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52-448: Karlovci can refer to: Sremski Karlovci , a town and municipality in Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia Novi Karlovci , a village in Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia See also [ edit ] Karlovac (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with

104-785: A "14th crusade". The formation of the League has been recognised as a turning point in Ottoman history. By forcing the surrender of the Empire on multiple occasions, it shifted the balance of power away from the Ottomans, leading to a diminished Ottoman presence in Europe and the subsequent dissolution of the League in 1699. The Ottoman Empire had annexed much of Eastern Europe under the control of grand vizier Mehmed IV through multiple successful conquests. After Poland’s surrender of most of Right Bank Ukraine in 1681

156-656: A conspiracy to secede Hungary to the Ottoman Empire. This culminated in an attempt at communication with the Turkish Grand Vizier , which was only halted by the discovery of the conspiracy and the subsequent execution of the main conspirators, putting pressure on the Habsburgs to push back against the Ottoman presence in their western territory. Fearing further Ottoman advances into Europe, King John III Sobieski of Poland sought to form an alliance with Leopold I . This

208-677: A few years later was instituted as the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR). (Some critics called this ecclesiastical body the Karlovatsky Synod ( Russian : Карловацкий синод ), or ″Karlovatsky group″, also known in English as Synod of Karlovci. ) In 1922, the town became the headquarters of Russian White émigrés under the leadership of General Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel . In 1924 he set up

260-507: A truce, and the two were yet to formally make peace; Russia also currently had control of previously Polish Kiev , making two barriers which had to be overcome before Russia were to join any alliance. Innocent XI had similar intentions, sending an envoy to Moscow in April, and in the following month he gifted money to the Cossacks under the pretense that more would be given if Russia were to join

312-520: Is plural. The town is situated along the Danube River, about 12km from Novi Sad and 75km from Belgrade , in the geographical region of Syrmia . The town of Sremski Karlovci is the only settlement in the municipality. In ancient times, the Romans maintained a small fortress at this location. The town was first mentioned in historical documents in 1308 with the name Karom . The medieval fortress of Karom

364-749: The Russian All-Military Union , designed to include all Russian military émigrés the world over. Many emigres went to western Europe, especially France, and to the United States. A monument to Wrangel, sculpted by Vasiliy Azemsha, was unveiled in September 2007 in Karlovci. Between 1929 and 1941, the town was part of Danube Banovina , a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . During World War II (1941–1944), after Nazi Germany 's invasion of eastern Europe,

416-601: The Serbian Orthodox Church resided here. In the early 21st century, the Serbian Patriarch retains the title of Metropolitan of Karlovci . The town had the earliest Serb (and Slavic in general) gymnasium (Serbian: gimnazija / гимназија , French : lycée ), founded on 3 August 1791. Three years after this, the Orthodox seminary of Sremski Karlovci was founded here. It was the second-oldest Orthodox seminary in

468-677: The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć . Between 16 November 1698 and 26 January 1699, the town of Karlovci was the site of a congress that ended the hostilities between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League , a coalition of various European powers including Habsburg monarchy , Poland, Venice and Russia. The congress produced the Treaty of Karlowitz . It was the first time a round table was used in international politics. After this peace treaty,

520-634: The Shah Suleiman of Persia rejected on the grounds that his troops were needed to defend Persia’s borders from Cossack raids. A similar request was made by the Archbishop of Naxivan at the turn of 1684, which was also rejected. The necessity of Persia to defend her borders from the Cossacks was removed when Russia joined the League, and on 20 July 1686 Innocent XI once more wrote to the Shah to encourage him to join

572-555: The Sultan’s and Habsburg’s demands, and peace was not reached. Following this failure and the throning of a new Sultan , the Ottomans redoubled their military efforts and made no more attempts at diplomatic communication with the League for almost a decade. The territorial gains of the League continued, however, and the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Zenta in September 1697 led to immediate calls for peace. Financial issues plagued

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624-514: The Upper Rhine 1,500 and Sweden 1,000 as a guarantor of the imperial constitution . Despite not being a Christian nation, the League had allied with Persia and sought to invite them to join on multiple occasions, seeking to leverage the primarily Shiite Persians' history of opposition to the Sunni Ottomans. The first invitation was during the initial formation of the League in 1683, which

676-738: The Austrian efforts in the Great Turkish War. Multiple German principalities, which Leopold I did not have full control over, had pledged to aid the Holy League. Brandenburg , which had typically allied with France and resisted imperial control, pledged 7,000 men and 150,000 imperial thalers to the success of the League in 1685 following extensive negotiations between the Pope and Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick William . Similarly, Bavaria pledged 8,000 men, Cologne 2,900, Franconia 3,000, Swabia 1,400,

