Subotica ( Serbian : Суботица , pronounced [sǔbotitsa] ; Hungarian : Szabadka , Rusyn : Суботица , Romanian : Subotița ) is a city and the administrative center of the North Bačka District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina , Serbia . Formerly the largest city of Vojvodina region, contemporary Subotica is now the second largest city in the province, following the city of Novi Sad . According to the 2022 census, the urban area of the city (including adjacent settlement of Palić ) has a population of 94,228, and the population of metro area (the administrative area of the city) stands at 123,952 people.
106-429: The name of the city has changed frequently over time. The earliest known written name of the city was Zabotka or Zabatka , which dates from 1391. It is the origin of the current Hungarian name for the city "Szabadka" . According to Skok , Szabadka originated from sobotka , a Slavic diminutive of sobota , meaning "a place that had a market fair on Saturday" (like Szombathely or Nagyszombat ), but its ending -ka
212-459: A Free Royal Town. The enthusiastic inhabitants of the city renamed Subotica once more as Maria-Theresiopolis . This Free Royal Town status gave a great impetus to the development of the city. During the 19th century, its population doubled twice, attracting many people from all over the Habsburg monarchy . This led eventually to a considerable demographic change. In the first half of the 19th century,
318-648: A Sarmatian attack on Thracia and Macedonia , while further attacks around 10 BC and 2 BC were defeated by Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus . Meanwhile, other Sarmatian tribes, possibly the Aorsi, sent ambassadors to the Roman emperor Augustus , who tried to establish a diplomatic accommodation with them. During the 1st century AD, the Siraces and Aorsi, who were mutually hostile, participated in the Roman–Bosporan War on opposite sides:
424-643: A brief account of basic terms on genetic relationship among languages of the world. In the honour of Petar Skok etymological-onomastics conferences are held with contributions of Croatian and foreign experts. So far six of them have been held, chronologically in Zagreb (1987), Zadar , Pula , Krk , Vukovar and in Korčula (2006). Sarmatian The Sarmatians ( / s ɑːr ˈ m eɪ ʃ i ə n z / ; Ancient Greek : Σαρμάται , romanized : Sarmatai ; Latin : Sarmatae [ˈsarmatae̯] ) were
530-564: A complex of mounds in the Prokhorovski District , Orenburg region , excavated by S. I. Rudenko in 1916. Reportedly, during 2001 and 2006 a great Late Sarmatian pottery centre was unearthed near Budapest , Hungary in the Üllő5 archaeological site. Typical grey, granular Üllő5 ceramics form a distinct group of Sarmatian pottery is found ubiquitously in the north-central part of the Great Hungarian Plain region, indicating
636-580: A female Dominican community, and two congregations of Augustinian religious sisters. The diocese of Subotica has the only Catholic secondary school in Serbia (Paulinum). Among other Christian communities, the members of the Serbian Orthodox Church are the most numerous with almost third of city's population. There are two Orthodox church buildings in the city. Orthodox Christians in Subotica belong to
742-459: A ghetto was set up. In addition, many communists were executed during Axis rule. In 1944, the Axis forces left the city, and Subotica became part of the new Yugoslavia . During the 1944–45 period, about 8,000 citizens (mainly Hungarians) were killed by Partisans while re-taking the city as a retribution for supporting Axis Hungary. In the postwar period, Subotica has gradually been modernised. During
848-775: A high-school professor he taught in Banja Luka and served as a librarian of the Royal museum in Sarajevo . In the period from 1919 to his retirement, he worked at the Romance seminar department of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Zagreb , and taught French language and literature at Viša pedagoška škola in Zagreb. He started writing as a gymnasium student, having published literary reviews under
954-674: A large confederation of ancient Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD. The earliest reference to the Sarmatians is in the Avesta , Sairima- , which is in the later Iranian sources recorded as *Sarm and Salm . Originating in the central parts of the Eurasian Steppe , the Sarmatians were part of the wider Scythian cultures . They started migrating westward around
1060-555: A lively trading activity. A 1998 paper on the study of glass beads found in Sarmatian graves suggests wide cultural and trade links. A 2023 paper on a grave discovered in Cambridgeshire , England found via archaeogenetics that the person had Sarmatian-related ancestry, and was not related to the local population. Stable isotope analysis of his teeth determined that he had probably migrated long distances twice in his life. One tooth
1166-422: A new Russian province established for them, those Serbs founded a new settlement and also named it Subotica . In 1775, a Jewish community in Subotica was established. It was perhaps to emphasise the new civic serenity of Subotica that the pious name Saint Mary came to be used for it at this time. Some decades later, in 1779, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria advanced the town's status further by proclaiming it
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#17328515422511272-502: A number of old socialistic industries that survived the transition period in Serbia. The biggest one is the chemical fertilizer factory "Azotara" and the rail wagon factory "Bratstvo". Currently the biggest export industry in town is the " Siemens Subotica" wind generators factory and it is the biggest brownfield investment so far. The other big companies in Subotica are: Fornetti, ATB Sever and Masterplast. More recent companies to come to Subotica include Dunkermotoren and NORMA Group. Tourism
