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45-768: According to Sima Milutinović Sarajlija , Staniša Marković was born in a village below the Ostrog monastery , in Bjelopavlići (present day Montenegro ). His family hailed from Novi Pazar . With the failure of the Austro-Serbian campaign during the Great Turkish War (1683–99), a large migration of Serbs ensued into Habsburg territories in 1690. He joined the Habsburg side during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18 , which saw

90-517: A "second Battle of Kosovo ", and continual struggle for freedom. Frederick Anscombe further concludes that there is no evidence for this, and that western and parts of central Kosovo were treated as Ottoman Albania before the Habsburg invasion in 1690. Malcolm and Elsie state that various migrations took place because of the War of the Holy League (1683–1699) , when thousands of refugees found shelter on

135-661: A result of the Habsburg retreat and the Ottoman reoccupation of southern Serbian regions, which were temporarily held by the Habsburgs between 1688 and 1690. The Second Great Migration took place during the Habsburg-Ottoman War of 1737–1739, under the Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV Jovanović , also parallel with the Habsburg withdrawal from Serbian regions; between 1718 and 1739, these regions were known as

180-533: A result of the lost rebellion and suppression, Serbian Christians and their church leaders, headed by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III sided with the Austrians in 1689. They settled mainly in the southern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary . The most important cities and places they settled are Szentendre , Buda , Mohács , Pécs , Szeged , Baja , Tokaj , Oradea , Debrecen , Kecskemét , Szatmár . According to Malcolm,

225-650: A significant part of the population before 1690 and that an Albanian majority was not achieved until the mid-19th century, a mass exodus of Serbs out of Kosovo in 1690 seems unlikely. In 1689 in Kosovo, both Muslim Albanians and Serbs rose up against the Ottoman Empire led by the Albanian Archbishop Pjeter Bogdani and Toma Raspasani . It was after the migration of 1690, that the Ottomans first encouraged

270-484: A stronghold still under Austrian control, and which became a natural destination for many Serb refugees from all Serb lands. Those who gathered there included people from parts of Kosovo (Mainly Eastern Kosovo) who had been able to escape the Ottoman incursion but most refugees were probably from other areas. The refugees that moved to Austrian-dominated territories at the time also included a substantial number of Albanians, Orthodox and Catholics. Emil Saggau states that

315-520: A sudden mass exodus of Serbs out of Kosovo in 1690. If the Serb population was depleted in 1690, it looks as if it must have been replaced by inflows of Serbs from other areas. Such flows did happen and from many different areas. There was also a migration of Albanians from the Malsi but these were slow, long-term processes rather than involving sudden urge of population into a vacuum. Considering that Albanians were

360-907: A year later, he went back to Serbia to be a clerk in the employ of Prince Miloš but on arriving in Zemun , however, he turned about and went to Trieste , Kotor , and then Cetinje . He arrived in Cetinje on 25 September 1827, and the Bishop of Montenegro took him in as a secretary. He also went among the tribes to dispense justice and settle disputes and took upon himself the education of Bishop's nephew Rade ( Petar II Petrović-Njegoš ). In 1829 Bjelice tribe struggled against Ozrinići and Kuće , two neighboring tribes, and his former pupil Petar II Petrović-Njegoš sent Sarajlija and Mojsije to negotiate peace among them. Sarajlija remained in Cetinje for more than three years, until

405-530: A year or two in a Turkish dungeon. After evading the Turks, he went to Chişinău (then part of Imperial Russia ), where he remained, long enough to write The Serbian Maid . It is said that he sent reports to confidants of Miloš Obrenović I, Prince of Serbia concerning Karađorđe 's followers in exile. In 1825 he went to Germany where he enrolled in the University of Leipzig , though he did not tarry there. Instead,

450-673: Is a ktetor portrait of him. A new war broke out , and the Serbian Militia and Mlatišuma were mobilized. The Military Governor notified the people of the organization of the Militia in Serbia to set up outposts along the Habsburg–Ottoman border. The population quickly responded, and, beside the regular army under the two ober-kapetans and fifteen (unter-)kapetans , 13 companies of " hajduks " were collected, who were to be used for protection of

495-653: The Holy Roman Empire led by the Habsburgs . The imperial forces, among whom Prince Eugene of Savoy was rapidly becoming prominent, followed up the victory with others, notably one near Mohács in 1687 and another at Zenta in 1697, and in January 1699, the sultan signed the treaty of Karlowitz by which he admitted the sovereign rights of the house of Habsburg over nearly the whole of Hungary (including Serbs in Vojvodina ). As

