59-464: Saint Austell ( / ˈ ɒ s t əl / , / ˈ ɔː -/ ; Standard Written Form : Sans Austel ) is a town in Cornwall , England, United Kingdom, 10 miles (16 km) south of Bodmin and 30 miles (48 km) west of the border with Devon . At the 2021 census it had a population of 20,900. St Austell was a village centred around the parish church, until the arrival of significant tin mining in
118-520: A variant graph by RLC when i is diphthongised to [əɪ] in stressed open syllables. ^3 Used in hiatus. ^4 A few monosyllables may keep the more conservative pronunciation [ʊɪ] in RLC, e.g. Cornish : moy [mʊɪ] "more", Cornish : oy [ʊɪ] "egg". ^5 Given as [yʊ] in the original Specification but as [ʏʊ] in the updated online dictionary. ^6 The variant graph ew may be used instead of yw to represent
177-543: A , l , o , r and u South West of England Regional Development Agency The South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) was one of the nine Regional Development Agencies set up by the United Kingdom government in 1999. Its purpose was to lead the development of a sustainable economy in South West England , investing to unlock the region's business potential. It was abolished along with all
236-429: A church was dedicated on 9 October 1262 by Bishop Bronescombe , and other records show a church there in 1169, dedicated to "Sanctus Austolus". The current church dates from the 13th–14th centuries, and was extended in 1498–99. The join between the two sections is still visible. In the time of Henry VIII , St Austell is described as a poor village. In John Leland 's Itinerary he says, in around 1542, " At S. Austelles
295-525: A community based station which broadcast from the town on 105.6 FM. The town is served by the local newspaper, St Austell Voice. St Austell railway station was opened by the Cornwall Railway on 4 May 1859 on the hillside above the town centre. Two branch lines west of the town were later opened to serve the china clay industry; the Newquay and Cornwall Junction Railway which is still partly open, and
354-697: A double consonant or a consonant cluster, e.g. Cornish : ass RMC [as] , RLC [æs] "how"; Cornish : hons RMC [hɔns] , RLC [hɔnz] "yonder". Exceptions are that long vowels precede st , e.g. Cornish : lost RMC & RLC [lɔːst] "tail", and also sk and sp in RMC, e.g. Cornish : Pask [paːsk] "Easter". Stressed vowels in polysyllables are short except in the case of conservative RMC speakers, who may pronounce vowels long before single consonants and st (and, for some, sk and sp ), e.g. Cornish : gwagen RMC [gwa(ː)gɛn] , RLC [gwægɐn] "a blank". ^1 May be reduced to [ɐ] when unstressed, which
413-682: A property trade show on the French Riviera, £61,000 on its annual staff conference in Wiltshire, plus £28,279 on another staff meeting in Torquay. Further criticism, mostly from Cornwall, said that RDAs were unelected, unrepresentative and unaccountable quangos ; that the area covered by the SWRDA was an artificially-imposed large region and not natural; and called for a Cornish Development Agency to be set up. The South West Science and Industry Council advised
472-447: A single different sound in RLC, the SWF uses what it terms umbrella graphs . Where an umbrella graph is considered unworkable, variant graphs may be used to spell a word. The SWF does not stipulate that either only RMC or RLC variant graphs must be used, for instance, a typical TC speaker will choose the letters that best reflect their own pronunciation. A third set of alternative letters
531-570: A taxi rank and buffet with the adjoining railway station which is operated by Great Western Railway , a sister company to the main local bus operator. Local services are provided by Go Cornwall and Kernow . Long-distance coach services are part of the National Express Coaches network. The Great Western Railway started to operate what they called ' road motors ' from outside their railway station on 3 August 1908. These first services ran to St Columb Road via St Dennis . A bus garage
590-427: A whole leans toward a Middle Cornish base, since in many cases the correct RLC or TC pronunciation can be deduced from an RMC form, but not vice versa". Unstressed vowels are always short. Stressed vowels in monosyllables are long when followed by a single consonant or by nothing, e.g. Cornish : gwag RMC [gwaːg] , RLC [gwæːg] "empty", Cornish : lo RMC [lɔː] , RLC [loː] "spoon", and short when followed by
649-590: Is a local radio station which broadcasts from studios at Tregorrick Park. It launched in January 2008 to cover the area from Trewoon in the west to Tywardreath in the east. Notable Cornish architect Silvanus Trevail designed a number of St Austell's buildings and houses, including the Thin End and the Moorland Road terrace . Other notable architects from St Austell include John Goode, who contributed considerably during
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#1732844809720708-477: Is based at John Keay House, which is also home to the college group's headquarters. There are a number of primary schools within the town. St Austell has its own hospital, St Austell Community Hospital , formerly called Penrice Hospital. The church was originally dedicated to St Austol , a Breton saint associated with St Meven, but is now dedicated to the Holy Trinity . By 1150 it had been appropriated to
