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56-628: During the period of Mexico's first oil boom in the early 20th century, the city was the "chief oil-exporting port of the Americas" and the second-busiest in the world, yielding great profits that were invested in the city's famous architecture, often compared to that of Venice and New Orleans . The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico in 1901 at Ébano . The city is also a major exporter of silver , copper , and lumber , as well as wool , hemp , and other agricultural products. Containerized cargo

112-849: A declaration of war against Germany , in April 1917. Anti-American sentiment in Mexico from the Tampico incident was the chief reason that the Mexican government remained neutral in World War I . Mexico refused to participate with the US military excursion in Europe and granted full guarantees to German companies for keeping their operations open, specifically in Mexico City. President Wilson considered another military invasion of Veracruz and Tampico in 1917–1918, to take control of

168-691: A resource curse . Some important oil booms around the world include: According to the Dutch disease theory, the sudden discovery of oil may cause a decline in the manufacturing sector. The consequences will vary from country to country, depending on the country's economic structure and stage of development. For example, after the oil boom in Gabon , the country showed symptoms of the Dutch disease, while oil-producing Equatorial Guinea did not. Tampico Affair Mexican victory see also The Tampico Affair began as

224-484: A minor incident involving United States Navy sailors and the Mexican Federal Army loyal to Mexican dictator General Victoriano Huerta . On April 9, 1914, nine sailors had come ashore to secure supplies and were detained by Mexican forces. Commanding Admiral Henry Mayo demanded that the US sailors be released, Mexico issue an apology, and raise and salute the US flag along with a 21 gun salute. Mexico refused

280-521: A sizable United States expatriate community developing in relation to the industry. With the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution , which lasted roughly from 1910 to 1920, the U.S. monitored the situation to protect its citizens and investments. Doheny sold some of his businesses to the Standard Oil Company which operated its monopoly here. The oil-producing area was so productive it was called

336-580: Is an eclectic mix, reflecting the growth of the city during the Porfiriato (the period of rule by President Porfirio Díaz ). During the oil boom of the first decades of the 20th century, much "grandiose" architecture was built, inviting comparisons with Venice , Italy, and New Orleans in the United States. Many buildings feature wrought-iron balconies (in the 20th century, these were mostly built of English cast iron ). Similar balconies are characteristic of

392-467: Is attributed to the oil boom years. Not only was there money to spend, but many building supplies, including pre-built housing components, were shipped from New Orleans to this area during that period of rapid development. The historical downtown areas of Plaza de Armas and Plaza de Libertad have been restored and improved in recent years to emphasize their historic appeal, in part to encourage more heritage tourism. The Cathedral of Tampico, also known as

448-554: Is known for its food. Seafood is important in the city. The locals are informally known as Jaibas ( crabs ), and the crab emblem is seen in many places, from sports logos to the sides of buses to park benches. There are also typical dishes of the area, mainly the " torta de la barda " which is a sandwich that contains over 12 toppings, and the famous "tampiqueña" which is steak with refried beans and "entomatadas" (tortillas with tomato sauce and cheese). The Autonomous University of Tamaulipas has one of its two largest campuses in Tampico,

504-475: Is located in the northern part of the city of Tampico. It serves routes to Mexican cities, mainly Mexico City and Monterrey , and also has international services, with daily flights to Houston, Texas . The city also has excellent railway facilities serving the port, which is well-developed with warehouses and equipment for loading oil tankers. Major roads connect to the Pan-American Highway . Tampico

560-497: Is mainly handled by the neighboring ocean port of Altamira . The name "Tampico" is of Huastec origin, tam-piko meaning "place of otters" (literally "water dogs"). The city is surrounded by rivers and lagoons of the delta of the Pánuco River , which was the habitat of a large population of otters . There have been successive human settlements in the area for centuries. The region had several early Huastec settlements, among them

616-466: Is of white Carrara marble . The United States oil tycoon Edward Doheny of California, who drilled the first oil well in Mexico near Tampico, donated substantial funds for the cathedral's construction and maintenance after 1902, when he based his Mexican oil operations in Tampico. According to the INEGI 2010 census, the population of the city of Tampico was 297,284, and that of the municipality of Tampico

