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122-645: Southern Leyte ( Cebuano : Habagatang Leyte ; Kabalian : Habagatan nga Leyte ; Waray : Salatan nga Leyte ; Tagalog : Timog Leyte ), officially the Province of Southern Leyte , is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region . Its capital and largest city is Maasin . Southern Leyte comprised the third congressional district Leyte until it was made into an independent province in 1959. Southern Leyte includes Limasawa , an island to

244-451: A double legislative districts and further subdivided into 500 barangays . The province originally comprised 16 municipalities and 349 barangays , with four islands: Panaon Island , Limasawa Island , San Pedro Island and San Pablo Island. After the inauguration of the province, three more municipalities were subsequently created: San Ricardo from Pintuyan, Tomas Oppus from Malitbog and Limasawa from Padre Burgos. In 2000, Maasin

366-631: A Cebuano-English dictionary in 1955, and an English-Cebuano dictionary in 1983. During the Spanish Colonial Period , the Spaniards broadly referred to the speakers of Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Waray, Kinaray-a , and Aklanon as Visaya and made no distinctions among these languages. As of the 2020 (but released in 2023) statistics released by the Philippine Statistics Authority , the current number of households that speak Cebuano

488-509: A Spanish priest, compiled a grammar book on the language, but his work was published sometime only by the early 19th century CE. The priest recorded the letters of the Latin alphabet used for the language, and in a separate report, his name was listed as the recorder of the non-Latin characters used by the natives. Cebuano written literature is generally agreed to have started with Vicente Yap Sotto , who wrote " Maming" in 1901, but earlier he wrote

610-465: A dark complexion and curly hair, and they are short in stature. Hunting and gathering, mat weaving and rattan craft are among the main economic activities of the Mamanwas , so they prefer to inhabit the forested areas in the newfound Southern Leyte mountains. However, they were again displaced by the recent landslides in the province. The native language is a Boholano dialect variant of Cebuano . Waray

732-453: A highly superior army using the guerrilla strategy in combination with a scorched earth policy and people's war (see also attrition warfare against Napoleon ). In correct Spanish usage, a person who is a member of a guerrilla unit is a guerrillero ( [geriˈʎeɾo] ) if male, or a guerrillera ( [geriˈʎeɾa] ) if female. Arthur Wellesley adopted the term "guerrilla" into English from Spanish usage in 1809, to refer to

854-459: A magnitude of 6.9 and on July 5, 1984, with a 6.4 scale . The Mines and Geosciences Bureau warned that Southern Leyte's natural and geological features make it susceptible to landslides and floodings. The affiliated group stated that there are four contributory reasons: unusually heavy rains; numerous faults and badly broken rocks; steep slopes; and absence of effective vegetative cover. The province has numerous types of soil . Soil types within

976-485: A minor earthquake destroyed at least one town and many commercial and residential infrastructures, leaving hundreds dead. The municipality of Saint Bernard was one of the worst hit areas with 23 confirmed deaths, up to 200 estimated deaths and another 1,500 missing. Barangay Guinsaugon, a mountain village on the said municipality with 2,500 people, was almost completely destroyed, killing 1,800 of its 1,857 residents. Many rescuers from national and international responded to

1098-599: A more patriotic piece of literature that was published a year later after Maming because of American censorship during the US occupation of the Philippines . However, there existed a piece that was more of a conduct book rather than a fully defined story itself, written in 1852 by Fray Antonio Ubeda de la Santísima Trinidad. Below is the vowel system of Cebuano with their corresponding letter representation in angular brackets: Sometimes, ⟨a⟩ may also be pronounced as

1220-508: A new province of Southern Leyte comprising Third Congressional District of Leyte to include sixteen municipalities, from Maasin to Silago in the mainland, and in the Panaon Island . The bill became Republic Act 2227 otherwise known as an "Act Creating the Province of Southern Leyte" and was signed into Law by President Carlos P. Garcia on May 22, 1959. On July 1, 1960, Southern Leyte

