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90-653: The Supreme Executive Power (Spanish: Supremo Poder Ejecutivo ) was the provisional government of Mexico that governed between the fall of the First Mexican Empire in April 1823 and the election of the first Mexican president, Guadalupe Victoria , in October 1824. After Emperor Iturbide abdicated, the sovereignty of the nation passed over to Congress , which appointed a triumvirate , made up of Guadalupe Victoria , Pedro Celestino Negrete , and Nicolas Bravo , to serve as

180-469: A National Institutional Junta made up of forty five members, chosen from among friendly deputies. The junta was installed officially on 2 November 1822, and vested with the legislative power, until a new congress could be formed. Iturbide entrusted the body with writing up regulations for producing a new congress, but also began to focus on the grave financial issues that the Empire was facing. On 5 November 1822,

270-466: A tropical savanna climate , with an average temperature between 24 and 26 °C and precipitations between 1100 and 1300 mm. As of 2015, the population of La Antigua was of 26,920 inhabitants, of which 12,875 were men and 14,045 were women. The municipality contains 34 populated localities, being the largest José Cardel (the only urban locality on the municipality), Nicolás Blanco, La Antigua, La Pureza and Salmoral. Casa de Hernán Cortes: In

360-406: A change in the commemoration of Mexican Independence. The War of Mexican Independence went through multiple phases, not at all under the same leadership or with the same aims, and in 1821, it was Iturbide who had finally gained independence from Spain, leading to a commemoration of the matter on the anniversary of his army's entrance into Mexico City on September 27. However, with the fall of Iturbide,

450-405: A conference regarding the problems with congress. He addressed them and accused congress of not having taken a single step in eight months towards writing a constitution, of not passing a single law regarding finances or the military, and of rather focusing their time on attacking the emperor. Various deputies added to the discussion, and brought forth the point that if congress needed to be reformed,

540-524: A different post in Mexico City . However, Santa Anna suspecting his ruin, instead took command of his troops and in December, 1822 started a rebellion in favour of a republican form of government. Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo , defected from the ranks of the imperialists, and proceeded to Chilapa on 5 January 1823 to join the revolution, but experienced a disastrous defeat at Almolonga. The insurrection

630-616: A new Central American Congress to convene and on July 1, 1823 the Central American provinces formed the Federal Republic of Central America , with only the province of Chiapas choosing to remain a part of Mexico as a state. Subsequent territorial evolution of Mexico over the next several decades (principally cessions to the United States ) would eventually reduce Mexico to less than half its maximum extent. The First Mexican empire

720-410: A new congress was convened to establish a federation. In San Luis Potosí Santa Ana , who had already led the movement to overthrow the empire, rose up and declared himself protector of the federal system. Santa Ana was captured and sent to the capital to answer for his conduct, however he was pardoned after his efforts were vindicated with the triumph of the federal system and subsequently sent to command

810-614: A new nation that was essentially bankrupt. To remedy the financial difficulties, the Mexican government prohibited the exportation of money, and exacted a forced loan of 600,000 pesos in Mexico City, Puebla, Guadalajara, and Veracruz. During this time, a council of state was also formed, being made up of thirteen members selected by the Emperor from a list of thirty one nominees submitted by congress. The coronation took place on 21 July. The capital

900-511: A political document drafted by Iturbide that unified the forces fighting for independence from Spain. Following the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba by the last Spanish viceroy in September 1821, the plan for a Mexican monarchy advanced. Iturbide's popularity reached its peak on May 18, 1822, when public demonstrations called for him to become emperor in the absence of a European royal willing to assume

990-568: A scheme of taking possession of it by feigning the surrender of Veracruz to its new commander. When Echevarri, the captain-general of the local provinces, arrived in Veracruz, he approved of the plan, and agreed to join in on it, positioning his troops in Veracruz to ambush the landing Spaniards, having been promised support by Santa Anna. On 26 October 1822, as the Spaniards landed however, Santa Anna's troops failed to arrive, and Echevarri barely defeated