1378-531: A relative ethnic majority Croat are: Mala Bosna , Đurđin , Donji Tavankut , Gornji Tavankut , Bikovo , Stari Žednik . Ljutovo has a relative Bunjevac ethnic majority. Linguistic structure of population of Subotica administrative area (according to the 2022 census): Serbian is the most used language in everyday life, while Hungarian is used by almost 30% of the population in their daily conversations. Both languages are also widely used in commercial and official signage. Religious structure of population of
1484-475: A small part of Syrmia and created an independent entity, with Subotica as its administrative centre. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself as Serbian tsar in Subotica. He named Radoslav Čelnik as the general commander of his army, while his treasurer and palatine was Subota Vrlić, a Serbian noble from Jagodina . When Bálint Török returned and recaptured Subotica from the Serbs, Jovan Nenad moved
1590-467: A whole in the fields of etymology and linguistics generally" and represents the most notable "contribution of a scientific individual to Croatian language and the study of Croatian language in the 20th century". Skok left his dictionary unfinished in manuscript - his notes were processed by his disciple and co-worker Valentin Putanec . Later development of Skok's dictionary is directed twofoldly. The first one
1696-729: Is also evidence for a later eastwards expansion of Sarmatian-like ancestry, evident in a Saka-associated sample from southeastern Kazakhstan (Konyr Tobe 300CE), displaying around 85% Sarmatian and 15% additional BMAC-like ancestry. Sarmatian-like contributions have also been detected among some Xiongnu remains. Afanasiev et al. (2014) analyzed ten Alanic burials on the Don River. Four of them carried Y-DNA Haplogroup G2 and six of them possessed mtDNA haplogroup I. In 2015, again Afanasiev et al. analyzed skeletons of various Sarmato-Alan and Saltovo-Mayaki culture Kurgan burials. The two Alan samples from
1802-693: Is by supplement, with the most valuable contribution being a work of Vojmir Vinja Jadranske etimologije: Jadranske dopune Skokovu etimologijskom rječniku ("Adriatic etymologies: Adriatic addenda to Skok's etymological dictionary") in three volumes. The last volume - the very much necessary index - is being prepared for publication. The other direction is reducing massive Skok's dictionary into handbook work, more accessible to wider readership. Alemko Gluhak has thus published Hrvatski etimologijski rječnik (Zagreb, 1993, 832 pp.) with about 1800 headwords, about 7800 Croatian lexemes and more than 1000 personal names, native Croatian and of foreign origin, accompanied with
1908-737: Is important. In the past few years, Palić has been famous for the Palić Film Festival . Subotica is a festival city, hosting more than 17 festivals over the year. As of September 2017, Subotica has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia. In 2020 construction of a new aqua park with ten pools and wellness and spa sections was underway in Palić. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022): Petar Skok Petar Skok ( Croatian pronunciation: [pětar skôk] ; 1 March 1881 – 3 February 1956)
2014-688: Is the actual Raichle Palace , which was built in 1904 by Ferenc J. Raichle. Church buildings include the Cathedral of St. Theresa of Avila dating from 1797, the Franciscan friary dating from 1723, the Eastern Orthodox churches also from the 18th century, and the Hungarian Art Nouveau Subotica Synagogue from the early 20th century that reopened after a major renovation in 2018. The historic National Theatre in Subotica , which
2120-1020: Is the northernmost city in Serbia. Lake Palić is in the immediate vicinity of the city. Sand dunes area Subotička Peščara is located north of the city, along the Hungarian border. Subotica has a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Dfb ) that is uncommon in Serbia except at higher elevations, [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary c. 1301–1526 [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire 1542–1686 [REDACTED] Habsburg monarchy 1686–1804 [REDACTED] Austrian Empire 1804–1867 [REDACTED] Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Serbia 1918 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 [REDACTED] Hungarian occupation of Yugoslavia 1941–1944 [REDACTED] SFR Yugoslavia 1944–1992 [REDACTED] Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1992−2003 [REDACTED] Serbia and Montenegro 2003–2006 [REDACTED] Republic of Serbia 2006–present In
2226-681: The Aorsi , Roxolani , Alans , and the Iazyges . Despite the similarity between the names Sarmatian and Sauromatian, modern authors distinguish between the two, since Sarmatian culture did not directly develop from the Sauromatian culture and the core of the Sarmatian culture was composed of these newly arrived migrants. A typical transitional site between these two periods is found in the Filippovka kurgans , which are Late Sauromatian -Early Sarmatian, and dated to
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#17328515422512332-461: The Axis Powers , and its northern parts, including Subotica, were annexed by Hungary. The annexation was not considered legitimate by the international community and the city was de jure still part of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav government in exile received formal recognition of legitimacy as the representative of the country. On 11 April 1941, the Hungarian troops arrived in Subotica on the grounds that
2438-622: The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex . A genetic study published in Current Biology in 2022 regarding the genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians. 265 ancient genomes were analized, it revealed that the Hungarian conquerors admixed with Sarmatians and Huns . Sarmatian ancestry was also detected among several Hun samples which implies a significant Sarmatian influence on European Huns . There
2544-698: The Baden culture , the Vučedol culture , the Urnfield culture and some others. Before the Iazyge conquest in the 1st century BC, Indo-European peoples of Illyrian , Celtic and Dacian descent inhabited this area. In the 3rd century BC, this area was controlled by the Celtic Boii and Eravisci , while in the 1st century BC, it became part of the Dacian kingdom . From the 1st century BC,
