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64-776: The Steinwald lies south of the Upper Franconian county town of Marktredwitz and north of Erbendorf in the district of Tirschenreuth . The Steinwald is separated from the Fichtel Mountains to the northwest by the Waldershof trough ( Waldershofer Senke ) and from the Upper Palatine Forest to the southeast by the Waldnaab -Wondreb-trough. The mountains and hills in the range and in the Steinwald Nature Park include

128-511: A 'stronghold' place and eats its food in a high tree or on an inaccessible ledge. Lynx populations decrease when wolves appear in an area, such as observed in the Pritelsk region of the Altai Mountains , and lynx are likely to take smaller prey where wolves are active. In eastern Slovakia , after an increase of wolves after World War II, lynx were observed to move out. However, there is also

192-585: A chance to consume its kill itself. The Eurasian lynx is included on CITES Appendix II and listed as a protected species in the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats , Appendix III. Hunting lynx is illegal in many range countries, with the exception of Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Armenia and Iraq. Since 2005, the Norwegian government sets national population goals, while

256-666: A daily prey intake of about 900 g (32 oz). It is therefore classified as lagomorph specialist. Diet studies in central Asia and Yakutia also indicate a diet mainly composed of lagomorphs and ungulate prey contributes in low amounts to lynx diet. Eurasian lynx scat found in Dolpa District in the Nepal Himalayas contained remains of woolly hare ( Lepus oiostolus ), pika ( Ochotona sp.), mountain voles ( Alticola sp.), Himalayan marmot ( Marmota himalayana ) and domestic goat ( Capra hircus ). The mating season of

320-554: A forest-steppe mixed ecosystem in northwestern Anatolia by camera traps, genetic material and radiotelemetry between 2009 and 2019. In Kars Province , a breeding population occurs in Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park . The Eurasian lynx and grey wolf can occur sympatrically , as they occupy different trophic niches. In Central Asia , it is native to Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Afghanistan and

384-552: A long grey-and-white ruff. It is the largest of the four lynx species, ranging in body length from 76–106 cm (30–42 in) in males; 73–99 cm (29–39 in) in females; and standing 55–75 cm (22–30 in) at the shoulder. The tail is 11–24.5 cm (4.3–9.6 in) long, constituting a total length of up to 130 cm (51 in) in the largest males. Weights of both sexes in Russia range from 12 to 32 kg (26 to 71 lb), but more than 30 kg (66 lb)

448-633: A reported instance of a male lynx having expelled an adult and apparently healthy male wolf in Belarus in a fight. After the incident, the wolf vanished from the record, suggesting that it might have succumbed to the wounds sustained during the fight. Moreover, recent population dynamics and a high mortality rate among wolf cubs in the Naliboki forest might be connected to an increasing lynx population. All in all, this suggests that, at least locally, lynx may dominate wolves, since no signs for predation of wolves on lynx

512-550: A significant role. Forestry management measures include fertilising in order to counteract the lack of magnesium which causing a yellowing of the pine needles. So that no treeless steppes appear as on the heights of the Ore Mountains , the damaged highlands are planted. The Kemnath Forestry Department has done this on about 200 ha (490 acres). Many holidaymakers visit the Steinwald to go walking. The long-distance trails through

576-534: A typical adult lynx kills about 60 roe deer a year; in the years when the roe deer population plummets, the lynx switch to beavers, hares, foxes, raccoon dogs, and birds. Even where roe deer are quite uncommon, the deer are still quantitatively the favored prey species, though in summer smaller prey and occasional domestic sheep are eaten more regularly. In parts of Finland , introduced white-tailed deer are eaten regularly. In some areas in Poland and Austria , red deer

640-681: Is European hare , forming 79% to 99% of prey biomass eaten. Although the lynx is in sympatry with wild ungulates, such as wild goat, chamois, red deer and wild boar in these ecosystems, ungulate biomass in lynx diet does not exceed 10%. In ten other study sites in the Black Sea region of northern Anatolia where roe deer can occur in high densities, lynx occurrence is positively correlated with European hare occurrence rather than roe deer. Lynx in Anatolia also has physiological requirements and morphological adjustments similar to other lagomorph specialists, with