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672-484: The "Golden Belt ". The oil fields known as Ébano, Pánuco, Huasteca, and Tuxpan are all situated within a 160-kilometer (99 mi) radius of the city. Oil was often shipped on barges along the rivers. To improve transportation of oil to the port, the government built the Chijol Canal , beginning in 1901. It is 1.8 m (6 ft) deep and 7.6 m (25 ft) wide and runs 120 km (75 mi) southward through

728-629: The Mexican football league system , and their home stadium has been the 19,415-seat Estadio Tamaulipas since 1966. In 1953, Tampico Madero was champion of the México Primera División and also won the Campeón de Campeones title. La Jaiba Brava won consecutive Copa México titles in 1960 and 1961. The club spent most of the 1960s and 1970s in relegation but returned to the Primera División for

784-485: The 1977–78 season. They finished runner-up twice in the shortened 1985 and 1986 Primera División tournaments under Chilean manager Carlos Reinoso before being relegated again in the early 1990s. Oil boom An oil boom is a period of large inflow of income as a result of high global oil prices or large oil production in an economy. Generally, this short period initially brings economic benefits, in terms of increased GDP growth , but might later lead to

840-606: The American flag in a prominent position on shore and salute it with 21 guns, which salute will be duly returned by this ship." Morelos Zaragoza referred the matter to the Mexican Ministry of War in Mexico City. When Wilson heard of the matter from Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , Wilson responded, "Mayo could not have done otherwise," and further, "...unless the guilty persons are promptly punished consequences of gravest sort might ensue..." Nelson J. O'Shaughnessy ,

896-494: The Americans. Ultimately, the US military transport ship USS Buford sailed from San Francisco in early May and made stops at numerous ports on the west coast of Mexico to pick up additional American refugees. USS Iris also picked up numerous American refugees during May, including Clement Edwards, the US consul at Acapulco . By May 4, a total of 71 US Navy ships were operating in Mexican waters. In January 1917, Germany sent

952-523: The Army and Navy Ignacio Zaragoza , sent his gunboat Veracruz to shell the rebel forces behind the oil tanks. Mayo sent a letter to both parties stating he would remain neutral, but to protect American lives and property, he would "take all necessary steps." Mayo then evacuated several Americans, but refused to land troops to protect the American-owned refinery. After additional rebel attacks on 7 and 8 April at

1008-505: The Atlantic Fleet, under the command of Vice Admiral Charles Johnston Badger , to Mexican waters. Huerta stated, "Is it a calamity? No. It is the best thing that could happen to us." On 15 April, Wilson stated regarding the Mexico situation, there had been "many cases...of the flouting of the rights of US citizens or the dignity of the government of the United States, and no attempt at either reparation or correction." On 16 April, Washington

1064-683: The French and Spanish-influenced architecture in New Orleans . Some of the balconies in Plaza de la libertad bear the original plaques showing their manufacture at the Derbyshire forge of Andrew Handyside and Company . Notable buildings include the neoclassical Town Hall (or Palacio Municipal ) in Plaza de Armas , and the English redbrick Customs House in the docks. The prevalence of New Orleans-style architecture

1120-649: The Iturbide Bridge, the foreign population sought refuge on the US Navy ships, the German cruiser SMS  Dresden , and British cruiser HMS  Hermione . Clarence Miller, US consul in Tampico, sent an urgent request for help in evacuating the American population within the city. Then, on the evening of 8 April, a marine courier for the US consulate was detained but soon released. Running short on gasoline for an auxiliary engine, Dolphin's Capt. Ralph Earle visited

1176-467: The Mexican account to the Associated Press in Mexico, misstating that the arrested Americans involved were Marines, not sailors, and that they had been "paraded" through the streets of Tampico. On 12 April, Huerta stated, via Ruiz to O'Shaughnessy, that since Zaragoza had apologized and arrested Hinojosa, the US had "ample satisfaction." The Mexican government would not apologize further, nor salute

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1232-588: The Pacific Coast of Mexico, US Naval units were monitoring the fight between Huerta's forces and the rebels while they protected US citizens and interests. In Ensenada, Baja California , US Consul Claude E. Guyant and 250 of his fellow citizens were forced to seek safety in the US consulate building, as Mexican authorities were powerless to control anti-American demonstrations that had erupted on April 23. Guyant cabled Washington, "Have taken refuge in consulate. Situation critical. Send warship immediately." USS Cheyenne