767-427: Is given as [ə] in the original Specification but as [ɐ] in the updated online dictionary. ^2 Unrounded to [ɛ] when unstressed. ^3 Given as [œ] in the original Specification but as [øː] in the updated online dictionary. ^4 Often realised as [əɪ] in RLC in stressed open syllables, in which case it is written with the variant graph ei . ^5 Can either represent [ɔ] ,
826-518: Is increasingly important to St Austell's economy. Tourists are drawn to the area by nearby beaches and tourist attractions such as the Eden Project , sited in a former clay pit , and the Lost Gardens of Heligan . The China Clay Country Park , in a former china-clay pit two miles (3 km) north of the town, tells the story of the men, women and children who lived, worked and played in the shadow of
885-466: Is not shown in writing. As an example, Cornish : Penn Sans has been transliterated into English as Penzance reflecting pronunciation. At times, the various varieties of revived Cornish differ in their pronunciation of sounds. A number of strategies are employed in the Standard Written Form to deal with these differences and make the system usable for all. When a RMC sound is consistently
944-452: Is nothing notable but the paroch chirch ". Neither travel writer, John Norden (c. 1547 – 1625) or Richard Carew (1555–1620) in his Survey of Cornwall mentioned St Austell as a place of any consequence. Oliver Cromwell granted a charter to hold a market on Friday, as a reward to a local gentleman who fought for him at the battle of Boconnoc . The village started to grow in the 18th century. The nearby Polgooth mine became known as
1003-508: Is reflected in spelling, e.g. TC Cornish : menedh [ˈmɛnɐθ] , RLC Cornish : mena [ˈmɛnɐ] "mountain". ^4 [v] often occurs morpheme-initially before vowels. The mutation of [f] to [v] found in some varieties of Cornish is not shown in writing. ^5 A few words spelt with mm and nn lack pre-occlusion in RLC. These include words thought to have entered the language after pre-occlusion occurred, e.g. Cornish : gramm "gramme", and words that fell out of use by
1062-453: Is run by a small group of non-affiliated volunteers . The St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town is a plan for several new settlements around St Austell on old Imerys sites. It was given outline government approval in July 2009. The Cornwall Council strategic planning committee voted in July 2011 to approve a £250 million beach resort scheme at Carlyon Bay , St Austell. The development
1121-538: Is the traditional graphs . As the name implies, these spellings are closer to those traditionally employed by Cornish writers, and so are preferred by some Cornish speakers today. Although traditional graphs are considered correct and may be used freely by individuals, they are unlike variant graphs in that they do not have equal standing with standard graphs and "will not appear in elementary language textbooks or in official documents produced by public bodies". ^1 When unstressed and word final ^2 Before
1180-719: The A391 from Bodmin , or by the A3058 from Newquay . In addition there are the B3273 to Mevagissey, the B3274 to Padstow and the A3082 to Fowey. St Austell bus station is the main bus and coach terminus for the town. The bus station is located in the forecourt of the railway station , formerly a railway goods yard. The bus station was redeveloped again in 2008, the new facility being opened on 3 November. It now comprises seven stands and shares facilities such as
1239-509: The Cornish language is an orthography standard that is designed to "provide public bodies and the educational system with a universally acceptable, inclusive, and neutral orthography". It was the outcome of a process initiated by the creation of the public body Cornish Language Partnership , which identified a need to agree on a single standard orthography in order to end previous orthographical disagreements, secure government funding, and increase
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#17328448097201298-738: The Diocese of Truro was established. A new rural deanery of St Austell was established in 1875. The style of worship of the parish church is in the Evangelical tradition of the Church of England . The two chapels-of-ease are All Saints, Pentewan , and St Levan's, Higher Porthpean . In the 19th century the following parishes were created out of St Austell parish: St Blazey (1845); Charlestown (1846), Treverbyn (1847) and Par (1846 out of St Blazey and Tywardreath). Standard Written Form The Standard Written Form or SWF ( Cornish : Furv Skrifys Savonek ) of
1357-576: The Priory of Tywardreath by the Cardinhams : this continued until 1535. There was originally a Norman church here, of which some remains may be seen. The present church is of the 15th century and is large because the mediaeval parish was also a large one: the tower is impressive. All four outside walls bear sculptural groups in carved niches: the Twelve Apostles in three groups on the north, east and south;
1416-436: The depression in the local metal mining industry, and increased the population of the town considerably. This meant that more shops and businesses took root, providing more jobs and improving trade. This, along with other factors, led to St Austell becoming one of the ten most important commercial centres of Cornwall. The town was a noted centre of Methodism . By 1839 The West Briton recorded 37 non-conformist chapels in