704-512: Is a Regierungsbezirk (administrative [ Regierungs ] region [ bezirk ]) of the state of Bavaria , southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia , the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia , which are all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern ( Bavaria ). With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer , Upper Franconia has

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768-410: Is abandoned two to three months after the kittens are born, but the young typically remain with their mother until they are around ten months of age. Eurasian lynx reach sexual maturity at two or three years, and have lived for twenty one years in captivity. Females usually have two kittens; litters with more than three kittens are rare. The primary predators of the lynx are the gray wolf and, in

832-567: Is attained very rarely and is possibly exaggerated. A Eurasian lynx from the Altai Mountains weighed 35 kg (77 lb). Those inhabiting Fennoscandia and westwards are considerably smaller, with a range of just 7–26 kg (15–57 lb), though individuals in the Carpathian Mountains may rival those in the Altai in size. The Eurasian lynx inhabits rugged country providing plenty of hideouts and stalking opportunities. Depending on

896-525: Is estimated to be nowadays larger than ever before. Limited hunting is permitted. In 2009 the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry gave a permit for hunting of 340 lynx individuals. In Great Britain , subfossil remains of Eurasian lynx have been dated to the early Middle Ages , and the 7th or 8th century Welsh poem Dinogad's Smock likely makes reference to the presence of lynx in Cumbria . It

960-463: Is lined with feathers, deer hair, and dry grass to provide bedding for the young. At birth, Eurasian lynx kittens weigh 240 to 430 g (8.5 to 15.2 oz) and open their eyes after ten to twelve days. They initially have plain, greyish-brown fur, attaining the full adult colouration around eleven weeks of age. They begin to take solid food at six to seven weeks, when they begin to leave the den, but are not fully weaned for five or six months. The den

1024-433: Is more brightly coloured with more numerous spots in animals living at the southern end of its range. In winter, it is much thicker and varies from silver-grey to greyish brown. Some animals have dark brown stripes on the forehead and back. It has powerful, relatively long legs, with large webbed and furred paws that act like snowshoes. It also has a short "bobbed" tail with an all-black tip, black tufts of hair on its ears, and

1088-581: Is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx . It is widely distributed from Northern , Central and Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Siberia , the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas . It inhabits temperate and boreal forests up to an elevation of 5,500 m (18,000 ft). Despite its wide distribution, it is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation , poaching and depletion of prey . Felis lynx

1152-622: Is possible that other Medieval and Modern era references to "wild cats" and "cats of the mountain", as late as the 18th century, actually refer to Eurasian lynx and not the Scottish wildcat as is commonly assumed. It has been proposed to reintroduce the lynx to the Scottish Highlands and Kielder Forest in Northumberland . A large lynx that hunted deer and livestock, sometimes called " tiger " and "deer's wolf" ( llobu /lobo cerval ),

1216-505: Is the almost annual weather damage: Dealing with damaged areas of the forest ties up a lot of effort and means that sometimes long-term forestry work suffers. On the other hand, the heavily thinned areas of forest result in a rapid transformation that helps to prevent attack by bark beetle . For a good 20 years new forms of forest damage have appeared in the High Steinwald that go under the name of Waldsterben or forest dieback. Today

1280-570: Is the preferred prey, and in Switzerland , chamois is locally favored. Eurasian lynx also feeds on carrion when available. Adult lynx require 1.1 to 2 kg (2.4 to 4.4 lb) of meat per day, and may take several days to fully consume some of their larger prey. In the Mediterranean mixed forest-steppe and subalpine ecosystems of Anatolia the main and most preferred prey of the Eurasian lynx

1344-728: Is younger than the Fichtel Mountains, as evinced by the numerous deposits of basalt and chalk. The Steinwald is also rich in springs . Water often bubbles out of rock crevices and has a good quality. It also has one of the most iron -rich springs in the whole of the Europe , the King Otto Spring in King-Otto-Bad near Wiesau , which is named after the brother of the Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria , Otto I of Greece . Even today