1288-633: The Temple of the Immaculate Conception , located in Plaza de Armas , dates to the late 19th century. It has undergone several restorations. It is of the neoclassical style in light brown canter, with Corinthian -style columns and three enormous doors that form the entrance. Its two towers are made of three bodies. The eastern one has a large, London-made, public chiming clock , a gift from Don Angel Sainz Trapaga . Its recently refurbished interior holds several wall paintings and other works of art. The altar

1344-417: The U.S. resented Huerta's demands for some recognition. In the resulting Tampico Affair , the U.S. sent naval and marine forces into port of Veracruz and occupied the city for seven months in a show of force. Due to resulting anti-American demonstrations on each coast, other U.S. Navy ships were used to evacuate some American citizens to refugee camps in southern U.S. cities. The U.S. occupation contributed to

1400-472: The US Chargé d'Affaires ad interim in Mexico City, was informed of the incident by Roberto A. Esteva Ruiz, Mexico's Ministry of Foreign Relations , on 10 April. Ruiz requested that Mayo's demands be withdrawn, since Zaragoza had already made a verbal apology. Both O'Shaughnessy and Ruiz brought the matter to Huerta's attention, who also agreed that Mayo's ultimatum should be withdrawn. O'Shaughnessy then released

1456-455: The US consulate on 9 April, where he arranged a purchase from a German civilian, Max Tyron. Capt. Earle was to arrange delivery from Tyron's dock. However, the dock was located in close proximity to the Iturbide Bridge. Capt. Earle ordered Ensign Charles C. Copp to take a whaleboat , and crew, to pick up coal from Tyron's dock. Though flying the US colors fore and aft, the US Navy sailors were unarmed and unable to speak Spanish. While loading

1512-482: The US flag. Huerta called these "humiliating terms...carrying courtesy to that point would be equivalent to accepting the sovereignty of a foreign state to the derogation of national dignity and decorum, which the president is disposed to have respected in any case." O'Shaughnessy told Ruiz that Wilson might need to "uphold our national dignity, even with armed force, if necessary." On 13 April, Wilson told reporters, "The salute will be fired." On 14 April, Wilson ordered

1568-477: The US gunboat and two cruisers, anchored off Tampico in the Pánuco River , went ashore each day to play baseball. On 6 April, Constitutionalist rebel forces, under the command of Col. Emiliano J. Nafarrete, occupied La Barra, Doña Cecilia, and Arbol Grande. General Ignacio Morelos Zaragoza, Tamaulipas governor and commander of the Federal Army garrison, and nephew of the late Mexican military hero and Secretary of

1624-452: The United States. The Mexican government nationalized the oil industry in 1938 and has maintained that for 86 years. In November 2014, President Enrique Peña Nieto announced a policy change of ending Pemex 's monopoly and inviting private companies back into the oil and gas industry. While analysts believe the largest finds are likely to be offshore, new techniques may yield oil even at mature fields such as those of Tampico. In early 2015,

1680-567: The approval of US Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson , who had since been removed by the president. During his State of the Union address on 2 Dec. 1913, Wilson stated, "There can be no certain prospect of peace in America until General Huerta has surrendered his usurped authority." In early 1914, Wilson lifted the arms embargo, which allowed the Constitutionalists to buy arms. With these moves, Wilson

1736-581: The average January high is 23 °C (73 °F) and the average low in January is 13 °C (58 °F). Rainfall is frequent from June through October. Tampico is an extremely humid city, with summer heat indices reaching 40 °C (104 °F). It is located on the Pánuco River and among extensive wetlands adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico. During autumn and winter, it is affected by cold fronts that pass through

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1792-456: The coast for the stated purpose of protecting US citizens and property. By the spring of 1914, relations between the US and Mexico were strained. US President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the presidency of Mexican General Victoriano Huerta , who came to power by a coup d'état, with rebel General Félix Díaz , a nephew of ex-President Porfirio Díaz , had signed the Embassy Pact with

1848-583: The conflict, in the Niagara Falls peace conference , held in Canada. The American occupation of Veracruz resulted in widespread anti-American sentiment . In the midst of the Mexican Revolution, General Victoriano Huerta became President of Mexico following a coup to oust the democratically-elected president, Francisco I. Madero . Opposition to Huerta grew from the forces of peasant leader Emiliano Zapata in