2650-676: The Bosporan Chersonesus , while the Iazyges became his allies. That the tribes formerly referred to by Herodotus as Scythians were now called Sarmatians by Hellenistic and Roman authors implies that the Sarmatian conquest did not involve a displacement of the Scythians from the Pontic Steppe, but rather that the Scythian tribes were absorbed by the Sarmatians. After their conquest of Scythia,
2756-846: The Bosporan Civil War in 309 BC and came under pressure from the Thracian Getae and the Celtic Bastarnae . At the same time, in Central Asia, following the Macedonian conquest of the Achaemenid Empire , the new Seleucid Empire started attacking the Sakā and Dahā nomads who lived to the north of its borders, who in turn put westward pressure on the Sarmatians. Pressured by the Sakā and Dahā in
2862-637: The Danube , and the Roxolani moved into the area between the Dnipro and the Danube and from there further west. These two peoples attacked the regions around Tomis and Moesia , respectively. During this period, the Iazyges and Roxolani also attacked the Roman province of Thracia , whose governor Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus had to defend the Roman border of the Danube. During the 1st century BC, various Sarmatians reached
2968-557: The Danube . The Sarmatians spoke an Iranian language that was derived from 'Old Iranian' and was heterogenous. By the first century AD, the Iranian tribes in what is today South Russia spoke different languages or dialects, clearly distinguishable. According to a group of Iranologists writing in 1968, the numerous Iranian personal names in Greek inscriptions from the Black Sea coast indicate that
3074-740: The Don River , were controlled in the fifth century BC by the Sarmatians, the Volga–Don and Ural steppes sometimes are called "Sarmatian Motherland." The Sarmatians in the Bosporan Kingdom assimilated into the Greek civilization, while others were absorbed by the proto- Circassian Maeotian people, the Alans and the Goths . Other Sarmatians were assimilated and absorbed by the Early Slavs . A people related to
3180-835: The Eparchy of Bačka of the Serbian Orthodox Church . Subotica has two Protestant churches as well, Lutheran and Calvinist . The Jewish community of Subotica is the third largest in Serbia, after those in Belgrade and Novi Sad . About 1,000 (of the 6,000 pre-WWII Jews of Subotica) survived the Holocaust. According to the 2022 census, only 54 practicing Jews remained in Subotica. Results of 2024 local elections in Subotica: The original coat of arms and current medium coat of arms have an outlining Latin inscription of Civitatis Maria Theresiopolis, Sigillum Liberæque Et Regiæ , translated as Seal of
3286-675: The Germanic Bastarnae near whom they lived. The more eastern Sarmatian tribes used scale armour and used a long lance called the contus and bows in battle. The early Sarmatians already possessed the technique of decorating with gold inclusions, observed in Achaemenid metalwork. It was spread by nomads in the Eurasian steppes during the 7th-5th century BC, from the Altai Mountains ( Arzhan-2 kurgan) westward to central Kazakhstan and
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3392-646: The Greek cities on its shores, with the city of Pontic Olbia being forced to pay repeated tribute to the Royal Sarmatians and their king Saitapharnes , who is mentioned in the Protogenes inscription along with the tribes of the Thisamatae , Scythians, and Saudaratae . Another Sarmatian king, Gatalos, was named in a peace treaty concluded by the king Pharnaces I of Pontus with his enemies. Two other Sarmatian tribes,
3498-751: The Habsburg monarchy . In the meantime the uprising of Francis II Rákóczi broke out, which is also known as the Kuruc War . In the region of Subotica, Rákóczi joined battle against the Rac National Militia . Rác was a designation for the South Slavic people (mostly Serbs and Bunjevci) and they often were referred to as rácok in the Kingdom of Hungary. In a later period rácok came to mean, above all, Serbs of Orthodox religion. The Serbian military families enjoyed several privileges thanks to their service for
3604-590: The Hunyadis , one of the most influential aristocratic families in the whole of Central Europe . King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary gave the town to one of his relatives, János Pongrác Dengelegi , who, fearing an invasion by the Ottoman Empire , fortified the castle of Subotica, erecting a fortress in 1470. Some decades later, after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Subotica became part of the Ottoman Empire . The majority of
3710-675: The Iazyges , also called the Iaxamatai or Iazamatai, who initially settled between the Don and Dnieper rivers. The Roxolani , who might have been a mixed Scytho-Sarmatian tribe, followed the Iazyges and occupied the Black Sea steppes up to the Dnipro and raided the Crimean region during that century, at the end of which they were involved in a conflict with the generals of the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator in
3816-433: The Neolithic and Eneolithic periods, several important archaeological cultures flourished in this area, including the Starčevo culture , the Vinča culture , and the Tiszapolgár culture . Early Indo-European peoples settled in the territory of present-day Subotica in 3200 BC. During the Eneolithic period, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age , several Indo-European archaeological cultures included areas around Subotica -
3922-459: The Pannonian Basin , with the Iazyges passing through the territories corresponding to modern-day Moldavia and Wallachia before settling in the Tisza valley, by the middle of the century. Although the Sarmatian movements stopped temporarily during the 1st century BC due to the rise of the Dacian kingdom of Burebista , they resumed after the collapse of his kingdom following his assassination and in 16 BC. Lucius Tarius Rufus had to repel
4028-399: The Principality of Lower Pannonia (846-875), Great Moravia (833– c. 907) and the Bulgarian Empire . Subotica probably first became a settlement of note when people poured into it from nearby villages destroyed during the Tatar invasions of 1241–42. When Zabadka / Zabatka was first recorded in 1391, it was a tiny town in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary . Later, the city belonged to