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1408-617: The Armesberg , the Teichelberg and the Ruheberg. Numerous granite blocks and rock 'bastions' are found in the Steinwald, often with fantastic shapes. They have odd names such as Katzentrögel , Zipfeltannenfelsen oder Saubadfelsen . The Steinwald is still rich in precious stones , including for example agate and jasper , ore and rock types. Ores such as siderite , limonite and haematite occur too. These ores used to be mined, especially in

1472-621: The Catalonian Pyrenees , the last Eurasian lynx was killed in the 1930s, though unconfirmed sightings continued until the 1990s. The Síndic d'Aran planned a reintroduction in 2016 but canceled it due to the opposition of hunters and livestock farmers. In Germany , the Eurasian lynx was exterminated in 1850. It was reintroduced to the Bavarian Forest and the Harz in the 1990s; other areas were populated by lynxes migrating from France and

1536-508: The Chinese provinces of Xinjiang , Gansu , Qinghai , Sichuan , Shaanxi , and to the northern slopes of Iran 's Alborz Mountains and Mongolia . In northern Pakistan , the Eurasian lynx was recorded at elevations of 1,067–5,000 m (3,501–16,404 ft) in Chitral District . In India : Ladakh , Himachal Pradesh and most other Himalayan states. In Nepal , a Eurasian lynx

1600-623: The Czech Republic . In 2002, the first birth of wild lynx on German territory was announced, following a litter from a pair of lynx in the Harz National Park . Small populations exist also in Saxon Switzerland , Palatinate Forest , and Fichtel Mountains . Eurasian lynx also migrated to Austria , where they had also been exterminated. An episode of the PBS television series Nature featured

1664-463: The Middle Ages ; today the remaining supplies are too small and too scattered to enable them to be extracted profitably. The Steinwald is frequently seen as an extension of the Fichtel Mountains . But geological investigations have proved this to be wrong; the granite in the Steinwald is considerably softer than the Fichtel Mountains granite and, unlike the latter, contains no lithium . In addition it

1728-519: The grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) is abundant, and wolves have been reported to attack and even eat lynx. The Eurasian lynx was once widespread throughout most of continental Europe. By the early 19th century, it was persecuted to local extinction in western and southern European lowlands, but survived only in mountainous areas and Scandinavian forests. By the 1950s, it had become extinct in most of Western and Central Europe , where only scattered and isolated populations exist today. The Eurasian lynx

1792-428: The Eurasian lynx is the only lynx species to preferentially take ungulates. Although taking on larger prey presents a risk to the Eurasian lynx, the bounty provided by killing them can outweigh the risks. The Eurasian lynx thus prefers fairly large ungulate prey, especially during winter, when small prey is less abundant. Where common, roe deer appear to be the preferred prey species for the Eurasian lynx. In Estonia,

1856-470: The Eurasian lynx lasts from January to April. The female typically comes into oestrus only once during this period, lasting from four to seven days. If the first litter is lost, a second period of oestrus is common. It does not appear to be able to control its reproductive behaviour based on prey availability. Gestation lasts from 67 to 74 days. Pregnant females construct dens in secluded locations, often protected by overhanging branches or tree roots. The den

1920-592: The Iberian lynx in Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub . The Eurasian lynx of Spain was a unique, extinct lineage more related to the Carpathian and Baltic subspecies. It was genetically impoverished already in pre-Roman times, possibly because of founder effect , which made it even more vulnerable to human persecution. The government of Asturias studied the feasibility of Eurasian lynx reintroduction in 2019. In

1984-562: The Steinwald are: From the walker's car park north of Pfaben an educational trail leads to some of the natural attractions of the Steinwald. In addition, there are circular walks starting from Friedenfels and Erbendorf . The High Steinwald may be reached on trails running from Neusorg , Waldershof , Marktredwitz , Poppenreuth , Fuchsmühl , Friedenfels and Erbendorf. 49°54′36″N 12°03′11″E  /  49.910°N 12.053°E  / 49.910; 12.053 Upper Franconia Upper Franconia ( German : Oberfranken )