1342-608: A rate of 17 percent. Cebuano language Cebuano ( / s ɛ ˈ b w ɑː n oʊ / se- BWAH -noh ) is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines . It is natively, though informally, called by its generic term Bisayâ ( [bisəˈjaʔ] ) or Binisayâ ( [bɪniːsəˈjaʔ] ) (both terms are translated into English as Visayan , though this should not be confused with other Bisayan languages ) and sometimes referred to in English sources as Cebuan ( / s ɛ ˈ b uː ən / seb- OO -ən ). It

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1464-526: A rate of 2.73 from the negative growth rate recorded in 1995 period with 317,565. The sudden decrease of the 1995 records was due to the late census in the province. While regular censuses were done in May where most of the students were at their respective places of residence, in 1995 the census of the population was done in September where the students were out for schooling in nearby provinces. The decrease in population

1586-731: A speaker's aforementioned statements. For instance, a Davaoeño might say "Tuá man atà sa baláy si Manuel" instead of "Tuá man tingáli sa baláy si Manuel" . The word atà does exist in Cebuano, though it means 'squid ink' in contrast to Tagalog (e.g. atà sa nukos ). Other examples include: Nibabâ ko sa jeep sa kanto , tapos niulî ko sa among baláy ("I got off the jeepney at the street corner, and then I went home") instead of Ninaog ko sa jeep sa eskina , dayon niulî ko sa among baláy . The words babâ and naog mean "to disembark" or "to go down", kanto and eskina mean "street corner", while tapos and dayon mean "then"; in these cases,

1708-623: A spirit of brotherhood. And below is the official translation of the Lord's Prayer . Amahán namò nga anaa sa mga langit, pagdaygon ang imong ngalan, umabót kanamò ang imong gingharian, matuman ang imong pagbuót, dinhí sa yutà maingón sa langit. Ang kalan-on namò sa matag adlaw, ihatag kanamò karóng adlawa. Ug pasayloa kamí sa among mga salâ, ingón nga nagapasaylo kamí sa mga nakasalâ kanamò. Ug dilì mo kamí itugyan sa panuláy, hinunua luwasá kamí sa daután. Amen. Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it

1830-511: A target and then disappeared into civilian crowds frustrated the British enemy. The best example of this occurred on Bloody Sunday (21 November 1920), when Collins's assassination unit, known as "The Squad" , wiped out a group of British intelligence agents ("the Cairo Gang ") early in the morning (14 were killed, six were wounded) – some regular officers were also killed in the purge. That afternoon,

1952-429: A very wide floodplain . As such, the river usually became hazardous during typhoons after heavy rains. The river has overflowed, spilling its waters on the low-lying towns of Liloan and San Vicente and destroyed an ongoing flood control project worth millions of pesos. The river meanders along its course, ever changing its way over time. During the time it floods, it destroys every side of its course. In 2001, portions of

2074-409: Is approximately 1.72 million and around 6.5% of the country's population speak it inside their home. However, in a journal published in 2020, the number of speakers is estimated to be 15.9 million which in turn based it on a 2019 study. Cebuano is spoken in the provinces of Cebu , Bohol , Siquijor , Negros Oriental , northeastern Negros Occidental (as well as the municipality of Hinoba-an and

2196-620: Is a pushback on these objections. Some language enthusiasts insist on referring to the language as Cebuano because, as they claim, using the terms Bisayâ and Binisayâ to refer to ethnicity and language, respectively, is exclusivist and disenfranchises the speakers of the Hiligaynon language and the Waray language who also refer to their languages as Binisayâ to distinguish them from Cebuano Bisayâ . Existing linguistic studies on Visayan languages, most notably that of R. David Paul Zorc, has described