1475-503: The unitary authority created as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England . The six former Districts and the former Cornwall County Council were abolished and replaced by Cornwall Council on 1 April 2009. Also on 1 April 2009, four new parishes were created for the St Austell area. They are: Before this date the area had been an unparished area . St Austell is
1534-532: The 18th century turned it into a town. St Austell is named after the 6th-century Cornish saint, St Austol , a disciple of St Mewan. In a Vatican manuscript there is a 10th-century list of Cornish parish saints. This includes Austoll, which means that the church and village existed at that time, shortly after 900. St Austell is not mentioned in Domesday Book (1086). However, A. L. Rowse , in his book St. Austell: Church, Town, and Parish , cites records which show
1593-461: The 1970s to residential developments in the area. Pevsner remarks in his guide to Cornwall that the following buildings are notable: Local TV coverage is provided by BBC South West and ITV West Country . Television signals are received from the Caradon Hill and local relay TV transmitters. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cornwall on 95.2 FM, Heart West on 105.1 FM, and CHAOS Radio ,
1652-575: The Holy Trinity above the Annunciation and below that the Risen Christ between two saints on the west. The tower can be dated to between 1478 and 1487 by the arms of Bishop Courtenay, and the walls are faced in Pentewan stone . The tower and other parts of the church have an interior lining of granite On the south side of the church, a formerly separate chantry has been incorporated into the church when it
1711-536: The North of England and Scotland. The town's bus station faces the entrance to the railway station to offer an easy interchange between buses and trains. National Express coach services call here, a dedicated link operates to the Eden Project , and local buses operate to villages such as Fowey and Mevagissey . The town can be accessed by the A390 which by-passes the town to the south on its way from Liskeard to Truro , or by
1770-630: The RDA's statutory objectives would be met and the region developed. These strategies were owned by the whole region, not just the RDA. They provided the context for other economic development and regeneration activity in the region and provided government departments with a framework that set out the direction that policies in the South West should support. The SWRDA's plans were aligned with three strategic objectives: The SWRDA invested in and supported over 5,800 economic development projects, large and small, across
1829-550: The RDPE grant initiative through extensive partnership working, and the formation of a dedicated network of contracted county based project facilitators and business advisors. The SWRDA had an annual budget of around £160 million and spent almost £2 million opening offices as far away as Australia and China, and had offices or representatives in five international cities. SWRDA admitted in 2008 that it had spent £1,871,829 on international offices and staff since 2005 - these include Boston in
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1888-544: The RLC period, e.g. Cornish : gonn "I know". ^6 The distribution of [s] and [z] differs in each variety of Cornish. Some rules are common to almost all speakers, e.g. final s and medial s between vowels or a sonorant and a vowel are usually [z] , whereas other rules are specific to certain varieties, e.g. RMC speakers usually realise initial s as [s] whereas RLC tend to prefer [z] (except in such clusters as sk , sl , sn , sp and st ). The mutation of [s] to [z] found in some varieties of Cornish
1947-801: The US, Tokyo in Japan, Shenzhen in China, Melbourne in Australia and Mumbai in India. In the 2007–8 financial year, SWRDA also started an operation in Mumbai, which contributed to a total spend of £555,880.43. In March 2008 former Bristol Lord Mayor Peter Abraham criticised the SWRDA for these actions, saying that it should be more publicly accountable. The SWRDA was also criticised in December 2007 for spending more than £60,000 of taxpayers' money at
2006-628: The United States. The agreement meant that Cornish became officially accepted and funded, with support from the UK government and the European Union . In June 2009, the Gorsedh Kernow voted overwhelmingly to adopt the Standard Written Form. In 2013, the SWF was reviewed in a process intended to identify problems and issues with the orthography. A small number of changes were made to the SWF, which made
2065-427: The churchyard which was found buried in the ground on the manor of Treverbyn in 1879. This cross was erected in the churchyard on a new base in 1879. Another cross is in the grounds of a house originally known as Moor Cottage. This house was built in 1819; the cross was brought from Hewas in the parish of Ladock . The parish of St Austell was part of the archdeaconry of Cornwall and Diocese of Exeter until 1876 when
2124-612: The clay tips around St Austell. St Austell is home to several public houses , numerous high street retailers, and several independent shops, many of which cater for tourists. The town has a small museum which is situated in St Austell Market House . A Brewery Museum and Visitor Centre is situated on the site of the St Austell Brewery in Trevarthian Road. The town has two weekly newspapers: Radio St Austell Bay
