. Szombathely is home to the basketball team Falco KC , 2019 champion of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A , the country's top basketball league. Falco plays its home games at

1144-399: A millennium. These include tehén 'cow' (cf. Avestan daénu ); tíz 'ten' (cf. Avestan dasa ); tej 'milk' (cf. Persian dáje 'wet nurse'); and nád 'reed' (from late Middle Iranian ; cf. Middle Persian nāy and Modern Persian ney ). Archaeological evidence from present-day southern Bashkortostan confirms the existence of Hungarian settlements between

1287-785: A million additional people scattered in other parts of the world. For example, there are more than one hundred thousand Hungarian speakers in the Hungarian American community and 1.5 million with Hungarian ancestry in the United States . Hungarian is the official language of Hungary, and thus an official language of the European Union. Hungarian is also one of the official languages of Serbian province of Vojvodina and an official language of three municipalities in Slovenia : Hodoš , Dobrovnik and Lendava , along with Slovene . Hungarian

1430-406: A process of nyelvújítás ( language revitalization ). Some words were shortened ( győzedelem > győzelem , 'victory' or 'triumph'); a number of dialectal words spread nationally ( e.g. , cselleng 'dawdle'); extinct words were reintroduced ( dísz , 'décor'); a wide range of expressions were coined using the various derivative suffixes; and some other, less frequently used methods of expanding

1573-606: A ransom. The leader of the Transylvanian noblemen who had fled to the Ottoman Empire, Gabriel Bethlen , sent a letter to Bocskai urging him to rise up against Rudolph, but Bocskai refused. To reward Bocskai for his loyalty, Rudolph restored to him almost all his estates in Transylvania proper on 2   July 1604. Bocskai visited Transylvania and realized that the towns and villages had almost completely been destroyed during

SECTION 10

#1732855354169

1716-995: A similarly dramatic way over these three centuries. After the arrival of the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin , the language came into contact with a variety of speech communities , among them Slavic , Turkic , and German . Turkic loans from this period come mainly from the Pechenegs and Cumanians , who settled in Hungary during the 12th and 13th centuries: e.g. koboz " cobza " (cf. Turkish kopuz 'lute'); komondor "mop dog" (< * kumandur < Cuman ). Hungarian borrowed 20% of words from neighbouring Slavic languages : e.g. tégla 'brick'; mák 'poppy seed'; szerda 'Wednesday'; csütörtök 'Thursday'...; karácsony 'Christmas'. These languages in turn borrowed words from Hungarian: e.g. Serbo-Croatian ašov from Hungarian ásó 'spade'. About 1.6 percent of

1859-465: A strong relationship with the commanders of the army around that time. Influenced by his Jesuit confessor , Alfonso Carillo, Sigismund Báthory decided to turn against the Ottoman Empire. His cousins sharply opposed his plan, which outraged Sigismund. He replaced Stephen Báthory with Bocskai, making the latter captain of Várad and ispán (or head) of Bihar County in May 1592. The captains of Várad were

2002-602: A year later, he returned to Vienna where he was made a steward. After being elected King of Poland in late 1575, Stephen Báthory adopted the title of prince of Transylvania and charged his brother, Christopher Báthory , with the government of the principality. Christopher was the husband of Bocskai's sister, Elisabeth. Maximilian, who had a very tolerant attitude towards the ideas of the Reformation , died on 12   October 1576. His devout Catholic son, Rudolph , succeeded him. Before long, Bocskai left Prague and settled in

2145-491: Is András Nemény (MSZP). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 21 members (1 Mayor, 14 Individual constituencies MEPs and 6 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: Near Szombathely, there is since 1955 at 47°12′02″N 16°39′43″E  /  47.20056°N 16.66194°E  / 47.20056; 16.66194  ( Szombathely Mediumwave Transmitter )

2288-400: Is subject–verb–object (SVO). However, Hungarian is a topic-prominent language , and so has a word order that depends not only on syntax but also on the topic–comment structure of the sentence (for example, what aspect is assumed to be known and what is emphasized). A Hungarian sentence generally has the following order: topic, comment (or focus), verb and the rest. The topic shows that

2431-540: Is 21.0 °C (69.8 °F), and the coldest month is −0.2 °C (31.6 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 612.6 millimetres (24.12 in), of which July is the wettest with 77.0 millimetres (3.03 in), while January is the driest with only 23.9 millimetres (0.94 in). The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from −29.0 °C (−20.2 °F) on February 11, 1929 to 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) on August 8, 2013. The current mayor of Szombathely

2574-528: Is also spoken by Hungarian communities in southern Slovakia , western Ukraine ( Transcarpathia ), central and western Romania ( Transylvania ), northern Serbia ( Vojvodina ), northern Croatia , northeastern Slovenia ( Prekmurje ), and eastern Austria ( Burgenland ). It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States and Canada ) and Israel . With 14 million speakers, it

2717-579: Is always on the first syllable of a word, as in Finnish and the neighbouring Slovak and Czech . There is a secondary stress on other syllables in compounds: viszontlátásra ("goodbye") is pronounced /ˈvisontˌlaːtaːʃrɒ/ . Elongated vowels in non-initial syllables may seem to be stressed to an English-speaker, as length and stress correlate in English. Hungarian is an agglutinative language . It uses various affixes , mainly suffixes but also some prefixes and

2860-549: Is expressed by a possessive suffix on the possessed object, rather than the possessor as in English (Peter's apple becomes Péter almája , literally 'Peter apple-his'). Noun plurals are formed with –k ( az almák 'the apples'), but after a numeral, the singular is used ( két alma 'two apples', literally 'two apple'; not *két almák ). Unlike English, Hungarian uses case suffixes and nearly always postpositions instead of prepositions. There are two types of articles in Hungarian, definite and indefinite, which roughly correspond to

3003-442: Is marked with boldface. Hungarian has a four-tiered system for expressing levels of politeness. From highest to lowest: The four-tiered system has somewhat been eroded due to the recent expansion of " tegeződés " and " önözés ". Some anomalies emerged with the arrival of multinational companies who have addressed their customers in the te (least polite) form right from the beginning of their presence in Hungary. A typical example

SECTION 20

#1732855354169

3146-572: Is no longer clear that it is a valid group. When the Samoyed languages were determined to be part of the family, it was thought at first that Finnic and Ugric (the most divergent branches within Finno-Ugric) were closer to each other than to the Samoyed branch of the family, but that is now frequently questioned. The name of Hungary could be a result of regular sound changes of Ungrian/Ugrian , and

3289-613: Is officially recognized as a minority or regional language in Austria , Croatia , Romania , Zakarpattia in Ukraine , and Slovakia . In Romania it is a recognized minority language used at local level in communes, towns and municipalities with an ethnic Hungarian population of over 20%. The dialects of Hungarian identified by Ethnologue are: Alföld, West Danube, Danube-Tisza, King's Pass Hungarian, Northeast Hungarian, Northwest Hungarian, Székely and West Hungarian. These dialects are, for