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1080-512: A system of auditors. Loans were needed, and the government sent agents to England, which already had a reputation for sponsoring Latin American nations during the wars of independence. It was also assumed that granting loans to Mexico would give England a vested interest in the political success and independence of the Mexican nation. On May 1, 1823, Congress approved the borrowing of £3,200,000 from Goldschmidt & Co. Three English commissioners by

1170-508: A veto over legislation, and the right to select members of the supreme court. Iturbide however then sought for more concessions, arguing that his veto ought to extend to any article of any new constitution that congress would draft, and also continued to insist on reducing the number of deputies in congress. These grabs for power alienated even conservatives, and Iturbide's proposals were rejected, which Iturbide then responded to by dissolving congress on 31 October 1822. Brigadier Luis Cortazar

1260-663: Is all Mexicans regardless of ethnic category and those born in Spain would henceforth enjoy equal rights and privileges; and that the Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges and position as the official and exclusive religion of the land. These Three Guarantees formed the core of the Plan of Iguala, the blueprint which, by combining the goal of independence and a constitution with the preservation of Catholic monarchy and Roman Catholicism, brought together all Mexican factions. Under

1350-533: The Constitutional Empire soon found itself being torn by conflicts between the emperor and Congress. Deputies were imprisoned simply for expressing their disagreements with Iturbide and finally, Iturbide decided to abolish the Congress, establishing instead a National Junta subservient to him. The lack of a congress, the arbitrary nature of the emperor and the absence of solutions to the serious problems that

1440-610: The Americas was founded here by Hernán Cortés in the early 16th century. The majority of the commercial traffic of the Iberian Peninsula and New Spain arrived through La Antigua for approximately 75 years. At the end of the 16th century, when the Spanish returned to the settlement in San Juan de Ulúa, the town entered into decline and was renamed to "La Antigua" to avoid confusion with

1530-736: The Gulf of Mexico , in the east by the Gulf of Mexico and the Veracruz municipality, in the south by the Veracruz and Paso de Ovejas municipalities and in the west by the Paso de Ovejas, Puente Nacional and Úrsulo Galván municipalities. The municipality is crossed by the La Antigua River (also called Huitzilapan), which collects water from the Paso de Ovejas and San Juan Rivers. The municipality presents in its entirety

1620-483: The Mexican War of Independence in 1810, a decade of warfare between insurgents for independence from Spain and royalists seeking to maintain the existing colonial order. The insurgency was initially led by Hidalgo, who was captured and executed in 1811, then succeeded by Father José María Morelos , who was likewise captured and executed in 1815. Remaining insurgents, including Vicente Guerrero , waged guerrilla warfare in

1710-558: The Plan of Iguala and gaining the support of insurgent leader Vicente Guerrero and others. They created the Army of the Three Guarantees , which brought about Mexican independence from Spain in September 1821. The newly constituted movement involved three principles, or "guarantees": that Mexico would be an independent constitutional monarchy governed by a Spanish prince; that Americanos , that

1800-429: The 19th century is completely covered with roots and vines. The house contained 22 rooms, but at this day only 4 stand. La Ceiba: At approximately 30 meters from the La Antigua River stands an old tree supported by chains. The tree, called La Ceiba , has branches more than 20 meters long. It is believed that Hernán Cortés moored his boats on the tree when arriving to La Antigua. The course of three hurricanes modified

1890-629: The 24 February 1821 Plan of Iguala, to which most of the provinces subscribed, the Mexican Congress established a regency council which was headed by Iturbide. Viceroy Juan O'Donojú acceded to the Mexican insurgents' demands, having no other option because he lacked independent resources. He signed the Treaty of Córdoba on 24 August 1821. The Mexican Congress intended to establish a personal union , whereby Ferdinand VII of Spain would also be king of Mexico, but both countries would be governed by separate laws and through separate legislative bodies. If

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1980-546: The Emperor immediately began to clash, in large part because their respective legal powers had not at this point been clearly delineated. By mid 1822 the three major issues were whether Iturbide had a right to appoint members to a Supreme Court, whether he had the right to veto legislation as the Spanish King had under the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , and his wish to establish rural military tribunals. The latter measure