4134-417: The Roman Empire in alliance with Germanic tribes . In the third century AD, their dominance of the Pontic Steppe was broken by the Germanic Goths . With the Hunnic invasions of the fourth century, many Sarmatians joined the Goths and other Germanic tribes ( Vandals ) in the settlement of the Western Roman Empire . Since large parts of today's Russia, specifically the land between the Ural Mountains and
4240-400: The Saka populations of Central Asia , particularly from the Altai region ( Pazyryk ), and were very different from the western Scythians , or the Sarmatians of the Volga River area. The Roman author Ovid recorded that one of the Sarmatian tribes, the Coralli, had blond hair, which is a characteristic that Ammianus Marcellinus also ascribed to the Alans. He wrote that nearly all of
4346-421: The Sintashta , Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures , but also carried a small amount of admixed from an East Asian-derived population represented by Khövsgöl LBA groups, which may have been indirectly mediated via contact with the related Saka from the Altai region , which are regarded as the oldest Scythoid cultural group. The Sarmatians also received geneflow from an ancient Iranian population associated with
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4452-427: The Siraces , who had previously originated in the Transcaspian Plains immediately to the northeast of Hyrcania before migrating to the west, and the Aorsi, moved to the west across the Volga and into the Caucasus mountains' foothills between the 2nd to 1st centuries BC. From there, the pressure from their growing power forcing the more western Sarmatian tribes to migrate further west, and the Aorsi and Siraces destroyed
4558-449: The Ural Mountains ) between the fifth century BC and the second century BC. The sample of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1b1a2a2. This was the dominant lineage among males of the earlier Yamnaya culture . The eleven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the haplogroups U3 , M , U1a'c , T , F1b , N1a1a1a1a , T2 , U2e2 , H2a1f , T1a , and U5a1d2b . The Sarmatians examined were found to be closely related to peoples of
4664-418: The Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. The Sarmatians in the Bosporan Kingdom assimilated into the Greek civilization. Others assimilated with the proto- Circassian Meot people, and may have influenced the Circassian language . Some Sarmatians were absorbed by the Alans and Goths . During the Early Middle Ages, the Proto-Slavic population of Eastern Europe assimilated and absorbed Sarmatians during
4770-557: The Yugoslav and Kosovo wars of the 1990s, a considerable number of Serb refugees came to the city from Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Kosovo , while many ethnic Hungarians and Croats, as well as some local Serbs, left the region. Subotica boasts a remarkable collection of buildings built in the Hungarian Secession style, a distinct variant of Art Nouveau . The Hungarian Secession style combined art nouveau vegetal ornaments and symbolic figures with traditional Hungarian motifs. It found its architectural expression in Subotica in
4876-436: The 1st century AD, the Alans expanded across the Volga to the west, absorbing part of the Aorsi and displacing the rest, and pressure from the Alans forced the Iazyges and Roxolani to continue attacking the Roman Empire from across the Danube. During the 1st century AD, two Sarmatian rulers from the steppe named Pharzoios and Inismeōs were minting coins in Pontic Olbia. The Roxolani continued their westward migration following
4982-500: The 2022 census): Places with an absolute or relative Serb ethnic majority are: Subotica, Bajmok , Višnjevac , Novi Žednik , and Mišićevo . Places with either an absolute or relative Hungarian ethnic majority are: Palić (Hungarian: Palicsfürdő), Hajdukovo (Hungarian: Hajdújárás), Bački Vinogradi (Hungarian: Bácsszőlős), Šupljak (Hungarian: Alsóludas), Čantavir (Hungarian: Csantavér), Bačko Dušanovo (Hungarian: Zentaörs), and Kelebija (Hungarian: Alsókelebia). Places with
5088-410: The 2nd century BC, the Alans were pushed west by the Kangju people (known to Graeco-Roman authors as the Ιαξαρται Iaxartai in Greek, and the Iaxartae in Latin) who were living in the Syr Darya basin, from where they expanded their rule from Fergana to the Aral Sea region. The hegemony of the Sarmatians in the Pontic Steppe continued during the 1st century BC, when they were allied with
5194-458: The 4th to 3rd centuries BC, when nomads from Central Asia migrated into the territory of the Sauromatians in the southern Ural Mountains . These nomads conquered the Sauromatians, resulting in an increased incidence of eastern Asiatic features in the Early Sarmatians, similar to those of the Sakas . The name "Sarmatians" eventually came to be applied to the whole of the new people formed out of these migrations, whose constituent tribes were
5300-557: The 5th-4th century BCE. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the centre of Sarmatian power remained north of the Caucasus and in the 3rd century BC the most important centres were around the lower Don, Kalmykia , the Kuban area, and the Central Caucasus. During the end of the 4th century BC, the Scythians , the then dominant power in the Black Sea Steppe, were militarily defeated by the Macedonian kings Philip II of Macedon and Lysimachus in 339 and 313 BC respectively. They experienced another military setback after participating in
5406-400: The 6th and 7th centuries, before some of them crossed the rivers Sava and Danube and settled in the Balkans . The Slavic tribe living in the territory of present-day Subotica were the Obotrites , a subgroup of the Serbs . In the 9th century, after the fall of the Avar state, the first forms of Slavic statehood emerged in this area. The first Slavic states that ruled over this region included