3432-399: Is sometimes described as having free word order, different word orders are generally not interchangeable, and the neutral order is not always correct to use. The intonation is also different with different topic-comment structures. The topic usually has a rising intonation, the focus having a falling intonation. In the following examples, the topic is marked with italics, and the focus (comment)

3575-475: Is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer , which dates to the 1190s. Although the orthography of these early texts differed considerably from that used today, contemporary Hungarians can still understand a great deal of the reconstructed spoken language, despite changes in grammar and vocabulary. A more extensive body of Hungarian literature arose after 1300. The earliest known example of Hungarian religious poetry

3718-693: Is the 14th-century Lamentations of Mary . The first Bible translation was the Hussite Bible in the 1430s. The standard language lost its diphthongs , and several postpositions transformed into suffixes , including reá "onto" (the phrase utu rea "onto the way" found in the 1055 text would later become út ra ). There were also changes in the system of vowel harmony . At one time, Hungarian used six verb tenses , while today only two or three are used. In 1533, Kraków printer Benedek Komjáti published Letters of St. Paul in Hungarian (modern orthography: A Szent Pál levelei magyar nyelven ),

3861-523: Is the Swedish furniture shop IKEA , whose web site and other publications address the customers in te form. When a news site asked IKEA—using the te form—why they address their customers this way, IKEA's PR Manager explained in his answer—using the ön form—that their way of communication reflects IKEA's open-mindedness and the Swedish culture. However IKEA in France uses the polite ( vous ) form. Another example

4004-582: Is the Uralic family's largest member by number of speakers. Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family . Linguistic connections between Hungarian and other Uralic languages were noticed in the 1670s, and the family itself was established in 1717. Hungarian has traditionally been assigned to the Ugric branch along with the Mansi and Khanty languages of western Siberia ( Khanty–Mansia region of North Asia ), but it

4147-485: Is the communication of Yettel Hungary (earlier Telenor, a mobile network operator) towards its customers. Yettel chose to communicate towards business customers in the polite ön form while all other customers are addressed in the less polite te form. During the first early phase of Hungarian language reforms (late 18th and early 19th centuries) more than ten thousand words were coined, several thousand of which are still actively used today (see also Ferenc Kazinczy ,

4290-407: Is unmarked ( az alma 'the apple') and, for example, the accusative is marked with the suffix –t ( az almát '[I eat] the apple'). Half of the cases express a combination of the source-location-target and surface-inside-proximity ternary distinctions (three times three cases); there is a separate case ending – ból / –ből meaning a combination of source and insideness: 'from inside of'. Possession

4433-515: The Arena Savaria . Szombathely is twinned with: Hungarian language Hungarian , or Magyar ( magyar nyelv , pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈɲɛlv] ), is a Uralic language of the Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighboring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary, it

Szombathely - Misplaced Pages Continue

4576-513: The Danube River . They were valued for their farming abilities. The Crown allowed them to keep their language and religion. As a result, the city had a German majority for a long time. With increased population, the city began to prosper again. With the support of Ferenc Zichy , Bishop of Győr , a high school was built in 1772. The Diocese of Szombathely was founded in 1777 by Maria Theresa . The new bishop of Szombathely, János Szily , did much for

4719-576: The Diet of Transylvania to declare the prince of age in December 1588. Bocskai again retained his membership in the royal council. Political rivalries gave rise to the spread of gossip about Balthasar's attempts to dethrone Sigismund. Some rumours also circulated about Bocskai, either describing him as Sigismund's most faithful councillor or accusing him of a conspiracy against the Báthory family . Bocskai established

4862-516: The Middle Ages . Its city walls were restored, and new buildings were constructed using the stones from the remains of Roman buildings. Much of the Latin population moved away, mostly to Italy , while new settlers, mostly Goths and Longobards , arrived. In the 6th–8th centuries, the city was inhabited by Pannonian Avars and Slavic tribes . In 795, the Franks defeated these peoples and occupied

5005-530: The Partium , Transylvania proper, and nearby counties with the support of the local noblemen and burghers who had also been stirred up by Rudolph's tyrannical acts. Bocskai was elected prince of Transylvania on 21   February 1605, and prince of Hungary on 20   April. The Ottomans supported him, but his partisans thought that the Ottomans' intervention threatened the independence of Royal Hungary. To put an end to

5148-509: The Principality of Transylvania . He was not appointed to higher offices during Christopher's rule. He was only made the commander of a troop of 32   horsemen and 20   foot soldiers in Várad. The dying Christopher Báthory appointed Bocskai to the council that was set up to administer Transylvania during the minority of the son of Christopher Báthory and Elisabeth Bocskai, Sigismund , in

5291-663: The Romanian lexicon is of Hungarian origin. In the 21st century, studies support an origin of the Uralic languages, including early Hungarian, in eastern or central Siberia , somewhere between the Ob and Yenisei rivers or near the Sayan mountains in the Russian – Mongolian border region. A 2019 study based on genetics, archaeology and linguistics, found that early Uralic speakers arrived in Europe from

5434-543: The Székely commoners, who had earlier been reduced to serfdom, to restore their liberties if they joined his campaign on 15   September. More than 20,000 Székelys took up arms, enabling Sigismund to muster an army about 35,000 strong. Although the prince personally led the army to Wallachia, Bocskai was the actual commander of the campaign. After Michael the Brave and Sigismund's other vassal, Ștefan Răzvan of Moldavia , joined

5577-680: The Transdanubian counties did not acknowledge his rule, Bocskai wanted to reunite the Kingdom of Hungary under his rule and urged the Sublime Porte to send a royal crown to him. Bocskai's army captured Nagyszombat (now Trnava in Slovakia), Sümeg , Szombathely , Veszprém , and other towns in Transdanubia and also pillaged Lower Austria , Moravia , and Silesia in May. Michael Weiss persuaded

5720-560: The Treaty of Vienna , which was signed on 23   June. The new treaty confirmed the right of the Protestant noblemen and burghers to freely practise their religion. Bocskai was acknowledged as the hereditary prince of Transylvania, which was expanded to Szabolcs, Szatmár , Ugocsa , and Bereg Counties and the castle of Tokaj . Bocskai confirmed the treaty in Kassa on 17   August. Bocskai

5863-832: The Volga River and the Ural Mountains . The Onoğurs (and Bulgars ) later had a great influence on the language, especially between the 5th and 9th centuries. This layer of Turkic loans is large and varied (e.g. szó ' word ' , from Turkic ; and daru ' crane ' , from the related Permic languages ), and includes words borrowed from Oghur Turkic ; e.g. borjú ' calf ' (cf. Chuvash păru , părăv vs. Turkish buzağı ); dél 'noon; south' (cf. Chuvash tĕl vs. Turkish dial. düš ). Many words related to agriculture, state administration and even family relationships show evidence of such backgrounds. Hungarian syntax and grammar were not influenced in

Szombathely - Misplaced Pages Continue

6006-510: The revolution in 1848–49 , Szombathely supported the revolution. There were no battles in the immediate area because the city remained under Habsburg rule. The years after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 brought prosperity. A railway line reached the city in 1865, and in the 1870s Szombathely became a major railway junction. In 1885 the city annexed the nearby villages Ó-Perint and Szentmárton and increased its area. In