2070-543: The Empire, where they were to be used in a ratio of 1:2 with silver coin in payment of all government of obligations. Anyone who owed money to the government was allowed to make one third of the payment in notes and two thirds in coin. The last Spanish stronghold in Mexico, was Fort of San Juan de Ulúa on a small island off the coast of Veracruz . There had been a change in command at the fort during this time, and general Antonio López de Santa Anna , stationed in Veracruz planned

2160-539: The First Empire, Mexico reached its greatest territorial extent, stretching from northern California to the provinces of Central America (excluding Panama , which was then part of Colombia ), which had not initially approved becoming part of the Mexican Empire but joined the Empire shortly after their independence. After the emperor abdicated, on March 29 the departing Mexican general Vicente Filísola called for

2250-426: The Mexican monarchy to be hereditary, granting titles of nobility to Iturbide's family. His son and heir became Prince Imperial of Mexico . The 19th of May was made a national holiday, and a royal household was organized. 21 July 1822 was set as the date of the official coronation. Iturbide's court was being set up to be more luxurious than that of the former Spanish Viceroy, a situation which provoked opposition in

2340-446: The Spanish king refused the position, the plan provided for another member of the House of Bourbon to accede to the Mexican throne. Commissioners from Mexico were sent to Spain to offer the Mexican throne to a Spanish royal, but the Spanish state refused to recognize Mexico's independence and would not allow any other Spanish prince to accept the throne. With Ferdinand VII having rejected

2430-491: The Treaty of Cordoba, Iturbide's supporters saw an opportunity to place their candidate on the throne. On the night of 18 May, the 1st infantry regiment, stationed at the ex Convent of San Hipólito, and led by sergeant Pio Marcha began a public demonstration in favor of Iturbide being made emperor. The demonstration was joined by other barracks and many civilians as well. When the public demonstration reached his home , Iturbide himself

2520-533: The United States and unsuited to the political situation in Mexico. He reasoned that the American states were separate sovereign provinces that had federated to become stronger together, while the provinces in Mexico had never been independent political entities, and that federating them would split the nation apart, resulting in the exact opposite outcome that the Americans had sought through federation. Notwithstanding

2610-504: The age of 18, and using the three-tiered system established by the Constitution of 1812 , by which voters in each parish chose electors, who then met at the district level and chose electors for the province level, whom in turn finally voted for representatives to be sent to Congress. The new congress elected in late October was mainly federalist in composition. It first met on November 7, 1823, and soon divided itself into two main factions:

2700-421: The capital, move the congress to Texcoco and declare the establishment of a Republic. On 26 and 27 August, fifteen deputies suspected of being involved with the plot, including Mier, Carlos Maria Bustamante , Francisco Tagle , Jose del Valle , and José Joaquín de Herrera were arrested. Congress was shocked by the arrests, which had included some of its most prominent deputies, and on the morning of 27 August,

2790-881: The capital, the Executive named new ministers: Lucas Alamán to Interior and Exterior Relations, Francisco de Arrillaga to the Treasury, Pablo de La Llave to Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, and José Ignacio García Illueca  [ es ] to War and Marine. Political prisoners were liberated, Iturbide's council of state was abolished, and a new Supreme Court was established. On July 19, 1823, Congress honored 11 deceased heroes who had fought for Mexican independence: Miguel Hidalgo , Ignacio Allende , Juan Aldama , Mariano Abasolo , José María Morelos , Mariano Matamoros , Miguel Bravo  [ es ] , Leonardo Bravo , Galeana , Jiménez , Mina , Pedro Moreno , and Rosales . Their names were ordered to be inscribed in gold over

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2880-506: The commemoration of independence was moved to September 16, commemorating the Cry of Dolores that had begun the struggle for independence. The insolvency of the government was one of the most pressing issues at hand. The state was nearly bankrupt and the provisional government chose to accept the debt inherited from the Spanish Vicerealty . On April 11, 1823, the government decreed an end to