2183-597: The first time: the cinema is technically advanced and the first purpose-built cinema in Cornwall for over 60 years. The Torchlight Carnival was revived in November 2009 as a direct result of public demand through a survey conducted with local residents. The Torchlight Procession has become an important event in the town's calendar, heralding in the Winter celebrations and drawing thousands of people from across Cornwall and Devon. The event
2242-433: The grammar school, and Penrice Academy ; together with Brannel School which is situated in the nearby village of St Stephen-in-Brannel . Several of these are joining an academy trust called CELT (Cornwall Education and Learning Trust). Cornwall College St Austell is a Further & Higher Education institution incorporating the former St Austell Sixth Form Centre and Mid Cornwall College of Further Education. The college
2301-497: The greatest tin mine in the world. Around 1760 the Land's End to Plymouth road went through the town. Along with William Cookworthy 's discovery of china clay at Tregonning Hill in west Cornwall, and the same mineral, found in greater quantity in Hensbarrow downs north of St Austell, the town became more prominent. China clay mining soon took over from tin and copper mining as
2360-465: The head Guard must ride on the leading vehicle, unless it be a bonnet end one, in which case he must ride in the first low sided vehicle from it, to keep a good look out, and be prepared to give a signal to the Driver either by Day or Night, as may be required". Train services today operate west to Truro and Penzance , and east to Plymouth and London . There are also CrossCountry services on most days to
2419-513: The main centre of the china clay industry in Cornwall and employs around 2,200 people as of 2006, with sales of £195 million. The St Austell Brewery , which celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2001, supplies cask ale to pubs in Cornwall and other parts of the country. Its flagship beer is St Austell Tribute ; a number of other ales are brewed but are less commonly sold outside Cornwall. St Austell Brewery's first public house, The Seven Stars Inn, purchased in 1863, still stands on East Hill in
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2478-653: The original Specification but as [ʏ] in the updated online dictionary. Reduced to [ɪ] when unstressed. ^10 Changed to [ɪʊ] when stressed and word-final or before gh . In a small number of words, u can represent [ʊ] when short or [uː] or [ɪʊ] when long in TC and RLC. The 2013 Review recommends these be spelt optionally as ù and û respectively in "dictionaries and teaching materials". ^11 Can be pronounced [ɛ, eː] and therefore spelt e in TC and RLC. ^1 Loanword spelt with aw are often pronounced [ɒ(ː)] in TC and RLC . ^2 Used as
2537-582: The orthography easier for learners and went some way to reducing the spelling difference between dialects. In 2021, a third edition of the SWF was published by the Akademi Kernewek , incorporating the decisions of the 2014 review and work over the subsequent decade. The Standard Written Form recognises Revived Middle Cornish ( RMC ), Tudor Cornish ( TC ), and Revived Late Cornish ( RLC ) as variants of equal standing on which it bases its system. The original 2008 Specification states that "[t]he orthography as
2596-502: The other RDAs on 31 March 2012, with some of its functions being replaced by local enterprise partnerships . The SWRDA covered the following areas: The head office was in Exeter with other offices in Bristol, Plymouth and Truro. Each of England's RDAs was required to work with partners in the region to draw together a Regional Economic Strategy. This document set out for the whole region how
2655-446: The principal industry in the area, and this eventually contributed enormously to the growth of the town. The china clay industry really only came into its own during the mid-19th to early 20th centuries, at a time when the falling prices of tin and other metals forced many mines to close down or convert to clay mining. The success and high profitability of the industry attracted many families whose breadwinner had been put out of work by
2714-401: The pronunciation [ɛʊ] . ^1 Used solely in words whose status as borrowings is in no doubt. ^2 In certain borrowed words, such as Cornish : fondacyon RMC [fɔnˈdasjɔn] , RLC [fənˈdæʃjɐn] "foundation". ^3 TC speakers realise dh as [θ] and v as [f] word-finally in an unstressed syllable. RLC speakers may not even realise these sounds at all, although this
2773-649: The region during its lifetime. Significant examples include: Figures published in 2010 showed that the SWRDA’s work had: In 2010/11 the SWRDA invested £239 million (its largest spend in a single year) in initiatives across South West England from its own funds and from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE), in all benefiting over 500 live projects. SWRDA managed delivery of