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540-619: The Hungarian diet in Pressburg (now Bratislava) changed the constitution, the right of the Habsburgs to succeed to the throne without election was admitted and the emperor's elder son Joseph I was crowned hereditary king of Hungary. Some Serbian historians , citing a document issued by Emperor Leopold I in 1690, claim that the masses were "invited" to come to Hungary. The original text in Latin shows that Serbs were actually advised to rise up against

585-527: The Kingdom of Serbia . The masses of earlier migrations from the Ottoman Empire are considered ethnically Serb, and those of the First Great Migration nationally Serb. The First Great Migration brought about the definitive indicator of Serbianness, Orthodox Christianity and its leader, the patriarch. In 1683, the Ottoman Empire besieged Vienna , but was routed by an allied army that included

630-732: The Serbian Revolution in Habsburg lands (1848–1849). Serbs received privileges from the Emperor, which guaranteed them national and religious singularity, as well as a corpus of rights and freedoms in the Habsburg monarchy . The breakout of the Habsburg-Ottoman War of 1737–1739 triggered the Second Great Migration of the Serbs. In 1737, at the very beginning of the war, Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV Jovanović sided with Habsburgs and supported

675-680: The Central Command in Belgrade the outbreak of an alleged vampire epidemic in Kragujevac that is dated to April 1725, making it the first official report of vampirism in the Military Frontier. In other parts of Habsburg ruled Kingdom of Serbia similar cases followed, in which at least one Mlatišuma was involved, after which the Serbian word vampir entered German and later other world languages. He

720-581: The Great Migrations of the Serbs, at least western and central Kosovo were treated as part of Ottoman Albania, and had a large Albanian population. Thus, the Albanian tribesmen that moved from turbulent mountains of Shkodra to western and central Kosovo after 1670, merely moved to other parts of Ottoman Albania. István Deák from the University of Columbia states that Serbs, who were somewhat better educated than

765-543: The Habsburg forces retreated, they withdrew 37,000 Serb families under Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć . In 1690 and 1691 Emperor Leopold I had conceived through a number of edicts (Privileges) the autonomy of Serbs in his Empire, which would last and develop for more than two centuries until its abolition in 1912. Before the conclusion of the war, however, Leopold had taken measures to strengthen his hold upon this country. In 1687,

810-463: The Kosovo myth, form the basis of Serbian nationalism and have fueled the conflicts". According to Anscombe, the Great Migration reconciles romantic national history with late modern reality, portraying Albanians of Kosovo as descendants of Ottoman-sponsored transplants who settled after the expulsion of the Serb population and supposedly took over the control of the territory, thus replaying of

855-493: The Ottoman Empire are considered ethnically Serb, while those of the First Great Migration nationally Serb. The First Great Migration brought the definitive indicator of Serbianness, Orthodox Christianity and its leader, the patriarch. The narrative about the migration is part of the Serbian identity narratives. It is a national-religious myth with a heroic theme. Frederic Anscombe suggests that it, "together with other narratives of

900-529: The Ottoman period, and it has been suggested that a part of the Albanian population there were present as Illyrians before the Slavs came to Southeastern Europe . It is likely that Albanians in Kosovo before the Ottoman period were, if not the majority, an important minority. At the time of King Lazar in the 14th century, and at the beginning of the Ottoman period in 1455, the region had "an overwhelming Slavic (Serbian) majority", but significant Albanian migration in

945-657: The Ottomans and "not to desert" their ancestral lands. During the Austro-Turkish war of 1683–1699, relations between Muslims and Christians in the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire were extremely radicalized. Following the decisive Ottoman victory in 1690 Kačanik battle in modern-day Kosovo, the local Orthodox Christian population was exposed to brutal reprisals of Tatars and Bosnian Muslims in Ottoman forces which indiscriminately burned villages and randomly killed or enslaved people irrespective of age, class or gender. As

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990-635: The Ottomans. When talks were underway between Radonja Petrović and the Austrian feltmarschal , an uprising broke out in Montenegro. Radonja's rebels and Serbian troops, and an auxiliary force of Mlatišuma, attacked the local Muslims. According to the Serbian plan, they were to take over Novi Pazar , Rožaje , Bijelo Polje and Peć . He founded the Monastery of Drača in Kragujevac , completed on 5 October 1734. There