6149-557: The revolution in 1956 , the city was occupied by the Soviet army. In the 1970s, the city was industrialized, and many factories were built. In the 1980s, the city prospered, and several new public buildings were built. These included the County Library, public indoor swimming pools, and a gallery. In 2006, the refurbishing of the city centre's main square was completed, with financial assistance from European Union funds. 28 June 2014 from

6292-554: The " Bloody Carnival " of 1596. Sigismund Báthory returned from Prague in March 1596. He personally led his troops against the Crimean Tatars and Ottomans who had broken into the Partium. During his absence, Bocskai administered the principality. After a series of Ottoman victories, Sigismund started negotiations regarding his abdication with the representatives of Rudolph. The agreement

6435-481: The 1560s. He died in 1570 or 1571. Stephen Báthory , who succeeded Zápolya in 1571, protected the interests of György Bocskai's orphaned children. At Báthory's request, Ferdinand   I's successor, Maximilian , restored to them their father's former estates in Zemplén County. The teenager Stephen Bocskai may have already moved to Maximilian's court – it is known that a son of Krisztina Sulyok

6578-591: The 1890s, when Gyula Éhen was the mayor, the city underwent significant infrastructure development: roads were paved, a sewage system built, and the tram line was built to connect the rail station, the downtown, and the Calvary Church. Private and public interests built the City Casino, the Grand Hotel (Kovács Szálló, later Hotel Savaria), and the area's first orphanage. In forty years, the population quadrupled. During

6721-824: The 2011 Hungarian census, 9,896,333 people (99.6% of the total population) speak Hungarian, of whom 9,827,875 people (98.9%) speak it as a first language, while 68,458 people (0.7%) speak it as a second language . About 2.2 million speakers live in other areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Of these, the largest group lives in Transylvania , the western half of present-day Romania , where there are approximately 1.25 million Hungarians . There are large Hungarian communities also in Slovakia , Serbia and Ukraine , and Hungarians can also be found in Austria , Croatia , and Slovenia , as well as about

6864-679: The Danube. By the time Sigismund's army reached the Danube, most Ottoman soldiers had crossed the river, but those who had stayed behind in Wallachia were massacred on 29   October. On the following day, the Ottoman fortress at Giurgiu was also occupied. After returning to Transylvania, Sigismund Báthory revoked his decision about the liberation of the Székelys on 12   December. In January 1596 Sigismund Báthory left for Prague to start negotiations over

7007-596: The Diet confirmed the treaty on 16   April. Bocskai accompanied Maria Christina from Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) to Gyulafehérvár (present-day Alba Iulia in Romania) in July. Sigismund Báthory made György Borbély Ban of Karánsebes (now Caransebeș in Romania), ordering him to invade the nearby Ottoman territories. Bocskai dispatched his deputy in Várad, György Király, to support Borbély's campaign. The Transylvanian army forced

7150-399: The Diet of Hungary from discussing religious issues. Belgiojoso wanted to borrow 20,000 florins from Bocskai in the spring of 1604, but Bocskai denied the loan. In retaliation, Belgioso ordered the collection of the tithe on Bocskai's estates even though the estates were exempt from the tax. Belgioso also imprisoned Bocskai's nephew, Dénes Bánffy, and only released him after Bocskai had paid

7293-574: The Diet to Kassa, but four days later he made his last will. He urged his successors to preserve the independence of Transylvania as long as the Habsburgs reigned in Royal Hungary. He named Bálint Drugeth as his successor before he died in Kassa on 29 December. Bocskai's sudden death gave rise to rumours. The Hajdús accused his chancellor, Mihály Káthay, of having poisoned him. They also claimed that Káthay had falsified Bocskai's testament to prevent

SECTION 50

#1732855354169

7436-559: The Finno-Ugric hypothesis was concluded the sounder of the two, mainly based on work by the German linguist Josef Budenz . Hungarians did, in fact, absorb some Turkic influences during several centuries of cohabitation. The influence on Hungarians was mainly from the Turkic Oghur speakers such as Sabirs , Bulgars of Atil , Kabars and Khazars . The Oghur tribes are often connected with

7579-526: The Hungarian lexemes collected from technical texts, dialects etc. would total up to 1,000,000 words. Parts of the lexicon can be organized using word-bushes (see an example on the right). The words in these bushes share a common root, are related through inflection, derivation and compounding, and are usually broadly related in meaning. Istv%C3%A1n Bocskai Stephen Bocskai or Bocskay ( Hungarian : Bocskai István , Slovak : Štefan Bočkaj ; 1 January 1557 – 29 December 1606)

7722-524: The Hungarian language contains 75,000 words, and the Comprehensive Dictionary of Hungarian Language (to be published in 18 volumes in the next twenty years) is planned to contain 110,000 words. The default Hungarian lexicon is usually estimated to comprise 60,000 to 100,000 words. (Independently of specific languages, speakers actively use at most 10,000 to 20,000 words, with an average intellectual using 25,000 to 30,000 words. ) However, all

7865-505: The Hungarians whose exoethnonym is usually derived from Onogurs (> (H)ungars), a Turkic tribal confederation . The similarity between customs of Hungarians and the Chuvash people , the only surviving member of the Oghur tribes, is visible. For example, the Hungarians appear to have learned animal husbandry techniques from the Oghur speaking Chuvash people (or historically Suvar people ), as

8008-523: The Jews of Hungary were emancipated by the law of 1840, the city allowed them to live there. In the unrest of the revolution of 1848, many Jews were attacked and their places looted; they were threatened with expulsion. The authorities intervened and restored peace. The community quickly developed in the city. The first Jewish elementary school was founded in 1846, and was organized as a normal school in 1905, with four grades and about 230 pupils. The first synagogue

8151-411: The Ottomans invaded the area twice, first in 1664, when they were defeated at the nearby town of Szentgotthárd . Nearly twenty years later, they invaded again in 1683, during the Battle of Vienna . The city walls protected Szombathely both times. A peaceful period followed the retreat of the Turks until Prince Rákóczi's rebellion against the Habsburgs in the early 18th century. During the rebellion,

8294-640: The Ottomans to abandon the fortresses along the Maros (Mureș) River before the end of October. However, Koca Sinan Pasha had meanwhile invaded Wallachia and captured Bucharest and Târgoviște . The Wallachian ruler, Michael the Brave , who had acknowledged Sigismund Báthory's suzerainty, was forced to retreat towards Transylvania. The grand vizier decided to transform Wallachia into an Ottoman province and made one of his commanders, Hasan Pasha, beylerbey (or governor) of Wallachia before he started to retreat in October. To be able to provide military assistance to Michael of Wallachia, Sigismund Báthory promised