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#17328515422515512-410: The Alans, the Antae , migrated north into the territory of what is presently Poland . The hegemony of the Sarmatians in the steppes began to decline over the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, when the Huns conquered Sarmatian territory in the Caspian Steppe and the Ural region. The supremacy of the Sarmatians was finally destroyed when the Germanic Goths migrating from the Baltic Sea region conquered
5618-443: The Arraei, who had had close contacts with the Romans, eventually settled to the south of the Danube river, in Thrace, and another Sarmatian tribe, the Koralloi, were also living in the same area alongside a section of the Scythian Sindi . During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, the Iazyges often bothered the Roman authorities in Pannonia ; they participated in the destruction of the Quadian kingdom of Vannius , and often migrated to
5724-419: The Bunjevci had still been in the majority, but there was an increasing number of Hungarians and Jews settling in Subotica. This process was not stopped even by the outbreak of the Revolutions in the Habsburg monarchy (1848–49) . During the 1848-49 Revolution, the proclaimed borders of autonomous Serbian Vojvodina included Subotica, but Serb troops could not establish control in the region. On 5 March 1849, at
5830-466: The Free and Royal City of Maria Theresiopolis . The area around Subotica is mainly farmland but the city itself is an important industrial and transportation centre in Serbia. Due to the surrounding farmlands Subotica has famous food producer industries in the country, including such brands as the confectionery factory "Pionir", "Fidelinka" the cereal manufacturer, " Mlekara Subotica " a milk producer and "Simex" producer of strong alcohol drinks. There are
5936-412: The Greek tales about the Amazons." The Sarmatians were part of the Iranian steppe peoples, among whom were also Scythians and Saka . These also are grouped together as "East Iranians." Archaeology has established the connection 'between the Iranian-speaking Scythians, Sarmatians, and Saka and the earlier Timber-grave and Andronovo cultures '. Based on building construction, these three peoples were
6042-420: The Habsburg Monarchy. Subotica gradually, however, developed from being a mere garrison town to becoming a market town with its own civil charter in 1743. When this happened, many Serbs complained about the loss of their privileges. The majority left the town in protest and some of them founded a new settlement just outside 18th century Subotica in Aleksandrovo , while others emigrated to Russia . In New Serbia ,
6148-522: The Hungarian population fled northward to Royal Hungary . Bálint Török , a local noble who had ruled over Subotica, also escaped from the city. During the military and political havoc following the defeat at Mohács , Subotica came under the control of Serbian mercenaries recruited in Banat . These soldiers were in the service of the Transylvanian general John I Zápolya , a later Hungarian king. The leader of these mercenaries, Jovan Nenad , established in 1526–27 his rule in Bačka , northern Banat and
6254-429: The Hungarians, part of the local Bunjevci people supported the Hungarian revolution. In 1849, after the Hungarian revolution of 1848 was defeated by the Russian and Habsburg armies, the town was separated from the Kingdom of Hungary together with most of the Bačka region, and became part of a separate Habsburg province, called Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar . The administrative centre of this new province
6360-467: The Khokhlach barrow in Novocherkassk in 1864. Chronologically it belongs to the first and second centuries AD. Numerous weapons, armour, helmets were already found in the excavations of the Early Sarmatian Filippovka kurgan (c. 450-300 BCE): Many Chinese mirrors can be found in graves of the Middle-Sarmatian to Late-Sarmatian periods. Sarmatians emerged primarily from the Bronze and Iron Age Western Steppe Herders (Steppe_MLBA), associated with
6466-400: The Pontic Steppe around 200 AD. In 375 AD, the Huns conquered most of the Alans living to the east of the Don river, massacred a significant number of them, and absorbed them into their tribal polity, while the Alans to the west of the Don remained free from Hunnish domination. As part of the Hunnic state, the Alans participated in the Huns' defeat and conquest of the kingdom of the Ostrogoths on
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#17328515422516572-433: The Pontic Steppe. Some free Alans fled into the mountains of the Caucasus, where they participated in the ethnogenesis of populations including the Ossetians and the Kabardians , and other Alan groupings survived in Crimea. Others migrated into Central and then Western Europe, from where some of them went to Britannia and Hispania , and some joined the Germanic Vandals into crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and creating
6678-407: The Prokhorovka culture, which moved from the southern Urals to the Lower Volga and then to the northern Pontic steppe , in the fourth–third centuries BC. During the migration, the Sarmatian population seems to have grown and they divided themselves into several groups, such as the Alans , Aorsi , Roxolani , and Iazyges . By 200 BC, the Sarmatians replaced the Scythians as the dominant people of
6784-424: The Sarmatians became the dominant political power in the northern Pontic Steppe, where Sarmatian graves first started appearing in the 2nd century BC. Meanwhile, the populations which still identified as Scythians proper became reduced to Crimea and the Dobruja region, and at one point the Crimean Scythians were the vassals of the Sarmatian queen Amage . Sarmatian power in the Pontic Steppes was also directed against
6890-565: The Sarmatians spoke a North-Eastern Iranian dialect ancestral to Alanian- Ossetian . However, Harmatta (1970) argued that "the language of the Sarmatians or that of the Alans as a whole cannot be simply regarded as being Old Ossetian." The Roxolani, who were one of the earlier Sarmatian tribes to have migrated into Europe and therefore were among the more geographically western Sarmatians, used helmets and corselets made of raw ox hide, and wicker shields, as well as spears, bows, and swords. The Roxolani adopted these forms of armour and weaponry from