2970-457: The condition that he would leave the country. The Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba which had established the empire, were declared null and void. On May 11, escorted by Nicolas Bravo, and supervised in his departure by Guadalupe Victoria at La Antigua , Iturbide and his family left the country on the British merchant frigate Rawlins , with Livorno as his destination. Upon Bravo's return to

3060-440: The congressional chamber, and monuments were ordered to be raised in their places of death. The remains which could be found were exhumed in order to hold a state funeral for them. In the aftermath of the ceremonies, a mob plotted to visit the tomb of Hernán Cortés in order to desecrate his bones, and the government had to send for the remains to be hidden and protected. The political opposition to Iturbide at this time also led to

3150-458: The country was facing increased conspiracies to change the imperial system. Antonio López de Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata , and was later joined by Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo . Iturbide then was forced to reestablish the Congress and in a vain attempt to save the order and keep the situation favorable to his supporters, he abdicated the crown of the empire on March 19, 1823. On March 31, 1823, Congress officially abolished

3240-553: The countryside of southern Mexico. Agustín de Iturbide was a Mexican officer in the Spanish army, a member of the Mexican elite loyal to Spain. When Liberals in Spain seized power in 1820, re-established the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , forcing limits on the power of Ferdinand VII of Spain and curtailing privileges of established elites and institutions, Mexican elites saw their interests threatened. In view of this, Iturbide sought an alliance with Mexican insurgents, drawing up

3330-460: The course of the river to the point that the tree no longer stands by the river. Ermita del Rosario: Built between 1523 and 1524 by Franciscans , it is the first church in the Americas. Edificio del Cabildo: One of the oldest Spanish structures in Mexico. Built in 1523, it seated the first ayuntamiento or city council. There are four main festivities, the majority of which are celebrated in

3420-471: The crowds. The opposition brought up concerns that a popular demonstration in the capital was not enough of a basis upon which to elect Iturbide and that the provinces ought to be consulted first. A proposal was made to gain the consent of two thirds of the provinces, and this succeeding then to appoint a commission to write a provisional constitution in order to avoid constitutional crises. Deputy Valentín Gómez Farías , future president of Mexico, stood up for

3510-553: The defense of the legitimate government. The revolt subsequently melted away. In Guadalajara, the situation became so serious that on June 11, 1824, the executive had to send a second military expedition to pacify another revolt, this time containing substantial Iturbidist sentiment. The cause for Iturbide's restoration however, effectively ended in July 1824 when the ex-emperor himself, returned from his exile, and landed in Tampico , upon which he

3600-442: The difficulties in transport and communication with the capital, and the tariff and excise taxes that the Mexican authorities imposed upon the provinces. Brigadier Vicente Filísola was sent to Central America by Iturbide to garrison the region, and yet after the fall of the empire Filísola convened a Central American Congress on June 24, which on July 1 declared independence, founding the Federal Republic of Central America with only

3690-484: The emperor and the empress to the National Cathedral . In the cathedral, the emperor and the empress were to be seated on thrones next to the newly ennobled Mexican princes and princesses. Upon reaching the cathedral, the emperor and empress were escorted to their thrones, and the imperial regalia was placed on the altar. The regalia was blessed and Iturbide was crowned by the president of the congress. Congress and

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3780-517: The executive as it had functioned under the empire since May 19, 1822. In its place, was established a body known as the Supreme Executive Power , and chose to fill the office with a triumvirate made up of Nicolás Bravo , Guadalupe Victoria , and Pedro Celestino Negrete . As the first two were not present in the capital at the time, José Mariano Michelena and José Miguel Domínguez were chosen to serve as substitutes in that capacity while

3870-461: The executive, Victoria , was in Veracruz to prevent the influence of Santa Ana, in the wake of his rebellion in San Luis Potosí from creating another disturbance. This left the executive in the charge of the two substitutes, and so to fill in the missing member of the triumverate, on July 2, 1823, congress raised up Vicente Guerrero as a third substitute executive. The expedition to Guadalajara

3960-455: The executive, while a new constitution was being written. During this period the government oversaw the transition of the nation from monarchy to a republic, abolishing all titles of nobility, changing the national symbols, and removing from power the remnants of the imperial government. Iturbide himself and his family were exiled to Europe, and when he attempted to return in July 1824, he was captured and executed. A major challenge proved to be