8437-421: The Ottomans, but only Bocskai and Ferenc Geszthy, who was the captain of Déva (now Deva in Romania), supported him in the royal council. Crimean Tatars stormed into Hungary and pillaged the Partium in June 1594, forcing Bocskai to stay in Várad. Sigismund Báthory convoked the Diet, but the delegates of the Three Nations of Transylvania refused to declare war against the Ottoman Empire. Taking advantage of

8580-538: The Ottomans. The Christian troops liberated Wallachia and defeated the retreating Ottoman army in the Battle of Giurgiu on 29   September 1595. After a series of Ottoman victories, Sigismund abdicated in early 1598. The commissioners of Maximilian II 's successor, Rudolph , took possession of Transylvania and dismissed Bocskai. Bocskai then persuaded Sigismund to return, but Sigismund once again abdicated in March 1599. The new prince, Andrew Báthory , confiscated Bocskai's estates in Transylvania proper. Andrew Báthory

8723-448: The Partium towards Kassa, but the predominantly Protestant townspeople did not allow him to enter the town. The mayor of the town, Johann Bocatius, persuaded the burghers to let Bocskai's Hajdús come to the town on 30   October. Bocskai issued a proclamation to the noblemen from Kassa, reminding them of the tyrannical acts of Rudolph and his officials. The delegates of the counties and towns of Upper Hungary came to Kassa and voted

SECTION 60

#1732855354169

8866-558: The Partium was controlled by the emperor's supporters. Bocskai was planning to invade Transylvania, but Michael of Wallachia (whom Andrew wanted to replace with one of his brothers) was quicker and broke into the principality. The Székelys joined Michael, who routed Andrew in the Battle of Sellenberk on 28   October. Michael entered Gyulafehérvár, and Székely peasants murdered Andrew. After learning of Michael's victory, Bocskai hired Hajdús (irregular soldiers, famed for their cruelty) and hurried to Kolozsvár. He thought that Michael

9009-797: The Partium, but Rudolph ordered him to join Michael in Gyulafehérvár on 26   November. Michael tried to take advantage of Bocskai's presence to persuade the garrisons of the fortresses to swear fealty to him, but Bocskai did not want to be Michael's underling. After he realized that Michael did not want to restore his Transylvanian estates to him, he again left Transylvania proper and settled in Szentjobb in early 1600. Bocskai sent letters to Rudolph in Prague, describing Michael as an uneducated trickster and tyrant who wanted to establish an empire of his own, but Rudolph's new commissioners, David Ungnad and Mihály Székely, did not trust him. Ungnad referred to him as "the Pestilence" in his secret correspondence. The Transylvanian noblemen held Bocskai responsible for

9152-502: The Partium, laid siege to Várad, and pillaged Bocskai's nearby estates in October. Sigismund made contact with his cousin, Andrew Báthory (who was the brother of the murdered Balthasar) and offered him possession of Transylvania. He kept his negotiations with Andrew secret because Bocskai had always been a strong opponent of the pro-Ottoman policy represented by Andrew. To get rid of his uncle, Sigismund dispatched him to Prague to start new negotiations with Rudolph in late 1598. Bocskai

9295-408: The Principality of Transylvania could secure the special status of Royal Hungary within the Habsburg monarchy . Stephen was the sixth or seventh child of György Bocskai and Krisztina Sulyok. His father was a Hungarian nobleman whose inherited estates were located in Bihar and Zemplén Counties . Stephen's mother was related to the influential Török and Héderváry families. One of her two sisters

9438-697: The Saxons of Brassó (now Brașov in Romania) to acknowledge Bocskai's rule. The burghers of Kolozsvár also swore fealty to him on 19   May. Bocskai went to Transylvania in August. His army captured Segesvár (now Sighișoara in Romania) on 9   September, which put an end to the Saxons' resistance. The delegates of the Three Nations of Transylvania paid homage to him in Medgyes (now Mediaș in Romania) on 14   September. The Ottomans took advantage of Bocskai's uprising. Lala Mehmed Pasha captured Esztergom on 3   October. Bocskai's commander, Bálint Drugeth, prevented his Ottoman allies from entering Érsekújvár (now Nové Zámky in Slovakia) when he forced

9581-455: The Székelys that he would restore their liberties, enabling him to secure his rule in Transylvania. The delegates of the Transylvanian noblemen and the Székelys elected him prince in Nyárádszereda (now Miercurea Nirajului in Romania) on 21   February, but the Transylvanian Saxons and the burghers of Kolozsvár remained loyal to Rudolph's commissioners. Bocskai sent proclamations, entitled Querelae Hungariae (Complaints of Hungary), to

9724-400: The Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular. The traditional view holds that the Hungarian language diverged from its Ugric relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium BC, in western Siberia east of the southern Urals . In Hungarian, Iranian loanwords date back to the time immediately following the breakup of Ugric and probably span well over

9867-406: The anti-Ottoman policy that had contributed to the destruction of the principality. Instead of seeking Bocskai's assistance against Michael, they persuaded Basta to expel Michael from Transylvania in September. Sigismund Báthory, who had again decided to return, tried to convince Bocskai to support him. Bocskai gave his nephew's envoy over to Rudolph's official, Pál Nyáry, but this did not earn him

10010-404: The campaign, their united troops laid siege to Târgoviște on 16   October. Two days later, Bocskai personally led the decisive attack against the fortress, forcing the Ottoman soldiers to abandon it and try to break through the besiegers. The Ottomans were either killed or captured. The Ottoman garrison abandoned Bucharest without resistance and the main Ottoman army retreated to Giurgiu on

10153-426: The city residents supported the prince. The city was occupied by Habsburg armies in 1704, freed in November 1705, then occupied alternately by the two armies over the next years. In June 1710, more than 2,000 people died in a plague , and on May 3, 1716, the city was destroyed by a fire. After such losses throughout the region, the Habsburg Crown recruited Germans to resettle the depopulated areas, particularly along

10296-531: The city. Charlemagne visited the city where St. Martin was born. King Arnulf of the Franks gave the city to the archbishop of Salzburg in 875. It is likely that the castle was built around this time, using the stones from the Roman baths. Around 900, they were succeeded by Hungarians , who became the dominant population. In 1009, Stephen I gave the city to the newly founded Diocese of Győr . The city suffered during

10439-406: The city: he had the ruins of the castle demolished and had new buildings constructed, including a cathedral, the episcopal palace complex, and a school (opened in 1793). In 1809, Napoleon 's armies occupied the city and held it for 110 days, following a short battle on the main square. In 1813, a cholera epidemic claimed many lives. In 1817, two-thirds of the city was destroyed by fire. During

10582-455: The civil war, Bocskai and Rudolph's representatives signed the Treaty of Vienna on 23   June 1606. Rudolph acknowledged Bocskai's hereditary right to rule the Principality of Transylvania and four counties in Royal Hungary. The treaty also confirmed the Protestant noblemen and burghers' right to freely practise their religion. In his last will, Bocskai emphasized that only the existence of

10725-522: The colonies and made Savaria the capital of the province Pannonia Prima . This era was the height of prosperity for Savaria: its population grew, and new buildings were erected, among them theatres and churches. St. Martin of Tours was born here. After the death of Emperor Valentinian III , the Huns invaded Pannonia . Attila 's armies occupied Savaria between 441 and 445. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 456. The city remained inhabited throughout