728-479: The Danube, in order to repopulate the area and re-establish agriculture after the effects of the Ottoman invasion and disease. The Germans, who became known as Danube-Swabians , were allowed to keep their language and Catholic religion. For more than a century, they had fairly autonomous settlements. The first capital of Serbian Vojvodina was in Karlovci; it was later moved to Zemun , Veliki Bečkerek , and Temišvar . At

780-596: The Empire bordered with Poland, the Habsburg Empire and the Tsardom of Russia . They assumed direct control over all of south-eastern Europe, and multiple free states such as Wallachia , Transylvania and Moldavia had become eyalet vassals of the Empire. Crete , Cyprus , and other Mediterranean islands of strategic importance had also been seized from the Venetian Republic . The culmination of Ottoman advances

832-453: The Holy League. In response, Suleiman prepared 30,000 troops to march against the Ottoman Empire, claiming he “would take advantage of so favourable an opportunity.” He did not bring Persia to join the League, however. Following the formation of the League, the European powers made large territorial gains, in what has been called a “14th crusade” by von Hammer-Purgstall. The successes prompted

884-626: The Holy Roman Empire, which enabled them to set up garrison in Hungary. Using an already-established military corridor, Ottoman officials could then pass into Hungary unimpeded, where they demanded tax from the Hungarian wealthy and elite. When the Habsburgs refused to intervene, the Hungarian trust in the Monarchy declined further; the combined effect of declining trust and growing Ottoman presence prompted

936-580: The League in the days that followed its creation, so that Venice would receive all reconquered land in Dalmatia regardless. The name "The Holy League" has been called a propaganda term, which highlights the crusade-like nature of the war that the members waged. Negotiations for the Tsardom of Russia to join an alliance began in early 1684, when nuncio of Poland Girolamo Buonvisi had begun to reconcile relations with Russia. Previous territorial wars had concluded in

988-576: The League. These attempts at diplomacy culminated in the Pope’s personal invitation in August to Tsarine Sophia , calling on Russia to join the Holy League; this was eventually accepted on 26 April 1686 after a peace treaty with Poland was made. Russia joined the League on the stipulation that they were to keep Kiev from the Polish in exchange for 1.5 million florins , with the requirement that they were to begin war with

1040-459: The Ottoman Empire to open diplomatic relations in 1688, where an envoy was sent to the Habsburg court, seeking peace. With their advantageous position, the Habsburgs put forward ambitious peace terms, centred around retaining territorial gains and the handover of Hungary's Emeric Thököly , leader of the nation's secessionist movements. Despite six days of negotiations, the envoy was unable to meet both

1092-618: The Ottomans besieged Vienna . Following the end of the siege and the liberation of the city by Polish forces, Sobieski wrote to Pope Innocent XI giving him his “unextinguished zeal in propagating the Christian faith”. Nevertheless, Innocent was wrought with anxiety, fearing that Vienna could not withstand another attack. He believed that without the help of Venice, there was no chance of repelling further Turkish advances. Venice had already voiced their desire to be part of an anti-Turkish alliance and desired to reclaim their Mediterranean territory from

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1144-531: The Ottomans banned all Roman Catholic worship, converting previous Catholic churches to mosques. Prominent Christian figures at the time such as Pope Innocent XI and Friar Marco d'Aviano saw these advances as a foreign threat to Christianity. Concurrent to the imperialist threat was a growing secessionist movement in Royal Hungary. Under the rule of Leopold I, the Habsburg monarchy had allowed grievances against

1196-468: The Ottomans before the end of 1686. Having revived their long-standing alliance with the Ottoman Empire, France had publicly declared that they would refuse to aid in defending against a Turkish invasion. Prior to the Treaty of Warsaw, King Louis XIV exerted control over the Polish diet through a paid French minority, which sought to stall Sobieski III's attempts at joining in an alliance with Leopold I. This

1248-581: The Ottomans, however, an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire was complicated by tensions between the two states as a result of Venetian ambassadors taking advantage of Innocent XI’s goodwill and their privileges in Rome. Following the desire of Venice to join in an alliance, the Holy League was conceived of by Pope Innocent XI. Modeled after the Treaty of Warsaw, it compelled the members to mobilise their forces against an Ottoman threat exclusively, and to continue their campaigns until all members agreed to make peace. It

1300-407: The Ottomans. It was only through the backing of Pope Innocent XI that the Polish court would eventually sign this Treaty of Warsaw on March 31, 1683. This backing included a papal subsidy of 200,000 imperial thalers to Poland, the mobilisation of 60,000 Holy Roman troops, and the appointment of a Cardinal Protector for Sobieski III. The alliance was called into effect only six months later when