6996-522: The Sarmatians, known as the Alans, survived in the North Caucasus into the Early Middle Ages , ultimately giving rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group. The Polish nobility claimed to stem from the Sarmatians. Genomic studies suggest that this group may have been genetically similar to the eastern Yamnaya Bronze Age group. The Greek name Sarmatai ( Σαρμαται ) is derived from the Old Iranic Sarmatian endonym *Sarmata or *Sarumata , of which another variant, *Saᵘrumata , gave rise to
7102-419: The Sarmatians, which was known as Sarmatia ( / s ɑːr ˈ m eɪ ʃ i ə / ) to Greco-Roman ethnographers, covered the western part of greater Scythia , and corresponded to today's Central Ukraine , South-Eastern Ukraine, Southern Russia , Russian Volga , and South-Ural regions , and to a smaller extent the northeastern Balkans and around Moldova . The ethnogenesis of the Sarmatians occurred during
7208-444: The Scythians against Diophantus , a general of Mithradates VI Eupator, before allying with Mithradates against the Romans and fighting for him in both Europe and Asia, demonstrating the Sarmatians' complete involvement in the affairs of the Pontic and Danubian regions. During the early part of the century, the Alans had migrated to the area to the northeast of the Lake Maeotis . Meanwhile, the Iazyges moved westwards until they reached
7314-424: The Siraces and their king Zorsines allied with Mithridates III against his half-brother Cotys I , who was allied with Rome and the Aorsi. With the defeat of Mithridates, the Siraces were also routed and lost rulership over most of their lands. Between 50 and 60 CE, the Alans had appeared in the foothills of the Caucasus, from where they attacked the Caucasus and Transcaucasus areas and the Parthian Empire . During
7420-424: The Subotica administrative area (according to the 2022 census): Subotica has the highest concentration of Catholics in Serbia with almost half of the city's population being Catholic. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese with jurisdiction over the Bačka region. There are eight Catholic parish churches, a Franciscan spiritual centre (the city has communities of both Franciscan friars and Franciscan nuns),
7526-406: The administrative centre to Szeged . Some months later, in the summer of 1527, Jovan Nenad was assassinated and his entity collapsed. However, after Jovan Nenad's death, Radoslav Čelnik led a part of the army to Ottoman Syrmia , where he briefly ruled as an Ottoman vassal. The Ottoman Empire ruled the city from 1542 to 1686. At the end of this almost 150-year-long period, not much remained of
7632-538: The ancient Greek name Sauromatai ( Σαυρομαται ). The form *Sarmata or *Sarumata was the main form of the name, and initially coexisted with the form *Saᵘrumata until the late 4th to early 3rd centuries BC, when *Sarmata / *Sarumata became the only variant of the name in use. This name meant "armed with throwing darts and arrows," and is cognate with the Indic Sanskrit term śárumant ( शरुमन्त् ), which makes it semantically similar to
7738-649: The area came under the control of the Sarmatian Iazyges , who were sometimes allies and sometimes enemies of the Romans . Iazyge rule lasted until the 4th century AD, after which the region came into the possession of various other peoples and states. In the Early Middle Ages various Indo-European and Turkic peoples and states ruled in the area of Subotica. These peoples included Huns , Gepids , Avars , Slavs and Bulgarians . Slavs settled today's Subotica in
7844-457: The centre of Croatian onomastics studies has been since 1948 in the institution which is today Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics . Skok died in Zagreb . As an extremely prolific writer, Skok published dozens of books and hundreds of research papers in journals; his "revised" bibliography by Žarko Muljačić extends it to more than 650 works. Some of his notable books are: He left in manuscript unfinished etymological dictionary that
7950-568: The city became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . As a result, Subotica became a border-town in Yugoslavia and did not, for a time, experience again the same dynamic prosperity it had enjoyed prior to World War I. However, during that time, Subotica was the third-largest city in Yugoslavia by population, following Belgrade and Zagreb . In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by
8056-513: The conflict on the Bosporan Chersonesus, and by 69 AD they were close enough to the lower Danube that they were able to attack across the river when it was frozen in winter, and soon later they and the Alans were living on the coast of the Black Sea, and they later moved further west and were living in the areas corresponding to modern-day Moldavia and western Ukraine . The Sarmatian tribe of
8162-774: The earlier Yamnaya culture and to the Poltavka culture . A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of twelve Sarmatians buried between 400 BC and 400 AD. The five samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1a1 , I2b , R (two samples), and R1 . The eleven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to C4a1a , U4a2 (two samples), C4b1 , I1 , A , U2e1h (two samples), U4b1a4 , H28 , and U5a1 . A genetic study published in Science Advances in October 2018 examined
8268-583: The east across the Transylvanian Plateau and the Carpathian Mountains during seasonal movements or for trade. By the 2nd century AD, the Alans had conquered the steppes of the north Caucasus and of the north Black Sea area and created a powerful confederation of tribes under their rule. Under the hegemony of the Alans a trade route connected the Pontic Steppe, the southern Urals, and the region presently known as Western Turkestan . One group of
8374-459: The east and taking advantage of the decline of Scythian power, the Sarmatians began crossing the Don river and invaded Scythia and also migrated south into the North Caucasus . The first wave of westward Sarmatian migration happened during the 2nd century BC, and involved the Royal Sarmatians, or Saioi (from Scytho-Sarmatian *xšaya , meaning "kings"), who moved into the Pontic Steppe, and