2318-576: Is also a type of irregular warfare : that is, it aims not simply to defeat an invading enemy, but to win popular support and political influence, to the enemy's cost. Accordingly, guerrilla strategy aims to magnify the impact of a small, mobile force on a larger, more cumbersome one. If successful, guerrillas weaken their enemy by attrition , eventually forcing them to withdraw. Tactically, guerrillas usually avoid confrontation with large units and formations of enemy troops but seek and attack small groups of enemy personnel and resources to gradually deplete

2440-429: Is also often replaced with d͡ʒ ⟨j/dy⟩ when it is in the beginning of a syllable (e.g. kalayo , "fire", becomes kalajo ). It can also happen even if the ⟨y⟩ is at the final position of the syllable and the word, but only if it is moved to the initial position by the addition of the affix -a . For example, baboy ("pig") can not become baboj , but baboya can become baboja. All of

2562-619: Is also present in the alphabet since it is part of the phonology of most Philippine languages representing the sound of the velar nasal /ŋ/ (e.g. ngipon , "teeth" and ngano , "why"). Cebuano shares many cognates with other Austronesian languages and its descendants. Early trade contact resulted in the adoption of loanwords from Malay (despite belonging in the same language family) like " sulát" ("to write") , "pilak" ("silver"), and " balísa" ("anxious"); it also adopted words from Sanskrit like " bahandì" ("wealth, goods, riches") from "भाण्ड, bhānda" ("goods"), and bása ("to read")

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2684-474: Is believed to be influenced by Datu Et e, ruler of the historic community of Mairete, meaning Land of Ete , which was centered in Tacloban. The area which is to be Southern Leyte is believed to have been occupied by animist Visayan ethnic groups from Bohol. There is no proof that the indigenous animist Warays of Samar, who at the time occupied northeast Leyte, ever occupied Southern Leyte. As early as 1898 during

2806-837: Is characterized by relatively flat lands along the coastal areas where population centers lie, but rugged mountains towards the interior. The province has inland water features. Based on national data, the province has altogether 93 rivers, including 18 major ones, namely the Amparo River in Macrohon , the Canturing River in Maasin , the Das-ay and Pondol Rivers in Hinunangan , the Divisoria River in Bontoc ,

2928-400: Is distinctive in retaining /l/ sounds and longer word forms as well. It is the primary dialectal language of the entire province of Negros Oriental and northeastern parts of Negros Occidental (while the majority of the latter province and its bordered areas speaks Hiligaynon/Ilonggo), as well as some parts of Siquijor . Examples of Negrense Cebuano's distinction from other Cebuano dialects

3050-406: Is entirely planted with rice , Liloan , Malitbog , Saint Bernard , and Macrohon , are in the 4th level. The remaining municipalities— Anahawan , Hinundayan , Libagon , Padre Burgos , Pintuyan , San Francisco , San Juan (formerly Cabalian), San Ricardo , Silago , Tomas Oppus and Limasawa , a component island to the south—are under 5th level. The population of Southern Leyte in

3172-580: Is from Spanish, being more culturally influenced by Spanish priests from the late 16th century and invigorated by the opening of the Suez canal in the 1860s that encouraged European migrations to Asia, most notably its numeral system. English words are also used extensively in the language and mostly among the educated ones, even sometimes using the English word rather than the direct Cebuano. For example, instead of saying "magpalít" (" to buy ", in future tense), speakers would often say "mag- buy " . Currently,

3294-407: Is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. Amen. Source: There is no standardized orthography for Cebuano, but spelling in print usually follow the pronunciation of Standard Cebuano, regardless of how it is actually spoken by the speaker. For example, baláy ("house")

3416-528: Is often regarded as the inventor of guerrilla warfare due to his use of irregular warfare in the Chu-Han contention to attack Chu convoys and supplies. In the medieval Roman Empire , guerrilla warfare was frequently practiced between the eighth through tenth centuries along the eastern frontier with the Umayyad and then Abbasid caliphates. Tactics involved a heavy emphasis on reconnaissance and intelligence, shadowing