4050-400: The federalists, whose most prominent voice was Miguel Ramos Arizpe , and the centralists, whose most prominent voice was Servando Teresa de Mier . Through the minister of justice, the executive announced to the congress on November 14, that they must now set to work on answering the popular call to establish the government most suited for the nation. A constitutional committee headed by Arizpe,

4140-414: The first place. The debates in congress over this matter became very heated. When a deputy attempted to declare that his vote for the emperor, representing the wishes of his district, had been free and uncompelled, the chamber rose in hostile uproar. Iturbide's coronation, titles of nobility, and hereditary succession were declared null and void. Nonetheless, he was granted an annual pension of 25,000 pesos on

4230-403: The hummingbirds." The town of La Antigua was first known as Vera Cruz Vieja (Old "Vera Cruz"), as it was the settlement for the city of Veracruz from 1525 to 1599, when the settlement moved to the actual place where the port stands. The place was chosen due to its better protection from the north winds and the inhospitable sandy areas of the area of San Juan de Ulúa . The oldest church in

4320-410: The junta authorized a forced loan of over two million pesos, and the seizure of more than one million pesos waiting for exportation out of the country in the port of Veracruz. Iturbide also began to issue paper currency, and on 20 December, the government authorized the printing of four million pesos worth of banknotes, in denominations of one, two, and ten. These were issued to all financial offices of

4410-409: The landing party, and the Spanish ultimately kept control of the fort. Echevarri expressed his suspicion to Iturbide that it had all been a scheme by Santa Anna to get Echeverri killed as revenge for Santa Anna not having been appointed Captain-General himself. Iturbide himself went to Veracruz to dismiss Santa Anna from his command, not overtly however but rather under the pretext of simply moving him to

4500-417: The legality of congress to elect an emperor. He praised Iturbide's services to the nation, and argued that as Spain had rejected the Treaty of Córdoba , Congress was now authorized by that very treaty to hold an election to decide who the emperor was to be. The vote then proceeded. In the final results, sixty-seven deputies voted in favor of making Iturbide Emperor, while fifteen voted against. The vote however

4590-425: The legislature sent a letter to the military upholding the immunity of congress, and accusing the arresting authorities of acting in an extra-legal fashion. Secretary of Interior Relations, Andrés Quintana Roo replied that by virtue of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , the government had the authority to arrest deputies suspected of being involved in a treasonous conspiracy, and that congress would remain informed on

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4680-422: The liberal diplomat Miguel Santa María met in Veracruz to proclaim the Plan of Casa Mata. The army pledged itself to restore Congress while disavowing any intention of harming the person of the Emperor, or of overthrowing the Mexican monarchy. On 14 February, Puebla proclaimed for the plan, followed by San Luis Potosí, and Guadalajara. By March, most of Mexico had proclaimed in favour of the plan. A military junta

4770-597: The matter in Puebla and he also succeeded in putting down a rebellion in Cautla that was clamoring for the expulsion of the Spaniards. A more serious revolt occurred in January 1824 in the capital itself, being led by general José María Lobato  [ es ] . When the government learned of the matter Congress immediately refused to hear any of the rebel's demands lest they lay down their arms, and ordered all loyal troops to come to

4860-566: The matter mainly being concerned with whether the new republic should take the form of a federation , or a centralized republic . The former faction triumphed, and the result was the 1824 Constitution of Mexico , and the Supreme Executive Power was replaced by the First Mexican Republic . Independent Mexico was originally a monarchy : "constitutional and moderate" according to the Treaty of Córdoba . The new country adopted

4950-419: The members of the triumvirate were unavailable. José Ignacio García Illueca  [ es ] was named as the sole minister, holding all portfolios. On April 7, Congress concentrated on dealing with the abdication of Iturbide. The abdication was not officially recognized, as Iturbide's election was declared to have been forced upon congress by threat of violence, and hence the throne was not legally his in