8480-402: The endonym of the Scythians, [*Skuδatā] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) , meaning "archers." The later, Middle Iranic , form of *Saᵘrumata was *Sōrmata or *Sōrumata , of which the later form, *Sūrmata or *Sūrumata , was recorded in ancient Greek as Syrmatai ( Συρμαται ; Latin : Syrmatae ). The territory inhabited by
8586-608: The fourth and third centuries BC, coming to dominate the closely related Scythians by 200 BC. At their greatest reported extent, around 100 BC, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga , bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south. In the first century AD, the Sarmatians began encroaching upon
8692-685: The fourth to sixth century AD belonged to Y-DNA haplogroups G2a-P15 and R1a-Z94, while two of the three Sarmatian samples from the second to third century AD found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup J1-M267, and one belonged to R1a. Three Saltovo-Mayaki samples from the eighth to ninth century AD turned out to have Y-DNA corresponding to haplogroups G, J2a-M410 and R1a-z94. A genetic study published in Nature Communications in March 2017 examined several Sarmatian individuals buried in Pokrovka, Russia (southwest of
8798-606: The likely descendants of those earlier archaeological cultures. The Sarmatians and Saka used the same stone construction methods as the earlier Andronovo culture. The Timber grave ( Srubnaya culture ) and Andronovo house building traditions were further developed by these three peoples. Andronovo pottery was continued by the Saka and Sarmatians. Archaeologists describe the Andronovo culture people as exhibiting pronounced Caucasoid features. The first Sarmatians are mostly identified with
8904-510: The locality named Kaponja (between Tavankut and Bajmok), there was a battle between the Serb and Hungarian armies, which was won by the Hungarians. The first newspaper in the town was also published during the 1848/49 revolution—it was called Honunk állapota ("State of Our Homeland") and was published in Hungarian by Károly Bitterman's local printing company. Unlike most Serbs and Croats who confronted
9010-485: The majority of the people living in the city were ethnic Hungarians, which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary for over 600 years. During World War II , the city lost approximately 7,000 of its citizens, mostly Serbs, Hungarians and Jews. Before the war about 6,000 Jews had lived in Subotica; many of these were deported from the city during the Holocaust , mostly to Auschwitz . In April 1944, under German administration,
9116-426: The mtDNA haplogroups C5, H, 2x H1, H5, H7, H40, H59, HV0 I1, J1, 2x K1a, T1a, 2x T2b, U2. The Early Sarmatians from the Filippovka kurgans (4th century BC) combined Western ( Timber Grave and Andronovo ) and Eastern characteristics. Compared with classical Sauromatians , Early Sarmatians, such as those of Filippovka, generally display an increased incidence of eastern Asiatic features. They most closely resembled
9222-649: The nine samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup W , W3a , T1a1 , U5a2 , U5b2a1a2 , T1a1d , C1e , U5b2a1a1 , U5b2c , and U5b2c . A archaeogenetic study published in Cell in 2022, analyzed 17 Late Sarmatian samples from 4-5th century AD from the Pannonian Basin in Hungary. The nine extraced Y-DNA belonged to a diverse set of haplogroups, 2x I2a1b1a2b1-CTS4348, 2x I1a2a1a1a-Z141, I1a-DF29, G2a1-FGC725, E1b1b-L142.1, R1a1a1b2a2a1-Z2123 and R1b1a1b1a1a2b-PF6570, while
9328-540: The old town of Zabadka / Zabatka . As much of the population had fled, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of the area by different colonists from the Balkans . The settlers were mostly Orthodox Serbs . They cultivated the extremely fertile land around Subotica. In 1570, the population of Subotica numbered 49 houses, and in 1590, 63 houses. In 1687, the region was settled by Catholic Dalmatas (called Bunjevci today). It
9434-532: The political upheavals of that era. However, a people related to the Sarmatians, known as the Alans , survived in the North Caucasus into the Early Middle Ages , ultimately giving rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group. In 1947, Soviet archaeologist Boris Grakov defined a culture flourishing from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD, apparent in late kurgan graves (buried within earthwork mounds), sometimes reusing part of much older kurgans. It
9540-691: The power of the Royal Sarmatians and the Iazyges, with the Aorsi being able to extend their rule over a large region stretching from the Caucasus across the Terek–Kuma Lowland and Kalmykia in the west up to the Aral Sea region in the east. Yet another new Sarmatian group, the Alans , originated in Central Asia out of the merger of some old tribal groups with the Massagetae . Related to the Asii who invaded Bactria in
9646-508: The pseudonym of P. S. Mikov . Later he devoted himself completely to southeastern Europe linguistic studies, chiefly of Romance languages: Vulgar Latin , Dalmatian , with special interest to Romance influence on Croatian dialects and other languages in Southeast Europe. He studied history of Slavs, languages and interactions of languages from eastern coast of Adriatic into hinterland with special care to onomastics. Thanks to Skok's effort,
9752-631: The remains of five Sarmatians buried between 55 AD and 320 AD. The three samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1a1a and R1b1a2a2 (two samples), while the five samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup H2a1 , T1a1 , U5b2b (two samples), and D4q . A genetic study published in Current Biology in July 2019 examined the remains of nine Sarmatians from the southern Ural Mountains between 7th–2nd century BC. The five samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup Q1c-L332 , R1a1e-CTS1123 , R1a-Z645 (two samples), and E1b1b-PF6746 , while