10868-652: The commanders of the strongest army in the principality. Sigismund, who was a devout Catholic, ordered the Calvinist Bocskai to protect the Catholics in his new seat. Bocskai continued the reconstruction of the fortress, which protected the most important route between Transylvania and Royal Hungary . The Ottoman Sultan , Murad III , ordered the Grand Vizier , Koca Sinan Pasha , to invade Royal Hungary in August 1593. In

11011-465: The continuation of the war against the Ottomans. He charged Bocskai with the administration of Transylvania. Bocskai soon had to face the Székely commoners. Their leaders threatened those who accepted serfdom with impalement . Bocskai sent troops to Székely Land , ordering the punishment of the ringleaders. His lieutenants overrode his instructions and put down the rebellion with extreme cruelty during

11154-583: The defenders of the town to give in on 17   October. Bocskai met Lala Mehmed Pasha at Pest on 11   November. The Grand Vizier styled Bocskai king and gave a royal crown to him, but he refused to accept it as a royal insignia. After the fall of Esztergom to the Ottomans, István Illésházy and other influential noblemen realized that only the Habsburgs were able to prevent the Ottomans from seizing new territories in Royal Hungary. They persuaded Bocskai to start negotiations with Rudolph's brother, Matthias , who had decided to dethrone Rudolph. Although

11297-479: The delegates of the Three Nations to again pay homage to him on 27   August. A day later, fifteen leaders of the opposition were arrested at the prince's order. In a few days, many of them (including Balthasar Báthory and Farkas Kovacsóczy) were executed or murdered. Years later, Sigismund Báthory told Ferenc Nádasdy that Bocskai had forced him to order their execution. Most historians also say that Bocskai

11440-572: The delegates of the eastern counties and the Hajdús still opposed the peace, the Diet authorized Bocskai to send his envoys to Vienna. On 12   December, Bocskai granted collective nobility to 9,254 Hajdús and settled them in his estates in Szabolcs County . Bocskai's envoy, Illésházy, reached a compromise during his negotiations in Vienna on 9   February 1606. The royal court was ready to restore

11583-463: The deputy captain of Várad. Concini led his 600 soldiers to Szentjobb and captured the fortress on 2   October. The castellan of Bocskai's other castle, Nagykereki, hired 300 Hajdús, enabling him to defend the fortress against Concini. Belgioso sent an army against Bocskai, but Bocskai's agents convinced the Hajdús to desert from Belgioso's army, which enabled Bocskai to defeat Belgioso near Álmosd on 15   October. Belgioso withdrew from

11726-558: The east across the Raba River by the 46th and 26th Armies of the USSR and the 3rd Ukrainian Front . Soviet forces took control of Szombathely on 29 March 1945. After the war the city grew, absorbing many nearby villages ( Gyöngyöshermán , Gyöngyösszőlős , Herény , Kámon , Olad , Szentkirály , Zanat and Zarkaháza ). The government of Hungary was dominated by the Soviet Union. During

11869-461: The east, specifically from eastern Siberia. Hungarian historian and archaeologist Gyula László claims that geological data from pollen analysis seems to contradict the placing of the ancient Hungarian homeland near the Urals. Today, the consensus among linguists is that Hungarian is a member of the Uralic family of languages. The classification of Hungarian as a Uralic/Finno-Ugric rather than

12012-630: The equivalents in English. Adjectives precede nouns ( a piros alma 'the red apple') and have three degrees: positive ( piros 'red'), comparative ( pirosabb 'redder') and superlative ( a legpirosabb 'the reddest'). If the noun takes the plural or a case, an attributive adjective is invariable: a piros almák 'the red apples'. However, a predicative adjective agrees with the noun: az almák piros ak 'the apples are red'. Adjectives by themselves can behave as nouns (and so can take case suffixes): Melyik almát kéred? – A piros at . 'Which apple would you like? – The red one'. The neutral word order

12155-897: The fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to Hungarians as Ǫgry/Ǫgrove (sg. Ǫgrinŭ ) seemed to confirm that. Current literature favors the hypothesis that it comes from the name of the Turkic tribe Onoğur (which means ' ten arrows ' or ' ten tribes ' ). There are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the other Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian /aː/ corresponds to Khanty /o/ in certain positions, and Hungarian /h/ corresponds to Khanty /x/ , while Hungarian final /z/ corresponds to Khanty final /t/ . For example, Hungarian ház [haːz] ' house ' vs. Khanty xot [xot] ' house ' , and Hungarian száz [saːz] ' hundred ' vs. Khanty sot [sot] ' hundred ' . The distance between

12298-419: The first Hungarian-language book set in movable type . By the 17th century, the language already closely resembled its present-day form, although two of the past tenses remained in use. German, Italian and French loans also began to appear. Further Turkish words were borrowed during the period of Ottoman rule (1541 to 1699). In the 19th century, a group of writers, most notably Ferenc Kazinczy , spearheaded

12441-494: The highway is also available in the city, having opened the M86 motorway. In 1567, Emperor Maximilian II granted the town the privilege of allowing none but Catholics to dwell within its walls. By the 17th and 18th centuries, although the municipal authorities rented shops to Jews, the latter were permitted to remain in the town only during the day, and then only without their families. They lived outside in their own community, known as

12584-458: The important " Amber Road " trade route. The city had an imperial residence, a public bath and an amphitheatre . In 2008, remains of a mithraeum were discovered. Emperor Constantine the Great visited Savaria several times. He ended the persecution of Christians , which previously claimed the lives of many people in the area, including Bishop St. Quirinus and St. Rutilus. The emperor reorganised

12727-477: The language holds official status nationally in Hungary and regionally in Romania , Slovakia , Serbia , Austria and Slovenia . In 2014 The proportion of Transylvanian students studying Hungarian exceeded the proportion of Hungarian students, which shows that the effects of Romanianization are slowly getting reversed and regaining popularity. The Dictate of Trianon resulted in a high proportion of Hungarians in

12870-436: The language were utilized. This movement produced more than ten thousand words, most of which are used actively today. The 19th and 20th centuries saw further standardization of the language, and differences between mutually comprehensible dialects gradually diminished. In 1920, Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon , losing 71 percent of its territory and one-third of the ethnic Hungarian population along with it. Today,

13013-475: The leader of a national movement which was an antecedent of Rákóczi's War of Independence and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . Others state, Bocskai who was the Ottomans' ally did not take up arms for the restoration of an independent Kingdom of Hungary, because he could only hope to rule a country under Ottoman suzerainty. For instance, Géza Pálffy emphasizes, most Hungarian noblemen remained loyal to

13156-489: The leading figure of the Hungarian language reforms.) Kazinczy's chief goal was to replace existing words of German and Latin origins with newly created Hungarian words. As a result, Kazinczy and his later followers (the reformers) significantly reduced the formerly high ratio of words of Latin and German origins in the Hungarian language, which were related to social sciences, natural sciences, politics and economics, institutional names, fashion etc. Giving an accurate estimate for