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2048-538: The Steinwald in Northeast Bavaria is one of the main areas of concern. This is due to the high levels of sulphur dioxide emission from the burning of brown coal in the nearby Eger Basin, to acid rain and to the many days of mist and fog. The forest damage, which is clearly visible, has remained since 1986 at about the same level of 32%. Research to date has shown that its causes are complex and involve biotic and abiotic factors, however environmental pollution plays

2112-458: The competition becomes especially fierce; the lynx is at a disadvantage as its competitors are able to capture additional, larger prey animals, and more efficiently. This competition may be especially severe in the northern parts of the lynx's range, where lynx populations are vastly outnumbered by red fox and even by wolverine. The presence of other large carnivores is one factor limiting their population. In two ecosystems of Anatolia, cannibalism

2176-517: The female. Eurasian lynx are secretive, and because the sounds they make are very quiet and seldom heard, their presence in an area may go unnoticed for years. Remnants of prey or tracks on snow are usually observed long before the animal is seen. The Eurasian lynx is an ambush predator but also hunts by stalking, sneaking and jumping on prey using both vision and hearing. When snow conditions make this harder, it may be forced to switch to larger prey. It often climbs onto high rocks or fallen trees to scan

2240-630: The following years, due to territorial changes (e. g. loss of Tyrol , addition of the Palatinate ), the number of Kreise was reduced to 8. One of these was the Mainkreis (Main District). In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus the name Mainkreis changed to Upper Franconia. Next to

2304-579: The following − in order of height in metres (m) above sea level (NN): Like the Fichtel Mountains, the Steinwald consists mainly of granite . In the south and east it is surrounded by a basalt landscape of Kuppen - gentle, rounded summits - ( Kemnather Land , Nördlicher Steinwald ), whose most striking elevations are the Parkstein near Weiden , the Rauhe Kulm near Kemnath , the Schlossberg near Waldeck,

2368-647: The former episcopal residence city of Bamberg , the capital Bayreuth , the former residence city of Coburg and the classicist centre of Hof , as well as the towns of Lichtenfels , Kronach , Gößweinstein and Kulmbach , the Weißenstein Palace , Banz Abbey and the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers , the scenic attractions of the River Main and the low mountain ranges of the Fichtel Mountains with

2432-433: The former often being left in prominent locations along the boundary of the hunting territory. Eurasian lynx makes a range of vocalizations, but is generally silent outside of the breeding season. They have been observed to mew, hiss, growl, and purr, and, like domestic cats , will "chatter" at prey that is just out of reach. Mating calls are much louder, consisting of deep growls in the male, and loud "meow-like" sounds in

2496-477: The ground cover, especially blueberries and cranberries , and cryptogams - lichens and mosses - are widespread. The seven-petalled Arctic starflower , the symbol of the Fichtelgebirge Club , occurs here and ferns also abound in the woods. Wild animals in the Steinwald, such as the red deer , wild boar , red fox , weasel , polecat , stoat and, more recently, the lynx , are almost only found in

2560-637: The late 1970s onwards. In Italy , it recolonised the Italian Alps since the 1980s, also from reintroduced populations in Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. By 2010, the Alpine lynx population comprised about 120–150 individuals ranging over 27,800 km (10,700 sq mi) in six sub-areas. In the Netherlands , lynxes have been sighted sporadically since 1985 in the country's southern part. Since 2020,

2624-517: The local availability of prey. Males tend to hunt over much larger areas than females, which tend to occupy exclusive, rather than overlapping, hunting ranges. The Eurasian lynx can travel up to 20 km (12 mi) during one night, although about half this distance is more typical. They patrol regularly throughout all parts of their hunting range, using scent marks to indicate their presence to other individuals. As with other cats, its scent marks may consist of faeces , urine , or scrape marks, with

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2688-464: The locality, this may include rocky-steppe, mixed forest-steppe, boreal forest , and montane forest ecosystems. In the more mountainous parts of its range, Eurasian lynx descends to the lowlands in winter, following prey species and avoiding deep snow. Despite its adaptations for moving in snow, it finds loose, deep snow difficult to deal with and cannot survive in areas with snow depths exceeding 100 cm (39 in). It tends to be less common where