5040-516: The military in Yucatán . Congress, in order to accommodate the provinces, expanded the powers of the Provisional Deputations, giving them the power to appoint almost all government offices within their territories, and expressed support for the establishment of a federal system. To pacify Guadalajara, 2,000 men were sent under the command of Negrete and Bravo . Meanwhile, the third member of

5130-412: The military junta meet with Iturbide about the matter, but the junta refused, instead proposing that Iturbide remove himself from the capital, and await the decision of Congress. On 26 March, an agreement was reached by which the junta would recognize Iturbide on whatever terms Congress would grant him. Iturbide also agreed to remove himself from the capital, and the command of the capital was handed over to

5220-405: The multiple military revolts that flared up in the provinces, and in one case in the capital itself. The causes varied, ranging from agitation in favor of establishing a federation , anti-Spanish sentiment, and even efforts aiming at restoring the empire. Elections for a new congress were held in October 1824, and the new legislature proceeded in the task of writing a new constitution, debates over

5310-461: The name of Harvey, Ward and O'Gorman arrived in January 1824 in order to produce a report from the British government on the state of affairs in Mexico. The latter would stay as the first British consul to Mexico City. Central America, known at this time as the Captaincy General of Guatemala had at first chosen to unite itself to the empire , and yet many were discontented with matters such as

5400-466: The name of the Mexican Empire . The Plan of Iguala had provided for a Bourbon monarch to be placed on the Mexican throne, but when the offer was refused, a barracks revolt in the capital declared Agustín de Iturbide as emperor; congress, in search of stability and surrounded by Iturbide's military partisans, acquiesced. Iturbide was officially proclaimed Emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822. However,

5490-567: The new city. During the War of Independence , Guadalupe Victoria installs an operations center in La Antigua. In 1855 was started the construction of the Ferrocarril Interoceánico , which passed through the municipality of La Antigua and led to the foundation to the city of San Francisco de las Peñas. On January 1, 1913, the municipal seat of La Antigua was changed from the nameshake town to

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5580-491: The number of deputies and also to divide the body into two chambers, a proposal which the emperor found very agreeable. On October 16, Iturbide gathered several deputies and generals at his home, and began to discuss the measure of dissolving congress under the pretext that it did not as it stood, proportionally represent the provinces. The following day, members of the council of state, the generals based in Mexico City, and more than forty deputies gathered at Iturbide's home for

5670-458: The opening of the session, the military addressed a manifesto to congress, endorsing Iturbide to be emperor. The deliberations then started with a few deputies expressing concern that congress was not entirely free in the present circumstances to proceed on the matter. A pro-Iturbide crowd outside of the hall was making so much noise that it was interfering with the deliberations, and congress asked Iturbide to show up in an unsuccessful attempt to calm

5760-467: The opposition, the Acta Constitutativa was adopted on January 31, 1824, as a provisional constitution . Work on a full constitution began on April 1, 1824. A significant problem once a federation was agreed upon, was to now divide the nation into provinces that would not leave any province too powerful or too weak, a problem that was made worse by a lack of reliable statistical data. The president

5850-488: The pretext of drafting a new constitution and it considered itself a sovereign constitutional congress. It did not view itself bound in any way by the 1812 Spanish Constitution which remained the de facto constitution of Mexico. At this point no consistent relationship had been established between population and the number of deputies, and the congress as it stood was starting to become a burdensome expense. Deputy Lorenzo de Zavala brought up these concerns and proposed to reduce

5940-436: The printing of paper money . On June 27, 1823, a poll tax was established. Anticipating the unpopularity of the measure, two days later the executive published a public appeal, explaining that the government was facing a grave financial crisis, and that the poll tax was established as a matter of necessity. The government sought to reform the treasury, reducing the bureaucracy involved in the collection of taxes, and setting up

6030-399: The proposal ought to come from congress itself. The ultimate result of this conference was a proposal to reduce congress to seventy deputies. On October 17, 1822, the latter proposal was presented to congress. Congress rejected the measure, but a compromise was reached by which the legislature agreed to abide by the Spanish Constitution of 1812 as a provisional constitution, allowing Iturbide