1352-481: The Polish advances significantly, as had financial issues and a lack of support from the Diet. Peace was officially made between the founding three members of the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire on January 26, 1699, through the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz . While Russia would not sign the treaty, and would not agree to a truce for another year, this marked the end of the Ottoman threat to Vienna and Kraków and thus

1404-471: The Protestant Church in Hungary to go unpunished, which included the conversion of Protestant churches and the expulsion of their ministers. This Counter-Reformation movement saw the population of Hungary grow increasingly disillusioned with the Habsburg rule. This was heightened following the Treaty of Vasvár in 1664, when the Habsburgs refused to pursue retreating Ottoman forces beyond the borders of

1456-796: The Serbian local elections held on 24 April 2016, Sremski Karlovci elected a new municipality parliament, ending the rule of the DS in the town. Nenad Milenković, of the Serbian progressive Party, was elected as the new mayor of the municipal parliament. Sremski Karlovci is twinned with: Holy League (1684) Members of the Holy League: In the Holy Land (1095–1291) Later Crusades (1291–1717) Northern (1147–1410) Against Christians (1209–1588) Popular (1096–1320) The Holy League (Latin: Sacra Ligua) of 1684

1508-590: The abolition in 1881 of the Military Frontier, the town was included in Syrmia County of Croatia-Slavonia , the autonomous kingdom within Kingdom of Hungary and Austria-Hungary . An Orthodox Patriarchate of Karlovci operated after 1848 in Karlovci until 1920, after World War I. At that time, the position was joined with the Metropolitanate of Belgrade to form the united Serbian Orthodox Church, in what

1560-470: The alliance. When this failed and the League went ahead, the Habsburgs were making large territorial gains and expanding their influence further into south-east Europe. In response, France attacked the Habsburg Empire in 1688, attempting to aid the Ottomans by creating a second front while expanding their influence in Europe. This Nine Years' War would go on to prolong the Ottoman surrender and cripple

1612-529: The city of Novi Sad . In January 2021 PM Igor Mirović announced a reconstruction of the facades of historically important buildings in Sremski Karlovci. According to the 2011 census, the municipality of Sremski Karlovci has 8,750 inhabitants. Ethnic composition of the municipality of Sremski Karlovci: The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017): Until 1989 Sremski Karlovci formed one of

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1664-470: The end of the Holy League. The Treaty of Karlowitz guaranteed uti possidetis , meaning the powers of the League were able to retain all conquered land. The Habsburg Empire was able to reclaim Hungary from Thököly's Ottoman control, Venice reclaimed Morea and regions in Dalmatia, Poland regained Podolia and Russia regained parts of Novorossiya as well as Azak . The willingness of the Ottomans both in 1688 and 1697 to open diplomatic relations represents

1716-614: The holy undertaking and to knit together the alliance with indissoluble bonds, the allied Powers choose the Pope and his successors, as the common father of Christendom, for the protector, guarantor and representative of the alliance." The League stipulated that all members were to act independently, and that they would retain all land that their conquests allowed them. This proved difficult for Venice, who believed that they had insufficient foot troops and so Leopold I would reclaim previously Venetian land in Dalmatia . This prompted an amendment to

1768-405: The members of the League for the first year of its existence, and almost led to its dissolution at this early stage. Soon after its formation, Sobieski III had demanded increasing sums of money from Rome, with the message that they were necessary to further the war efforts that Poland was preparing. When Innocent XI refused, he was informed that Poland were to leave the League if they did not receive

1820-474: The money they demanded. Within a year, Innocent XI had donated over 1.5 million florins to Poland. This was in spite of their refusal to begin conflict with the Ottoman Empire, a fact which annoyed Innocent XI greatly and was enunciated by Cardinal Cibo in his letter, where he states "had these sums been used elsewhere, they would have been a great help, whereas in Poland nothing was done." These issues further strained

1872-449: The opposite side of Europe nearing the end of 1698, where the issue of the succession of the Spanish crown loomed; death of the childless Charles II of Spain was imminent and the rest of Europe saw a chance to claim part of Spain for their own. The Venetians were holding onto newly gained territory at a great cost, to which the only end was peace. The death of Sobieski III in 1696 had halted

1924-434: The relationship between Poland and Rome until the former put their money to use and began conquest against the Ottoman Empire late in 1686. Under the terms of the League, it was to be terminated at the end of the war with the Ottomans. When peace was brought forward in 1697, the League was quick to accept and put an end to the war for multiple reasons. The members, especially the Holy Roman Empire, needed to relocate troops to

1976-469: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karlovci&oldid=1198551991 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sremski Karlovci In Serbian ,

2028-474: The same time the title of the Orthodox Metropolitan of Karlovci was raised to that of Patriarch. When Serbian Vojvodina was in 1849 organized as the new province named Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar , the town of Karlovci was not included into this province. It was returned to the administration of the Military Frontier (a Petrovaradin regiment that was part of Slavonian Krajina ). With