2752-418: The long and harsh winter; summer has more precipitation and is followed by a mild and fine autumn. Average annual temperatures lie between 4 and 5 °C, average precipitation is about 15 cm. The woods of the Steinwald consist mainly of conifers , with spruce as the dominant species. The proportion of deciduous trees has risen, however, from 25.1% in 1987 to 30.4% in 2002. Berry bushes provide much of

2816-477: The more remote areas of woodland. Woodpeckers , goshawks , eagle-owls , tawny owls live in the high treetops, as do pygmy owls and the Tengmalm's owl . Enjoying special projection birds that would otherwise become rare such as the black storks and the capercaillie , which still occur in low numbers in the Steinwald. The forest is exposed to many dangers. Chief among the concerns of forest owners and foresters

2880-586: The north-east and the Czech Republic to the east. After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria the state was totally reorganized and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative government regions (German: Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk )), in Bavaria called Kreise (singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers. In

2944-567: The northern part of its range, the wolverine . In Russian forests, gray wolves kill and eat lynx that fail to escape into trees, as evidenced by examination of wolf and lynx trackways in the Central Forest Nature Reserve , and of lynx hair and bones found in wolf stomach contents in the Belovezh Forest . The lynx saves itself from its enemies by quickly climbing a tree or down the edge of a cliff or ravine; it usually lives near

3008-699: The population has grown slowly but steadily. In 2019, around 250 lynx were reportedly living in Switzerland, roughly a third of them in the Jura Mountains, and the rest roaming the Alps and Pre-Alps. The Eurasian lynx was exterminated in the French Alps in the early 20th century. Following reintroduction of lynx in the Swiss Jura Mountains in the 1970s, lynxes were recorded again in the French Alps and Jura from

3072-410: The predators described above, and also with the red fox , eagle owls , golden eagles , wild boar (which scavenge from lynx kills), and in the southern part of its range, the snow leopard and leopard as well. Brown bears , although not (so far as is known) a predator of Eurasian lynx, are in some areas a semi-habitual usurpers of ungulate kills by lynxes, not infrequently before the cat has had

3136-777: The presence of lynxes has been confirmed by camera trapping in the Ardennes region in southern Belgium , proving the presence of the species following more than 25 years of unconfirmed sightings in the region. In the Anatolian part of Turkey , the Eurasian lynx is present in the Lesser Caucasus , Kaçkar Mountains and Artvin Province . In Ciglikara Nature Reserve located in the Taurus Mountains , 15 individuals were identified. More than 50 individuals were identified and monitored at

3200-493: The region was 40.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 1.2% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €34,900 or 116% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 96% of the EU average. 49°57′N 11°35′E  /  49.950°N 11.583°E  / 49.950; 11.583 Eurasian lynx The Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx )

3264-524: The result of carrion consumption. Occasionally, in areas such as Manchuria and the Amur River , it may be possible the Amur leopard targets lynx; in the same geographic region, Siberian tigers have also preyed on lynxes, as evidenced by examination of tiger stomach contents. In Sweden , out of 33 deaths of lynx of a population being observed, one was probably killed by a wolverine. Lynx compete for food with

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3328-505: The return of the lynx to Austria's Kalkalpen National Park after a 150-year absence. A higher proportion is killed by humans than by infectious diseases. In Switzerland , the Eurasian lynx was exterminated in the early 20th century, with the last confirmed sighting around Simplon pass in 1904. From 1971 on, Carpathian lynx were reintroduced in the Alps and the Jura Mountains . Since then,

3392-546: The surrounding area. It is a powerful predator that has killed adult deer weighing at least 150 kg (330 lb). Eurasian lynx in Europe prey largely on small to fairly large sized mammals and birds. Among the recorded prey items for the species are hares , rabbits , marmots , squirrels , dormice , muskrats , martens , grouse , red foxes , wild boar , chamois , young moose , European roe deer , red deer , reindeer and other ungulates. In keeping with its larger size,