6120-465: The province of Chiapas choosing to remain united to Mexico. The nascent Mexican Republic was also disturbed by several political uprisings against the national government. In April, news reached the capital that the governor of Texas had declared a rebellion in favor of restoring the empire. On May 12, the provincial deputation in Guadalajara passed a resolution nullify laws passed by the capital until

6210-582: The results of the ongoing investigation. Congress preferred to try the suspected deputies itself, but the matter was rejected. The prosecution against the accused did not get very far and a few were liberated around Christmas, 1822. One of the arrested, Jose del Valle would actually go on to be appointed foreign minister by Iturbide a few months later. Afterwards followed controversies over reconstituting Congress. The convocation that had established congress had also directed it to divide itself into two chambers, which had not been done. The body remained united on

6300-595: The revolutionary troops and power passed over to the Provisional Government of Mexico . The territory of the Mexican Empire corresponded to the borders of Viceroyalty of New Spain , excluding the Captaincies General of Cuba , Santo Domingo and the Philippines . The Central American lands of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala were annexed to the Empire shortly after its establishment. Under

6390-548: The same year, he began to lose the support of the Mexican Army , which rebelled in favor of restoring the Congress and its democratic powers. Unable to suppress the revolt, Iturbide reconvened the Congress in March 1823 and offered his abdication. Power was then transferred to a republican provisional government of 1823-1824, which abolished the monarchy and established the First Mexican Republic . The Spanish Empire disintegrated in

6480-498: The throne. The Mexican Congress approved the proposal, and Iturbide was crowned in July 1822. The empire's brief existence was marked by challenges, including disputes over its legitimacy, conflicts between the Congress and the emperor, and a bankrupt national treasury. In October 1822, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with the National Institutional Junta , composed of his supporters. However, by December of

6570-406: The town of La Antigua stands the house of Hernán Cortés , a popular tourist attraction, although it is debated if it really was the house of the conquistador , as some sources indicate the house may have been in reality a customs house. The house was built in 1523 and was constructed with corals, snail slime , oyster, nopal, volcanic stone, brick and stucco; but since a hurricane hit the area in

6660-517: The town of La Antigua. Carnival : Celebrated in March, masks and costumes Fiesta de la Santa Cruz: On May 3, several dances accompanied by music are held in the town. Fiesta de Santa Ana : On June 26, with the towns of Alvarado and Tlacotalpan , processions in honor to the Virgins of the Candelaria and Rosario are made along the La Antigua River. Fiesta de la Virgen del Rosario: On October 7,

6750-478: The town of San Francisco de las Peñas, title which was returned to La Antigua 1914, but finally ceded the municipal seat to San Francisco de las Peñas on April 1, 1925, which was renamed shortly to José Cardel . As of today, the city of José Cardel is the municipal seat of La Antigua municipality. The municipality is found on the Sotavento Region , surrounded in the north by the Úrsulo Galván municipality and

6840-466: The wake of Napoleon 's invasion of Spain and the overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons in 1808. Throughout Spain and its viceroyalties there was a widespread refusal to recognize Napoleon's brother Joseph I as the new French-backed king of Spain. In New Spain cleric Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , who had long been part of a circle of intellectuals who sought to reform the colonial system, triggered

6930-430: Was able to address the demonstrators from his balcony. He consulted with members of the regency on what course to follow, and eventually acquiesced to the demonstrators' demands, agreeing that he should be made emperor. The crowd celebrated the rest of the night with fireworks and celebratory gunfire . An extraordinary session of congress was held the following morning to deal with the subject of Iturbide's coronation. At

7020-471: Was commissioned with writing a constitutional draft, and on November 22, 1823, delivered the Constitutive Act  [ es ] (Spanish: Acta Constitutativa ), with the fifth article declaring that Mexico adopts the republican, federal, popular, representative form of government, and debate on the matter began on December 3. Deputy Mier, argued that the act was proposing a constitution copied from

7110-408: Was decked out in floral arrangements, banners, streamers, and flags. The government could not afford to forge a crown, and therefore jewels and gems had to be borrowed, but ultimately a signet ring , a scepter and crowns were produced. Costumes were made based on drawings of Napoleon's coronation . Congress met on the morning of the coronation, and then divided itself into two deputations to escort