9858-731: The southern Urals. Peter the Great particularly cherished his Demidov Gift, a Sarmatian gold collection, now exhibited in the Gold Chamber at the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg . The Novocherkassk Treasure with the famous Sarmatian Diadem adorned with the Tree of Life can also be seen in the Hermitage Gold Room. It is a Sarmatian hoard of gold, silver and bronze articles and jewellery discovered in
9964-603: The steppes. The Sarmatians and Scythians had fought on the Pontic steppe to the north of the Black Sea . The Sarmatians, described as a large confederation, were to dominate these territories over the next five centuries. According to Brzezinski and Mielczarek, the Sarmatians were formed between the Don River and the Ural Mountains . Pliny the Elder wrote that they ranged from the Vistula River (in present-day Poland ) to
10070-488: The town of Palić ( Hungarian : Palics ) and 17 villages. The villages are: According to the 2022 census results, the city proper-urban area of Subotica including adjacent settlement of Palić had 94,228 inhabitants, or 88,752 excluding Palić, while administrative area of Subotica had 123,952 inhabitants. The ethnic structure of population of Subotica city proper (according to the 2022 census): The ethnic structure of population of Subotica administrative area (according to
10176-670: The works of Marcell Komor , Dezső Jakab and Ferenc Raichle . Iconic buildings like the Subotica Synagogue and the Reichel Palace, are recognized as some of the finest examples of this architectural style in Europe. The City Hall (built in 1908–1910) and the Synagogue (1902) are of especially outstanding beauty. These were built by the same architects, Marcell Komor and Dezső Jakab. Another exceptional example of art nouveau architecture
10282-467: Was Timișoara . The province existed until 1860. During the existence of the voivodeship, in 1853, Subotica acquired its impressive theatre. After the establishment of the Dual-Monarchy in 1867, there followed what is often called the "golden age" of city development of Subotica. Many schools were opened after 1867 and in 1869 the railway connected the city to the world. In 1896 an electrical power plant
10388-480: Was radiocarbon dated to cal 126-228 CE. Archaeological evidence suggests that Scythian-Sarmatian cultures may have given rise to the Greek legends of Amazons . Graves of armed women have been found in southern Ukraine and Russia. David Anthony noted that approximately 20% of Scythian-Sarmatian "warrior graves" on the lower Don and lower Volga contained women dressed for battle as warriors and he asserts that encountering that cultural phenomenon "probably inspired
10494-517: Was a nomadic steppe culture ranging from the Black Sea eastward to beyond the Volga that is especially evident at two of the major sites at Kardaielova and Chernaya in the trans-Uralic steppe. The four phases – distinguished by grave construction, burial customs , grave goods , and geographical spread – are: While "Sarmatian" and "Sauromatian" are synonymous as ethnonyms, by convention they are given different meanings as archaeological technical terms. The term "Prokhorovka culture" derives from
10600-557: Was a Croatian linguist and onomastics expert. Skok was born to a Croatian family in the village of Jurkovo Selo, Žumberak . From 1892 to 1900 he attended the Higher Real Gymnasium in Rakovac near Karlovac . At the University of Vienna (1900 – 1904) he studied Romance and Germanic philology and Indo-European studies , passing his professorship exam in 1906. He received Ph.D. with a thesis on South French toponomastics. As
10706-524: Was built in 1854 as the first monumental public building in Subotica, was demolished in 2007, although it was declared a historic monument under state protection in 1983, and in 1991 it was added to the National Register as a monument of an extraordinary cultural value. It is currently in the midst of renovation and is scheduled to open in 2017. The following are the neighborhoods of Subotica: The administrative area of Subotica comprises Subotica proper,
10812-523: Was built, further enhancing the development of the city and the whole region. Subotica now adorned itself with its remarkable Central European, fin de siècle architecture. In 1902 a Jewish synagogue was built in the Art Nouveau style. Between 1849 and 1860 it was part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar . Subotica had been part of Austria-Hungary until the end of World War I . In 1918,
10918-654: Was called Sobotka under Ottoman rule and was a kaza centre in Segedin sanjak at first in Budin Eyaleti until 1596, and after that in Eğri Eyaleti between 1596 and 1686. In 1687, about 5,000 Bunjevci settled in Bačka (including Subotica). After the decisive battle against the Ottomans at Senta led by Prince Eugene of Savoy on 11 September 1697, Subotica became part of the military border zone Theiss - Mieresch established by
11024-564: Was later replaced with -ica , another Slavic diminutive, by the Bunjevci . Other sources claim that the name "Szabadka" comes from the adjective szabad, which derived from the Slavic word for "free" – svobod, referring to the status of the colonists settled in this zone by the Habsburg after the Battle of Zenta . The town was named in the 1740s after Maria Theresa of Austria , Archduchess of Austria. It
11130-495: Was officially called Sent-Maria in 1743, but was renamed in 1779 as Maria-Theresiapolis . These two official names were also spelled in several different ways (most commonly the German Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel ), and were used in different languages. It is located in the Pannonian Basin at 46.07° North, 19.68° East, at the altitude of 109m, about 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the border with Hungary , and
11236-429: Was published post mortem in 4 volumes under the title of Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("An etymological dictionary of Croatian or Serbian language"), 1971–1974, and which represents up until today the most voluminous Croatian etymological dictionary with more than 10 000 headwords. In the words of academic August Kovačec , Skok's etymological dictionary is a synthesis of "his scientific efforts as
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