1904-517: The demand. US President Woodrow Wilson backed the admiral's demand. The conflict escalated when the Americans took the port city of Veracruz , occupying it for more than six months . This contributed to the fall of Huerta, who resigned in July 1914. Since the US did not have diplomatic relations with Mexico following Huerta's seizure of power in 1913, the ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) offered to mediate

1960-500: The downfall of Huerta, and Venustiano Carranza became president. He ensured that Mexico maintained neutrality during World War I , in part due to lingering animosity against the U.S. for these actions. In the 1970s, Tampico annexed the port city and suburb of Ciudad Madero , which now comprises part of the Tampico metropolitan area . Tampico has a modern port with excellent facilities, as well as rail and air connections to Mexico City and

2016-402: The fuel, the sailors were surrounded by an armed squad of Zaragoza's soldiers. Two sailors, Coxswain G. H. Siefert and Seaman J. P. Harrington, were still on board the American whaleboat, but they too were taken at gunpoint. All were taken to Col. Ramón H. Hinojosa's headquarters. He released the Americans to continue reloading their gasoline, but they were not allowed to leave until permission

2072-425: The government planned to accept bids on 169 blocks, 47 of which are within 110 kilometers (70 mi) of Tampico. It is expected that smaller companies will be active in the mature fields, such as those in this region. This area has extensive shale oil deposits, and the " U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that Mexico has the world's eighth-largest shale-oil resources." Tampico's downtown architecture

2128-440: The gulf and bring high winds that can reach 50 km/h (37 mph) with gusts of 70 to 80 km/h (43 to 50 mph). Tampico is also located in a hurricane area, but it has not been directly affected by one since October 1966. On rare occasions, the city experiences surprisingly low temperatures for its zone; during late January and early February 2011, a cold wave caused temperatures to drop to 5 °C (41 °F), with

2184-515: The important site at Las Flores , which flourished between AD 1000 and 1250. In 1532, during the Spanish colonial period , the Franciscan priest Andrés de Olmos established a mission and monastery in the area, building over a former Huastec village. At his request, Spanish officials founded a settlement named San Luis de Tampico in 1554. This site was abandoned in 1684, and the population relocated to

2240-553: The lowest being 0 °C (32 °F) in the morning and noon of 4 February. In February 1895, snow was reported to have fallen in Tampico. This is the North American record for the farthest south report of snow at a coastal location, and makes Tampico one of the few places where snow has fallen in the tropics at sea level. The metropolitan area of Tampico, Ciudad Madero, and Altamira is served by General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport ( IATA airport code : TAM ), which

2296-461: The oil fields to Tuxpan. During the Mexican Revolution , on April 9, 1914, 10 Mexican soldiers and nine U.S. Navy sailors from the USS Dolphin confronted each other in a failure to communicate as U.S. forces tried to get fuel supplies. General Victoriano Huerta 's forces in the city were threatened by different groups from both north and south. The Americans were arrested and later freed, but

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2352-513: The other being in Ciudad Victoria . The major schools of medicine, engineering, nursing, dentistry, architecture, and business are based here. Multiple high schools , both private and public, are located in Tampico. The local professional football team, Tampico Madero F.C. , was founded in 1945 and is also known as La Jaiba Brava . They currently play in the Ascenso MX , the second tier of

2408-595: The region, but in September, General Antonio López de Santa Anna forced the Spanish troops to surrender, and Mexican control of Tampico was reestablished. The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico at Ébano, S.L.P. , in 1901, by Californian Edward Doheny , who founded the Mexican Petroleum Corporation . In the early 20th century, there was extensive U.S. investment in oil development in Tampico, with

2464-577: The so-called Zimmermann Telegram , which implied that a Mexican alliance with Germany against the US would result in Mexico regaining territory taken from it by the US in prior wars and that Germany's forthcoming unrestricted submarine warfare campaign would guarantee defeat of the British and French. The British interception of Zimmermann's telegram and the German unrestricted submarine warfare against US merchant ships soon afterward, were effectively both final justifications that President Wilson needed to request

2520-551: The south of the Pánuco River because of frequent attacks by pirates. The area was abandoned for nearly 150 years. The present city was founded on April 13, 1823, on the north bank of the Pánuco River about 10 kilometers (6 mi) from the Gulf, after Mexico achieved independence from Spain . Tampico built its economy on the exportation of silver; business development was mostly as a trading center and market town of an agricultural region. In August 1829, Spain sent troops from Cuba to invade Tampico in an effort to regain control of