7200-505: Was divided into the following intendances: La Antigua, Veracruz La Antigua is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz . The city of José Cardel serves as the municipal seat. La Antigua is regarded as the first real Spanish town in Mexico. In prehispanic times, La Antigua was populated by a totonac settlement called Huitzilapan, which in Nahuatl means "in the river of

7290-459: Was elected president of the Republic. Nicolas Bravo and Vicente Guerrero had tied for second place, and Congress chose in favor of Bravo, making him vice-president. On October 10, 1824, Guadalupe Victoria took office as the first president of Mexico . First Mexican Empire The establishment of a monarchy was the initial goal for an independent Mexico, as outlined in the Plan of Iguala ,

7380-563: Was formed in Jalapa, to represent the Plan of Casa Mata. On 4 March 1823, Iturbide issued a decree reconvening Congress, and the deputies met on 7 March. Iturbide addressed the session, hoping to reach a negotiation and avoid conflict, but the deputies listened coldly. The military junta refused to recognize the Congress until its liberty was guaranteed. On 19 March, Iturbide fearing his imminent overthrowal, summoned congress to an extraordinary session and presented his abdication. Congress proposed that

7470-494: Was in response to the lapse in law and order that was spreading throughout the country. Iturbide wished to establish in provincial capitals special courts made up of two military officers assisted by a lawyer. They were to keep track of seditious plots, but also in cases of murder, robbery or injury, and with the permission of the district captain general, the courts would be allowed to disregard statutes that would interfere with quickly carrying out judicial processes. Congress however,

7560-422: Was mostly being suppressed at this time, Victoria being held in check at Puente del Rey, and Santa Anna still confined at Veracruz. Echevarri was sent to take care of the rebellion in Veracruz, with more than three thousand well supplied troops, but ended up defecting. At this point, the opposition to the government began to negotiate with the military. On 1 February 1823 a junta including many military chiefs, and

7650-417: Was opposed to the project. All the while, work on a constitution for the Empire was being neglected. Iturbide's greatest enemy in congress was deputy Servando Teresa de Mier , a staunch republican, who would often ridicule the Emperor and his pageantry. In August 1822, a conspiracy to overthrow the Emperor was discovered. The conspirators, claiming that Iturbide's election was illegal, plotted to rise up in

7740-425: Was placed in charge of dissolving the congress, and the deputies dispersed without protest or violence. Iturbide's pretext was that congress had accomplished nothing in the eight months it had been in session, work on a constitution had not begun despite that being the main purpose for its convocation, and that the matters of justice and finance had been completely neglected. To replace congress, Iturbide established

7830-438: Was short of a legal quorum of one hundred and two deputies. Congress, nonetheless resigned itself to the situation, and a plan to establish a constitutional monarchy united both conservatives and liberals at a time when it was uncertain which form of government would be best for independent Mexico. Congress published an oath binding the emperor to obey the constitution, which Iturbide subsequently took, and Congress also declared

7920-516: Was subsequently tried by local authorities and executed in accordance with a bill of attainder that had been passed by congress on September 27, 1823. On the May 21, 1823, elections were announced for a new congress whose term was scheduled to begin on October 31. Rules for the new election were published on June 17. Congressional seats were allocated on a basis of one representative per 50,000 inhabitants, elected by manhood suffrage available to any man over

8010-507: Was successful in detaching the province of Colima from the renegade authorities in Guadalajara. A revolt in Querétaro resulted in the execution of the ringleaders. Puebla tried to establish a legislature without the approval of Congress under the pretext that it needed to pass a protective tariff against foreign textiles to protect its own factories. The executive sent Guerrero to deal with

8100-529: Was to serve for four years, and the candidate who came in second was to assume the office of vice-president, a device that was copied from the United States. Congress called for presidential elections in August 1824. Each state legislature would appoint two candidates, and the two who received the most votes from state legislatures would be elected as president and vice president. The results were announced on October 1, and by majority of 17 states, Guadalupe Victoria

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