13299-554: The logistical military infrastructure supporting Axis forces. In 1944 and 1945, the town and locality were bombed by day on several occasions by aircraft of the US 15th Air Force ; at night, bombing runs were made by aircraft from the Royal Air Force 205 Group. These aircraft operated from bases in Italy. On 28 March 1945, the 6th SS Panzer and 6th Armies were pushed back by an assault from

13442-572: The main body in 1870. From 1896 to 1898 Pál Jungreis was rabbi of the Orthodox community but his convictions were not tolerated so Márk Benedikt was appointed rabbi. [3] According to the 1910 census, 10.1% of the city's population, or 3125 people, were Jewish by religion. By then they were merchants and professionals, an integral part of the city's culture. In World War II, during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany , 4228 Jews were deported (July 4–6, 1944) from Szombathely to Auschwitz . The community

13585-410: The mayoralty of Tóbiás Brenner, this prosperity continued. A museum, public bath, monasteries, and several new downtown mansions were built. A school of music and an orchestra were founded. After the Treaty of Trianon , Hungary lost many of its western territories to Austria. Only 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the new state border, Szombathely ceased to be the centre of Western Hungary. Trying to regain

13728-405: The medieval kingdom). Bocskai's career started when his underage nephew, Sigismund Báthory , became the ruler of Transylvania in 1581. After the Diet of Transylvania declared Sigismund of age in 1588, Bocskai was one of the few members of Sigismund's council who supported his plan to join an anti-Ottoman coalition. Sigismund made Bocskai captain of Várad (now Oradea in Romania) in 1592. After

13871-448: The medium of writing used at the time, wood, is perishable. The Kingdom of Hungary was founded in 1000 by Stephen I . The country became a Western -styled Christian ( Roman Catholic ) state, with Latin script replacing Hungarian runes . The earliest remaining fragments of the language are found in the establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany from 1055, intermingled with Latin text. The first extant text fully written in Hungarian

14014-574: The most part, mutually intelligible . The Hungarian Csángó dialect, which is mentioned but not listed separately by Ethnologue, is spoken primarily in Bacău County in eastern Romania. The Csángó Hungarian group has been largely isolated from other Hungarian people , and therefore preserved features that closely resemble earlier forms of Hungarian. Hungarian has 14 vowel phonemes and 25 consonant phonemes. The vowel phonemes can be grouped as pairs of short and long vowels such as o and ó . Most of

14157-548: The name of the country, " Magyarország " (Hungary), pronounced /ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ/ . It is one of three palatal consonants, the others being ⟨ty⟩ and ⟨ny⟩ . Historically a fourth palatalized consonant ʎ existed, still written ⟨ly⟩ . A single 'r' is pronounced as an alveolar tap ( akkora 'of that size'), but a double 'r' is pronounced as an alveolar trill ( akkorra 'by that time'), like in Spanish and Italian . Primary stress

14300-571: The necessary funds to continue the fight. Bocskai made the young Calvinist lords, Bálint Drugeth and Ferenc Mágocsy, commanders of his army, and the Catholic nobleman, Mihály Káthay , his chancellor. Rudolph dispatched Giorgio Basta at the head of an army of 10,000 mercenaries against the rebels. Basta's disciplined army defeated a troop of Hajdús near Osgyán (now Ožďany in Slovakia) on 17   November. Gabriel Bethlen came to Kassa on 20 November, accompanied by Lala Mehmed Pasha's envoy, who handed

14443-407: The new information for the listeners that may not have been known or that their knowledge must be corrected. For example, "Én vagyok az apád". ('I am your father'. Literally, 'It is I who am your father'.), from the movie The Empire Strikes Back , the pronoun I ( én ) is in the focus and implies that it is new information, and the listener thought that someone else is his father. Although Hungarian

14586-426: The offer, but Rudolph I refuted it, saying that "the daughter of the mayor of Kassa would be fine for wife to Bocskai". Bocskai did not abandon the idea of a new marriage until his death. Even before his death, Bocskai's partisans regarded his uprising as a war for the independence of Hungary. The archivist János S. Debreceni described him as a new Gideon in December 1604. Most modern historians also regard him as

14729-478: The pairs have an almost similar pronunciation and vary significantly only in their duration. However, pairs a / á and e / é differ both in closedness and length. Consonant length is also distinctive in Hungarian. Most consonant phonemes can occur as geminates . The sound voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ , written ⟨gy⟩ , sounds similar to 'd' in British English 'duty'. It occurs in

14872-654: The previous years. His experiences convinced him that only an autonomous Transylvania supported by the Ottomans could secure the restoration of the freedom of Hungary. On his way back from Transylvania, on 20   September he learnt that Hajdús had seized a letter about his alleged correspondence with the Grand Vizier, Lala Mehmed Pasha , from Gabriel Bethlen. Fearing reprisals, Bocskai hurried to Sólyomkő and pretended that gout had paralysed him. Actually, he ordered his castellans to make preparations for resistance, but one of them revealed Bocskai's plans to Cipriano Concini,

15015-500: The prince's failure, Balthasar Báthory persuaded him to abdicate in late July. Sigismund went to Kővár (now Remetea Chioarului in Romania), and then announced that he wanted to move to Italy. Ferenc Kendi and Kovacsóczy prevented Balthasar from securing the princely throne for himself. Bocskai and the other commanders of the army hurried to Kővár, where they and Friar Carillo convinced Sigismund to change his mind. Bocskai and his troops accompanied Sigismund back to Kolozsvár, forcing

15158-535: The pro-Ottoman noblemen forced Sigismund to renounce his throne in 1594, Bocskai supported him in his bid to regain it, for which Sigismund rewarded him with estates confiscated from the leaders of the opposition. On Sigismund's behalf Bocskai signed a treaty concerning the membership of Transylvania in the Holy League in Prague on 28   January 1595. He led the Transylvanian army to Wallachia , which had been occupied by

15301-411: The proposition is only for that particular thing or aspect, and it implies that the proposition is not true for some others. For example, in " Az almát János látja". ('It is John who sees the apple'. Literally 'The apple John sees.'), the apple is in the topic, implying that other objects may be seen by not him but other people (the pear may be seen by Peter). The topic part may be empty. The focus shows

15444-521: The representatives of the anti-Ottoman Holy League . He signed a treaty regarding the membership of Transylvania in the League on 28   January 1595. The Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph (who was also the king of Hungary), acknowledged the independence of Transylvania and promised his niece, Maria Christina , to Sigismund Báthory. Bocskai went to Graz , where he married Maria Christina as his nephew's proxy on 6   March. Upon his return to Transylvania,

15587-527: The restoration of his confiscated Transylvanian estates, but Basta sharply opposed his plan. From 1603, Rudolph's officials confiscated the estates of wealthy noblemen in both Royal Hungary and Transylvania through legal proceedings. After Giacomo Barbiano di   Belgiojoso, the captain of Kassa, confiscated the St. Elisabeth Cathedral from the Lutherans and gave it to the Catholics in early 1604, Rudolph prohibited