2576-471: The state of Veracruz . Tampico has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw ), defined as such based on the mean average temperature of 18 °C (65 °F) for January as well as on precipitation patterns. Its weather, though relatively mild in spring and autumn, is hot in the summer; the average high reaches 32 °C (90 °F) in August, with an average low of 23 °C (74 °F). Winters are warm;

2632-547: The state of Morelos and the rapid advance of the Northern opposition Constitutionalists under the leadership of Governor of Coahuila Venustiano Carranza . By March 26, 1914, Carranza's forces were 10 mi (16 km) from the prosperous coastal oil town of Tampico, Tamaulipas . There was a large settlement of US citizens there due to the immense investment by US firms in the local oil industry . Several US Navy warships commanded by Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo were deployed off

2688-617: The use of armed forces on 20 April. In particular, Wilson advocated "taking Vera Cruz," to get rid of Huerta and his illegitimate authority. Wilson received Congressional approval that evening, and ordered landings at Veracruz, so as to seize the Custom house , and intercept an expected arms shipment for Huerta's forces. In the ensuing United States occupation of Veracruz , 19 Americans were killed and 72 wounded. Mexican losses were estimated at 150 to 170 soldiers killed and between 195 and 250 wounded. An unknown number of civilians were killed. On

2744-523: Was 297,554, both ranking fifth in the state of Tamaulipas. The population of the Tampico—Ciudad Madero—Altamira metropolitan area was estimated at 859,419 people in 2010. The municipality has an area of 92.73 square kilometres (35.80 sq mi). The city is located on the north bank of the Pánuco River , about 10 kilometers (6 mi) inland from the Gulf of Mexico , and directly north of

2800-467: Was besieged by Constitutionalist forces, relations between the US forces and Huerta's federal garrison remained amicable. Mayo's flagship , the gunboat Dolphin , honored a request of the Mexican government and fired a 21-gun salute to the Mexican flag three times on 2 April. This was in commemoration of the capture of Puebla from the French in 1867 by General Porfirio Díaz . Additionally, sailors from

2856-434: Was faulted by Mayo for allowing his men to be taken from a US vessel. Mayo viewed the incident as an insult to US sovereignty, requiring reparation. Mayo had Commander William A. Moffett deliver a note to Zaragoza stating, "taking men from a boat flying the American flag is a hostile act, not to be excused." Mayo further demanded a "formal disavowal", that the responsible officer "receive severe punishment," and "that you hoist

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2912-411: Was finally understood, Wilson opposed the idea, and fleet orders remained the same. Huerta maintained he had done "everything he was obliged to do." On 18 April, Wilson stated he would see Congress, "with a view of taking such actions as may be necessary to enforce the respect due to the nation's flag," if Mexico did not fire the salute by the next day. President Wilson sought Congressional approval for

2968-498: Was moving closer to intervention. Mayo's Fifth Division of the Atlantic Fleet was in Tampico to protect American lives and interest. Ships at his disposal included the battleships Connecticut and Minnesota and cruisers Chester and Des Moines US interests included the Standard Oil refinery at Arbol Grande, other petroleum properties at Doña Cecilia, and associated American families and homes nearby. Although Tampico

3024-425: Was notified that Huerta had agreed to a simultaneous salute, signifying "satisfaction with which the two countries see the happy end of a conflict which has at no time been really serious." Yet Wilson decided the US fleet would stay to prevent any ..."manifestations of ill-will and contempt for the United States which Huerta has exhibited in the past," and misunderstood Huerta's meaning of simultaneous. When simultaneous

3080-453: Was received from Zaragoza. Max Tyron informed Capt. Earle and Admiral Mayo aboard the Dolphin , and Mayo ordered Earle to seek his men's release under strong protest. Earle, accompanied by Clarence Miller, met with Zaragoza who apologized, explaining his men were "evidently ignorant of the first laws of war." Within an hour of their arrest, the whaleboat had returned to Dolphin . Ensign Copp

3136-505: Was sent from San Diego, California , to Ensenada with orders to protect US lives at any cost, including capturing the port if necessary. Iris , en route to Mazatlan, diverted course to Ensenada to assist Cheyenne . They were to evacuate Guyant and other Americans. The welfare of approximately 50,000 US citizens living in Mexico was affected by the invasion of Veracruz. Refugee camps were set up in San Diego, Texas, and New Orleans to receive

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