2080-752: The town is known as Sremski Karlovci (Сремски Карловци), in Croatian as Srijemski Karlovci , in German as Karlowitz or Carlowitz , in Hungarian as Karlóca , in Polish as Karłowice , in Romanian as Carloviț and in Turkish as Karlofça . The former Serbian name used for the town was Karlovci (Карловци), which is also used today, albeit unofficially. The name of the town in Serbian

2132-532: The town was considered part of the Habsburg monarchy and was included in its Military Frontier . According to 1702 data, the population was composed of 215 Orthodox and 13 Catholic houses. By 1753, the population of the town numbered 3,843 people, of which 3,110 were classified as ethnic Serbs . The town was the spiritual, political and cultural center of the Serbs in the Habsburg Monarchy. The Metropolitan of

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2184-580: The town was occupied by forces of the Axis Powers . It was attached to the Independent State of Croatia . During that time its name was changed to Hrvatski Karlovci . After the end of the war, most ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe. The town became part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina , Serbia . Between 1980 and 1989, Sremski Karlovci was one of the seven municipalities of

2236-635: The urban municipalities of the city of Novi Sad . After Novi Sad merged six of its municipalities into one Novi Sad municipality , the municipality of Sremski Karlovci held a referendum to separate from Novi Sad, and established a separate municipality independent from Novi Sad. Although Sremski Karlovci lies in Syrmia region, the municipality belongs in South Bačka District , and not in the Syrmia District , because of its close proximity to Novi Sad. In

2288-730: The world (after the Spiritual Academy in Kyiv ), and it still operates. At the Serb National Assembly in Karlovci in May 1848, Serbs declared the unification of the regions of Srem , Banat , Bačka , and Baranja (including parts of the Military Frontier) into the province of Serbian Vojvodina . In the late 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy had invited numerous settlers from Bavaria and southern Germany into some of these regions along

2340-525: Was a coalition of European nations formed during the Great Turkish War . Born out of the Treaty of Warsaw, it was founded as a means to prevent further expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. This consolidation of a large portion of Europe's military might led to unprecedented military successes, with large areas of previously ceded land recovered in Morea , Dalmatia and Danubia in what has been dubbed

2392-401: Was built on the ruins of the ancient Roman one. Until 1521, Karom was a possession of Hungarian noble families, of whom the most well known were Báthory and Morović . In 1521, Turkish military commander Bali-beg conquered Karom under the Ottoman Empire's invasion of Europe. During the next 170 years, the town was part of the Ottoman Empire . The Slavic name for the town – Karlovci ,

2444-404: Was first recorded in 1532/33. During Ottoman rule, the town was still predominately Serbian in ethnicity, with the smaller part of population composed of Muslims . According to the Ottoman defterler from 1545, the population of Karlovci numbered 547 Christian (Serb) houses. The city also had three Orthodox churches and a monastery. From 1557, it belonged to Eparchy of Belgrade and Srem of

2496-532: Was met by immediate controversy in the Polish Diet , where the pro-Ottoman French party held a significant minority. Further negotiations in the Diet led to violence among the senators, with the French party fearing an alliance would see French influence over Poland diminish. These fears were alleviated only slightly by the agreement that the alliance was only to be called upon if Vienna or Kraków were under threat from

2548-446: Was signed into effect on 5 March 1684 at Linz by representatives of the Holy Roman Empire under the rule of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Venetian Republic; all other Christian nations were invited to join as well. It was then sworn in by the Pope and most of the Cardinals of Rome on May 24, where the Pope became patron of the League. According to the alliance, "In order to impart greater strength to

2600-412: Was supported by agents throughout Poland, who claimed that the Habsburgs sought Polish help with the intent of regaining Austrian land only. A conspiracy to install a French prince as Polish king was uncovered in 1692, which would have prevented the formation of the League entirely. King Louis XIV attempted to exert similar control over Leopold I himself, by sowing doubt in his mind over the necessity of

2652-416: Was the establishment of a military corridor from Constantinople , through Turkish-controlled Moravia and Belgrade , to the once-Habsburg fortress Érsekújvar in Royal Hungary . In the wake of this corridor was an inflow of Ottoman culture , including the construction of new schools, baths and mosques , in what Treasure has called a "Muslim penetration" into Europe. On the Venetian island of Chios ,

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2704-525: Was then the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Between 1921 and 1944 the Patriarchate of Karlovci's Palace was the seat of the administration of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia . In 1918, the town became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (also known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the summer of 1921, the town′s former palace of the Patriarch of Karlovci was used as the residence of Russian metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky) . Together with some refugee bishops from Russia, he organised what

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