2832-474: The return of Peacocks to St Austell following the demolition of its old store to make way for the new development. Bonmarché, Peacocks and Wilko have since closed. It was announced in October 2008 that the developer David McLean Developments had gone into administration and concern was expressed that this could jeopardise the completion of the project. The new White River Cinema opened its doors in December 2008 for
2891-629: The short version of long o [ɔː/oː] , or [ɤ] , the short counterpart to oo [oː/uː] . When representing [ɤ] , the 2013 Review suggests o could be written as ò for clarity in "dictionaries and teaching materials". ^6 Used as a variant graph by RLC speakers in a few words where RMC and TC speakers use long a , [aː] and [æː] respectively. After the 2013 Review, used solely in Cornish : boas "be", Cornish : broas "big", Cornish : doas "come", Cornish : moas "go", and their derivatives. ^7 Used in word only when both Kernewek Kemmyn (KK) writes oe and RLC realises
2950-515: The short-lived Trenance Valley line . The independent narrow gauge Pentewan Railway ran from West Hill to the coast at Pentewan . The Cornish Main Line in St Austell is quite renowned for its viaducts in the Gover Valley and Trenance areas of the town. The original timber structure was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel , it was 115 feet (35 m) high, 720 feet (220 m) long on 10 piers; it
3009-451: The sound [uː] . Therefore, oo does not always correspond to KK, e.g. SWF Cornish : loor , KK Cornish : loer "moon" both [loːr] , but SWF Cornish : hwor [ʍɔːr] , KK Cornish : hwoer [hwoːr] "sister". This is because evidence suggests the second group of words with o underwent a different phonological development to the first group with oe . ^8 Pronounced solely as [uː] in RLC. ^9 Given as [y] in
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#17328448097203068-545: The town but has closed as a public house; the building is let by the Brewery at 'minimal rent' to a charity providing an educational facility for young people. Tregonissey House, the site of the company's first steam brewery, built in 1870, can also be seen in Market Hill. A brewery museum and visitor centre is open to the public on the present brewery site in Trevarthian Road. As in much of Cornwall and neighbouring counties, tourism
3127-723: The town centre site to complete the preparation, with the Filmcentre which was originally an Odeon cinema dating back to 1936, being demolished in late September/early October. In October 2007, the South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) announced the new development would be named White River Place . It was also announced that 50% of shop units had been leased to High Street stores, with New Look , Peacocks , Bonmarché and Wilko opening new stores. This would mean New Look relocating from its current premises in Fore Street and
3186-429: The town. Work began in 1963 on a brutalist-style pedestrian precinct which included shops, offices, and flats. The design was by Alister MacDonald & Partners and the materials reinforced concrete with some stone facing. In the 2000s this area of the town had become very outdated, and underwent a £75 million redevelopment process. In August 2007, developers David McLean and demolition team Gilpin moved onto
3245-498: The use of Cornish in Cornwall . The new form was agreed in May 2008 after two years of negotiations, and was influenced by all the previous orthographies. The negotiating teams comprised members of all the main Cornish language groups, Kesva an Taves Kernewek , Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek , Agan Tavas , and Cussel an Tavas Kernuak , and received input from experts and academics from Europe and
3304-459: Was extended. (The chantry itself was abolished in 1543.) There are holy wells at Menacuddle and Towan. A new organ was placed on the north side of the chancel in 1880 and the first recital was held on 22 April. The organ was built by Messrs Bryceson Brothers and Ellis and cost circa £600. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity , is Grade I listed, and seats 300. There is a Cornish cross in
3363-516: Was initially proposed in 2003. The arms of St Austell are Argent a saltire raguly Gules. St Austell is in the parliamentary constituency of St Austell and Newquay which was created in 2010 by the Boundary Commission for England (increasing the number of seats in Cornwall from five to six). Before 2010 it was in the Truro and St Austell seat. The main local authority is Cornwall Council ,
3422-686: Was later provided nearby in Eliot Road, next to the railway's new goods yard. The network was progressively extended over the next twenty years, after which time the services were transferred to the Western National Omnibus Company, formed in 1929 to free the railway company from its bus services and avoid complaints about its transport monopoly. Western National has now become part of the FirstGroup and operates as Kernow . St Austell has three comprehensive schools, Poltair School , formerly
3481-517: Was replaced by a stone viaduct in 1899. There was a siding located west of the viaduct. In the early years trains from St Austell had to push wagons over the tall, curving viaduct to shunt this siding. The Great Western Railway 's instructions stated that: "Trucks may be pushed from St Austell to the Siding, but when this is done the speed of the Train between the two places must not exceed 8 miles an hour, and
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