15730-473: The royal council. After Stephen Báthory died in December 1586, Bocskai went at least twice to Poland to negotiate the implementation of Báthory's last will. During his visits, he realized that most Polish noblemen did not want to continue Báthory's policy and Transylvania could no longer expect support from Poland. Ghyczy fell ill in early 1588. The 16-year-old monarch's cousins, Balthasar Báthory and Stephen Báthory (the namesake of his late uncle), persuaded

15873-510: The royal courts of Europe in March, accusing Rudolph of tyranny and listing the monarch's unlawful acts that had caused the uprising. Rudolph promised to grant an amnesty for him, but on 24   March Bocskai refused the offer. Basta withdrew his army from Eperjes to Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia) in early April. The delegates of 22   counties from Upper Hungary and Partium assembled at Szerencs . They unanimously acclaimed Bocskai prince of Hungary on 20   April. Although

16016-589: The ruins of the Roman city of Savaria. The Slovak name, Kamenec, also stems from the root 'stone' ( kameň = stone), similar to the German variant. Szombathely is the oldest recorded city in Hungary . It was founded by the Romans in 45 AD under the name of Colonia Claudia Savariensum (Claudius' Colony of Savarians), and it was the capital of the Pannonia Superior province of the Roman Empire . It lay close to

16159-484: The same month, Ferenc Wathay (who was the cousin of Bocskai's wife) visited Bocskai in Várad. In his memoir, Wathay mentioned that his commander, Ferdinand Hardegg ("the king's representative"), had ordered him to meet Bocskai. Young Transylvanian noblemen hurried to Royal Hungary to fight against the Ottomans, but most Transylvanian politicians wanted to avoid war with the Ottoman Empire as long as Poland remained neutral. Sigismund did not abandon his plan to fight against

16302-472: The spring of 1581. As the youngest member of the regency council, Bocskai had little chance of influencing the government, then dominated by Sándor Kendi and Farkas Kovacsóczy . Bocskai and Dénes Csáky decided to go to Kraków to convince Stephen Báthory to make their ally, János Ghyczy , the sole regent for Sigismund. However, before their departure for Poland, Stephen Báthory set up a new regency council, confirming Kendi and Kovacsóczy's position. Bocskai

16445-463: The sultan's ahidnâme (or charter) to Bocskai, which styled him prince of Transylvania. Lala Mehmed Pasha also sent reinforcements to Bocskai. Basta defeated Bocskai near Edelény on 27   November, but he could not capture Kassa and withdrew to Eperjes (now Prešov in Slovakia) in early December. Bocskai sent letters to Transylvania urging the leaders of the Three Nations to support his uprising. A Unitarian Székely nobleman, János Petki ,

16588-414: The surrounding 7 countries, so it is widely spoken or understood. Although host countries are not always considerate of Hungarian language users, communities are strong. The Szeklers , for example, form their own region and have their own national museum, educational institutions, and hospitals. Hungarian has about 13 million native speakers, of whom more than 9.8 million live in Hungary. According to

16731-538: The throne of Hungary, Charles IV visited the city, where he was greeted with enthusiasm, but he failed to regain power. Between the world wars, Szombathely prospered. Many schools were founded, and between 1926 and 1929, the most modern hospital of the Transdanubian region was built. During World War II, as with many other towns in the region, Szombathely was strategic due to the railway, junction, marshalling yards, local aerodrome, and barracks. The town formed part of

16874-480: The title of baron on 29   March 1598. The Diet of Transylvania swore fealty to Rudolph on 8   April 1598. Rudolph appointed three commissioners (István Szuhay, Bartholomeus Pezzen, and Miklós Istvánffy ) to administer Transylvania until the arrival of his governor, Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria . The commissioners did not trust Bocskai and deprived him of his offices. Having been in correspondence with his nephew, Bocskai knew that Sigismund Báthory

17017-517: The total word count is difficult, since it is hard to define a "word" in agglutinating languages, due to the existence of affixed words and compound words. To obtain a meaningful definition of compound words, it is necessary to exclude compounds whose meaning is the mere sum of its elements. The largest dictionaries giving translations from Hungarian to another language contain 120,000 words and phrases (but this may include redundant phrases as well, because of translation issues) . The new desk lexicon of

17160-416: The traditional administration of Royal Hungary and confirm most liberties of the noblemen and burghers, but was unwilling to acknowledge the independence of Transylvania under Bocskai's rule. On 4   April the Diet of Transylvania authorized Bocskai to sign a treaty with the Habsburgs, but in May the Diet of Hungary ordered Illésházy to continue the negotiations with Matthias. The negotiations ended with

17303-425: The trust of Rudolph's commissioners. Basta was even planning to kill him to prevent him from further actions. On 25   November, the Diet of Transylvania confiscated Bocskai's estates and banished him from the principality. Bocskai went to Prague to clear himself of the charges in January 1601. Michael of Wallachia also came to Prague and persuaded Rudolph to allow him to return to Transylvania, while Bocskai

17446-530: The war between King Sámuel Aba and Holy Roman Emperor Henry III , between 1042 and 1044. Szombathely was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241–1242 but was rebuilt shortly after. It was granted Free royal town status in 1407. In 1578, it became the capital of Vas comitatus. The city prospered. In 1605 it was occupied by the armies of István Bocskai . During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary ,

17589-700: The word is the Proto-Indo-European word *seu , meaning "wet". The Austrian overflowing of the Gyöngyös/Güns is called Zöbern , most probably a derivation of its Latin name. The city is known in Croatian as Sambotel , in Slovene as Sombotel and in Yiddish as סאמבאטהעלי ( Sombathely ). The German name, Steinamanger , means "stone on the green" (Stein am Anger). The name was coined by German settlers who encountered

17732-504: The young Gábor Báthory from seizing the throne. The Hajdús attacked Káthay on the main square of Kassa and cut him into pieces on 12 January 1607. The funeral procession taking Bocskai's corpse to Gyulafehérvár departed from Kassa on 3 February. Drugeth led the procession, but the Diet of Transylvania did not want to elect him their ruler. Instead, they proclaimed the elderly Sigismund Rákóczi prince in Kolozsvár on 11 February. Bocskai

17875-481: Was Prince of Transylvania and Hungary from 1605 to 1606. He was born to a Hungarian noble family . His father's estates were located in the eastern regions of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary , which developed into the Principality of Transylvania in the 1570s. He spent his youth in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor , Maximilian , who was also the ruler of Royal Hungary (the western and northern regions of

18018-549: Was already regretting his abdication. Bocskai mustered his troops at Szászsebes (now Sebeș in Romania) to secure Sigismund's return. After Sigismund came to Transylvania, Bocskai convoked the Diet and persuaded the delegates to swear fealty to him on 21   August. Jósika was executed and the commissioners were expelled. Bocskai was again made the supreme commander of the Transylvanian army, but his former deputy, György Király, did not obey him and allowed Rudolph's troops to take possession of Várad. An Ottoman army broke into