3456-571: The town of Wunsiedel and the Franconian Forest belong among the region's major tourist attractions. There are also numerous spas like Bad Rodach , Bad Steben , Bad Staffelstein , Bad Berneck and Bad Alexandersbad . Oberfranken is subdivided into nine Landkreise (districts) and four Kreisfreie Städte (district-free or independent cities). The lowest level is divided into 214 municipalities (including four cities). Landkreise : Kreisfreie Städte : The gross domestic product (GDP) of

3520-412: The water is bottled by the firm of King-Otto-Sprudel . The soil quality in the Steinwald depends on the dominant rock locally. Its extremely varied soils can be divided into about four types: The climate in the Steinwald has Alpine characteristics. It is not snow-free until the middle of May. Giant snowdrifts and severe snow storms render paths and trails impassable in winter. A short spring follows

3584-409: The world's highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route ( Fränkische Brauereistraße ) runs through many popular breweries. The administrative region borders on Thuringia ( Thüringen ) to the north, Lower Franconia ( Unterfranken ) to the west, Middle Franconia ( Mittelfranken ) to the south-west, and Upper Palatinate ( Oberpfalz ) to the south-east, Saxony ( Sachsen ) to

3648-617: Was also reported in Green Spain until the 19th century. These accounts were traditionally regarded as references to Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ), a smaller endemic species of the Iberian Peninsula . However, genetic testing of remains showed that the Eurasian and Iberian lynx coexisted into recent times in the Iberian Peninsula with little overlap , the Eurasian lynx being present in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and

3712-413: Was close to extinction in Scandinavia in the 1930s. Since the 1950s, the population slowly recovered and forms three subpopulations in northern, central and southern Scandinavia. In Norway , the Eurasian lynx was subjected to an official bounty between 1846 and 1980 and could be hunted without license. In 1994, a compensation scheme for livestock killed by lynx was introduced. By 1996, the lynx population

3776-473: Was common, and fellow lynx were found to form 5% to 8% of prey biomass in their diets. Claws and bones analysed showed that sub-adult lynx were the victims of cannibalism during the mating and spring seasons. Lynx were not found in the sympatrically occurring wolves' diets. On the contrary, lynx themselves were the predators of red fox, pine marten , domestic and feral cats and dogs, and golden jackal remains have also been found in lynx fecal samples, possibly

3840-466: Was estimated to comprise 410 Individuals, decreased to less than 260 individuals in 2004 and increased since 2005 to about 452 mature individuals by 2008. In Sweden , the lynx population was estimated at 1,400 individuals in 2006 and 1,250 in 2011. Hunting is controlled by government agencies. In Finland , about 2,200–2,300 individuals were present according to a 2009 estimate. The lynx population in Finland has been increasing every year since 1991, and

3904-403: Was found. In the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve in Russia , wolverine predation and consumption of lynx has been documented, and in the Altai Mountains , the lynx actively avoids wolverines. The gray wolf, wolverine, as well as the red fox and the eagle owl , are also competitors with the Eurasian lynx for prey, notably in the taiga regions of Russia . In years of low hare populations,

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3968-434: Was probably extirpated from the Japanese archipelago during the Jōmon period . Although they may hunt during the day when food is scarce, the Eurasian lynx is mainly nocturnal or crepuscular , and spends the day sleeping in dense thickets or other places of concealment. It lives solitarily as an adult. The hunting area of Eurasian lynx can be anything from 20 to 450 km (7.7 to 173.7 sq mi), depending on

4032-428: Was sighted in the western Dhaulagiri massif in 1975. It is also present above elevations of 3,800 m (12,500 ft) in Humla , Mustang and Dolpa Districts . Fossils of the Eurasian or a closely related Lynx species from the Late Pleistocene era and onward were excavated at various locations in the Japanese archipelago . Since no archaeological evidence dated after the Yayoi period has been found, it

4096-451: Was the scientific name used in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in his work Systema Naturae . In the 19th and 20th centuries, the following Eurasian lynx subspecies were proposed: The following were also proposed, but are not considered valid taxa: The Eurasian lynx has a relatively short, reddish or brown coat that is marked with black spots; their number and pattern are highly variable. The underparts, neck and chin are whitish. The fur

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