1035-552: The Patriarch as deputy- voivode (civil leader of the migrants), which over time developed into the etymology of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina (this origin of the name of Vojvodina is related to the fact that patriarch Arsenije III and subsequent religious leaders of Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy had jurisdiction over all Serbs in the Habsburg Monarchy, including Serbs of Vojvodina, and that Serbs of Vojvodina accepted

1080-599: The Serbs#Second migration The Great Migrations of the Serbs ( Serbian : Велике сеобе Срба , romanized :  Velike seobe Srba ), also known as the Great Exoduses of the Serbs , were two migrations of Serbs from various territories under the rule of the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom of Hungary under the Habsburg monarchy . The First Great Migration occurred during the Habsburg-Ottoman War of 1683–1699 under Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević as

1125-416: The border and other services. The army was divided into 18 companies, in four groups. The most notable obercapitains were Vuk Isaković from Crna Bara , Mlatišuma and Kosta Dimitrijević from Paraćin . In Kragujevac, there were two companies of 500 soldiers each. His forces attacked Užice . Mlatišuma's forces liberated Kruševac on 20 July 1737 and carried much cattle. Colonel Lentulus ordered that part of

1170-930: The cattle be returned to the population, the second part was sent to Sekendorf, the third held by the colonel to the need of his army. On 7 January 1739 he led attacks in Morava and Rudnik. He had settled 1,000 Christians in Habsburg territory after the war, during what is known as the " Second Great Migration ". He was imprisoned in 1740, and is believed to have died the same year. He is enumerated in Serbian epic poetry , collected by Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864). Sima Milutinović Sarajlija (1791–1847) wrote about him. The Šumanović brotherhood in Crna Bara claim kindred. Sima Milutinovi%C4%87 Sarajlija Simeon "Sima" Milutinović "Sarajlija" ( Serbian Cyrillic : Симеон "Сима" Милутиновић "Сарајлија" , pronounced [sǎːʋa milutǐːnɔʋit͡ɕ sarǎjlija] ; 3 October 1791 – 30 December 1847)

1215-409: The early sixteenth century resulted by the middle of the century in a sizable Albanian population in parts of western Kosovo. According to Malcolm, a major part of the Albanian demographic growth was the expansion of an indigenous Albanian population within Kosovo itself. Ottoman official documents and reports by Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century show that before the Habsburg invasion of 1689–1690 and

1260-487: The end of the 18th century. The topic of the Great Migrations is a source of disputes between some Serbian and Albanian historians, with each side having its viewpoint, including doubtful Serbian claims of no prior Albanian presence, and doubtful Albanian claims of a larger prior presence. Additionally, Albanians claim descent from the Illyrians , who had inhabited ancient Dardania . Albanians were present in Kosovo before

1305-570: The idea of a separate Serbian voivodeship in this area, which they managed to create in 1848). In 1694, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor appointed Arsenije III Čarnojević as the head of the newly established Orthodox Church in the Monarchy. The patriarchal right of succession was secured by the May Assembly of the Serbian people in Karlovci in 1848, following the proclamation of Serbian Vojvodina during

1350-574: The largest number of refugees were from the Niš region, Morava Valley and Belgrade area. Albanian Catholics and Muslims were also part of the exodus. In 1690, Emperor Leopold I allowed the refugees gathered on the banks of the Sava and Danube in Belgrade to cross the rivers and settle in the Habsburg Monarchy. He recognized Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević as their spiritual leader. The Emperor had recognized

1395-436: The largest ones and were important reason for issuing the privileges that regulated the status of Serbs within Habsburg Monarchy. The Serbs that in these migrations settled in Vojvodina, Slavonia and the parts belonging to the Military Frontier increased (partly) the existing Serb population in these regions and made the Serbs an important political factor in the Habsburg monarchy over time. The masses of earlier migrations from

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1440-404: The migration of Albanians into Kosovo. The larger, eastern part of Kosovo remained overwhelmingly Serb Orthodox, with a Catholic Albanian, and later Muslim Albanian, presence growing from the west by the 16th century. The urban economy began to decline along with the output from the mines, yet Albanian highlander stockbreeders continued to migrate such that Kosovo would attain an Albanian majority by

1485-426: The modern adaptation and popularisation of the migration retrieves inspiration from Vuk Karadžić and Petar II Petrović-Njegoš 's writings, and that prior to this, it had not yet become a component of Serb national identity. According to Maroš Melichárek, the migration has also been depicted with Serbian national symbolism. The famous painting by Paja Jovanović , commissioned in 1896 by Patriarch Georgije Branković