18161-577: Was an influential member of the royal council in Transylvania. After her uncle died in 1577, Margit was put under the guardianship of Christopher Báthory (Bocskai's brother-in-law). Margit was given in marriage to the wealthy Tamás Warkócs (who was related to the Báthory family ) in 1579. Warkócs's estates were located near Bocskai's domains in Bihar County. She gave birth to two sons, Tamás and György, but only György survived childhood. Her first husband died in early 1583. The year of mourning for him

18304-494: Was appointed head of Sigismund's court, but he renounced the office because his relationship with the regency council remained tense. He only retained his membership in the royal council. Bocskai married a wealthy widow, Margit Hagymássy, in late 1583. Her dowry included the fortress of Nagykereki and the nearby villages. Stephen Báthory dissolved the regency council and appointed Ghyczy to administer Transylvania on Sigismund's behalf in May 1585. Bocskai retained his seat in

18447-484: Was born in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) on 1   January 1557. At that time, his father was being held in prison because Isabella Jagiellon had returned and ordered the imprisonment of Ferdinand's supporters. A few months after his son's birth, György Bocskai was released. He and his family settled in Kismarja , which was the center of his estates in Bihar County. He converted from Catholicism to Calvinism in

18590-548: Was built by the former lord of the town, Duke Batthyányi , who sold it to the Jews. In 1880 the community supported building a large temple , one of the most beautiful in Hungary. Designed by Ludwig Schöne, it combined Oriental and Romantic elements. The founder of the community and its first rabbi was Ludwig Königsberger (d. 1861); he was succeeded in turn by Leopold Rockenstein , Joseph Stier ( [1] ), and Béla Bernstein (called in 1892; [2] ). A small Orthodox congregation , numbering about 60 or 70 members, separated from

18733-756: Was buried in the St Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafehérvár on 22 February. As long as the Hungarian Crown is with a nation mightier than us, with the German, and the Hungarian Kingdom is also dependent of the Germans, it will be necessary and expedient to have a Hungarian prince in Transylvania, for he shall provide protection and be of use to them. If, may God grant, the Hungarian Crown were at Hungarian hands in

18876-511: Was dethroned by Michael the Brave of Wallachia. During the following period of anarchy, Bocskai was forced to stay in Prague for several months because Rudolph's officials did not trust him. After his secret correspondence with the Grand Vizier, Lala Mehmed Pasha , was captured in October 1605, Bocskai openly rebelled against Rudolph. Bocskai hired Hajdús (irregular soldiers) and defeated Rudolph's military commanders. He expanded his authority over

19019-464: Was essentially destroyed. Since 1975, the former Jewish temple has been adapted for use as a concert hall. A memorial outside commemorates the Jews deported in World War II. Szombathely's climate is classified as humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) closely bordering on an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ). The annual average temperature is 10.6 °C (51.1 °F), the hottest month in July

19162-609: Was forbidden to leave Prague. Michael and Basta routed Sigismund Báthory on 3   August, but Basta had Michael murdered thirteen days later. Basta's mercenaries regularly pillaged Transylvanian towns and villages during the following years. Bocskai returned to the Partium before the end of 1601, but he was again summoned to Prague in April 1602. He was made the emperor's councillor, but he could leave Prague only in late 1602. He again settled in Szentjobb and made several attempts to secure

19305-433: Was reportedly living in Vienna in 1571  – but it is certain that he was living in the royal court when his elder brother, Jeromos, died in 1572, because he hurried back to Kismarja from Vienna to console his mother. Initially, he served as a page in the royal court. He received a salary from 1574. He again came back to Kismarja in the summer of 1575 to see his ailing mother and to administer his estates. About

19448-674: Was responsible for the purge, which made him his nephew's most influential advisor. Bocskai was made ispán of Inner Szolnok and Kraszna Counties . Many estates confiscated from the executed noblemen were granted to him during the following years, making him one of the wealthiest landowners of the principality. For instance, he seized the fortresses at Marosvécs in Transylvania proper (now Brâncovenești in Romania), and Szentjobb and Sólyomkő in Partium (now Sâniob and Șinteu in Romania). Sigismund Báthory sent Bocskai as his plenipotentiary to Prague in November 1594 to start negotiations with

19591-515: Was signed in December 1597, but Rudolph did not send his representatives to take possession of Transylvania for months. During the transition period, the Catholic Chancellor of Transylvania , István Jósika , accused Bocskai of initiating a plot to seize Transylvania for himself, but Friar Carillo stood by Bocskai. Bocskai persuaded Sigismund Báthory to have Jósika imprisoned shortly before his official abdication. The prince also awarded him

19734-448: Was still in Prague when Sigismund abdicated in favor of Andrew in March 1599. He returned to Transylvania as Rudolph's envoy and refused to swear fealty to Andrew. He settled in his fortress at Szentjobb in August. Andrew summoned him to the Diet, accusing him of the murder of Balthasar. After Bocskai ignored the prince's summons, his estates were confiscated in October, but this order could only be executed in Transylvania proper because

19877-539: Was still up, when Margit married Bocskai in late 1583. Their marriage was childless, but Bocskai loved his wife and took care of her son. He was also the guardian of the sons of his widowed sister, Sára. Margit Hagymássy died in September 1604. After the Treaty of Vienna, Bocskai proposed himself to Maria Christina of Habsburg, whose marriage with Sigismund Báthory had been annulled . She and her mother were willing to accept

20020-459: Was the first to join him. He played a crucial role in convincing the Székelys to forgive Bocskai for the Bloody Carnival of 1596. A Hajdú captain, Balázs Lippai, who had already questioned Bocskai's leadership, entered into correspondence with Basta. Bocskai had Lippai captured and executed on 6   January 1605. He made an alliance with Ieremia Movilă , Voivode of Moldavia , and promised

20163-416: Was the wife of István Dobó . Dobó was made Voivode of Transylvania by Ferdinand I , King of Hungary , in 1553, shortly after Isabella Jagiellon (who had administered the eastern part of the Kingdom of Hungary on behalf of her son, John Sigismund Zápolya ) was forced to leave her realm. György Bocskai accompanied Dobó to Transylvania and received new estates in the province from Ferdinand. Stephen

20306-573: Was willing to mediate a peace treaty between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire. On 24   November Rudolph issued a new proclamation, stating that the Principality of Transylvania could retain its independence even if Bocskai died without male issue. The Peace of Zsitvatorok , which put an end to the Long Turkish War , was signed on 11   November. Bocskai had already in the spring of 1606 stated that his feet felt heavy, suggesting that he suffered from edema . On 13 December, he convoked

20449-409: Was willing to withdraw from Transylvania and urged Giorgio Basta , the commander of Rudolph's army, to send new commissioners to Transylvania to put an end to the anarchy. Michael took possession of Transylvania proper, and the Diet acknowledged him as Rudolph's representative. Exposed to plundering raids by German, Wallachian, and Székely troops, Transylvania plunged into anarchy. Bocskai returned to

#168831