1530-527: The most important and dangerous in the Serbian Military Frontier (Militärgrenze) due to its proximity to the Ottoman border, was put under Mlatišuma's command together with one of the hajduk companies in charge of direct border protection. In addition, he was also the second highest authority of the whole Serbian militia below the supreme commander Major Vuk Isaković. He was responsible for reporting to

1575-446: The new Habsburg border. Malcolm suggests that most of the Serb refugees did not come from Kosovo and that Arsenije never led an exodus from Kosovo as his departure had been extremely hasty. He notes that Toma Raspasani , who had barely escaped the Turks from Western Kosovo during the Austrian retreat, wrote himself later that "Nobody was able to get out". Malcolm contends that Arsenije had been in Montenegro and then fled to Belgrade,

1620-626: The north, following the retreat of Habsburg armies and the Serbian Militia. They settled mainly in Syrmia and neighbouring regions, within the borders of the Habsburg monarchy . Among them were also the Catholic Albanian tribe Klimente , which settled in three villages in Syrmia. Sources provide different data regarding the number of people in the first migration, referring to the group led by Patriarch Arsenije III: Serbs from these migrations settled in

1665-587: The rebellion of Serbs in the region of Raška against Ottomans. During the war, Habsburg armies and the Serbian Militia failed to achieve substantial success, and subsequently were forced to retreat. By 1739, the entire territory of the Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia was lost to the Ottomans. During the war, large portion of the Christian population from the region of Raška and other Serbian lands migrated towards

1710-465: The second occupation of central Serbia ( Sanjak of Smederevo ) after the Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1686–91) . The Serbs established a Hajduk army that supported the Austrians. Upon the peace treaty and establishment of the Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39) , Mlatišuma received the rank of Obercapitain (First Captain) of Kragujevac in payment for his services. The Kragujevac district, one of

1755-472: The southern parts of Hungary (though as far in the north as the town of Szentendre , in which they formed the majority of the population in the 18th century, but to smaller extent also in the town of Komárom ) and Croatia . The large Serb migrations from Balkans to the Pannonian plain started in the 14th century and lasted until the end of the 18th century. The great migrations from 1690 and 1737–1739 were

1800-482: The spring of 1831. He came to Montenegro for another three times. In 1836, he escorted Prince Miloš to Constantinople and went on to travel to Prague , Vienna and Budapest . He remained a while in Budapest and married Marija Popović-Punktatorka (1810–1875), who was also a poet. He died suddenly in Belgrade at the end of 1847. He was buried in the graveyard at St. Mark's Church . Great Migrations of

1845-523: Was a poet , hajduk , translator , historian and adventurer . Literary critic Jovan Skerlić dubbed him the first Serbian romantist . Sima Milutinović was born in Sarajevo , Ottoman Empire in 1791, hence his nickname Sarajlija ( The Sarajevan ). His father Milutin was from the village of Rožanstvo near Užice , which he left running away from the plague and eventually settled in Sarajevo, where he

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1890-580: Was a scribe in Karađorđe 's Governing Council ( Praviteljstvujušći Sovjet ). Sarajlija joined a guerilla group commanded by hajduk Zeka Buljubaša . It was in the heat of battles with Ottoman Turks that his first poems germinated. They were mostly lovesongs, inspired by his first great love - Fatima. After the collapse of the First Serbian Uprising he was a hajduk and teacher in Vidin . He also spent

1935-593: Was compared to the notable painting by Emanuel Leutze , Washington Crossing the Delaware . The depiction and symbolism of the Great Serbian migration is still very strong and up-to-date. Melichárek mentions that other comparisons were made of the Great Migrations, such as to the Great Retreat and a photo of Serbs fleeing from Republika Srpska Krajina . Malcolm believes that the historical evidence does not support

1980-556: Was married. When Sarajlija was a child, the family fled the town seeking because of a plague. They sought refuge at several locations in Bosnia and Slavonski Brod before ending up in Zemun , where Sima commenced primary education which he never completed. He attended a school in Szeged and was later expelled from gymnasium in Sremski Karlovci . During the First Serbian Uprising he

2025-548: Was sent to the Highlands ( Brda ) , to incite rebellion in eight tribes: Vasojevići (led by vojvoda Vuksan Bojović), Bratonožići , Drekalovići (led by Radonja Petrović ), Piperi , Rovce , Bjelopavlići , Pješivci , and Lutovci . Petrović was according to sources the leader of these tribes, who could ready 2,000 men in one day. Mlatišuma arrived in Kuči in 1729. He met with Radonja Petrović with whom he sought to mobilize Brda against

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