3538-425: Is particularly associated with revolutionary movements and popular resistance against invading or occupying armies. Guerrilla tactics focus on avoiding head-on confrontations with enemy armies, typically due to inferior arms or forces, and instead engage in limited skirmishes with the goal of exhausting adversaries and forcing them to withdraw (see also attrition warfare ). Organized guerrilla groups often depend on

3660-439: Is phonemic, which means that words with different accent placements, such as dapít (near) and dápit (place), are considered separate. The stress is predictably on the penult when the second-to-last syllable is closed (CVC or VC). On the other hand, when the syllable is open (CV or V), the stress can be on either the penultimate or the final syllable (although there are certain grammatical conditions or categories under which

3782-549: Is pronounced /baˈl̪aɪ/ in Standard Cebuano and is thus spelled "baláy", even in Urban Cebuano where it is actually pronounced /ˈbaɪ/ . Cebuano is spoken natively over a large area of the Philippines and thus has numerous regional dialects. It can vary significantly in terms of lexicon and phonology depending on where it is spoken. Increasing usage of spoken English (being the primary language of commerce and education in

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3904-480: Is similar to that of other varieties; however, current speakers exhibit uniquely strong Tagalog influence in their speech by substituting most Cebuano words with Tagalog ones. This is because the older generations speak Tagalog to their children in home settings, and Cebuano is spoken in other everyday settings, making Tagalog the secondary lingua franca. One characteristic of this dialect is the practice of saying atà , derived from Tagalog yatà , to denote uncertainty in

4026-473: Is sometimes spoken (concentrated in some barrios near Waray speaking towns such as Abuyog and Mahaplag ), while Tagalog and English are used as second languages. Kinabalian , a type of "rare, unique language", is spoken alongside Cebuano in the towns of San Juan and Anahawan . Limasawa , an island municipality to the south, is believed to be the site of the first Christian mass in Philippine soil and

4148-414: Is spoken as a ten and a unit . For example, 11 is spoken as " napulò ug usá" , shortened to " napulò'g usá" (lit. "ten and one"), 111 is spoken as "usa ka gatós, napulò ug usá", and 1111 is spoken as "usá ka libo, usá ka gatós, napulò ug usá". The ordinal counting uses the prefix ika - , and then the unit, except for "first" which is "una" . For example, ika- duhá means "second". Below

4270-511: Is spoken by the Visayan ethnolinguistic groups native to the islands of Cebu , Bohol , Siquijor , the eastern half of Negros , the western half of Leyte , and the northern coastal areas of Northern Mindanao and the eastern part of Zamboanga del Norte due to Spanish settlements during the 18th century. In modern times, it has also spread to the Davao Region , Cotabato , Camiguin , parts of

4392-460: Is taken from "वाचा, vācā" ("sacred text") and Arabic like the word "alam" ("to know") is said to be borrowed from Arabic "عَالَم, ʕālam " ("things, creation, existing before") , and " salamat" ("expression of gratitude, thanks, thank you") from "سَلَامَات, salāmāt " ("plural form of salāma, meaning "good health"), both of which were indirectly transmitted to Cebuano through Malays. The biggest component of loanwords that Cebuano uses

4514-454: Is that vanguardism by cadres of small, fast-moving paramilitary groups can provide a focus for popular discontent against a sitting regime, and thereby lead a general insurrection . Although the original approach was to mobilize and launch attacks from rural areas, many foco ideas were adapted into urban guerrilla warfare movements. Guerrilla warfare is a type of asymmetric warfare : competition between opponents of unequal strength. It

4636-541: Is the official translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights taken from the official United Nations website: Ang tanáng katawhan gipakatawo nga adunay kagawasan ug managsama sa kabililhon. Silá gigasahan sa pangisip ug tanlag ug kinahanglang mag-ilhanáy sa usá'g-usá dihâ sa diwà sa panág-higsuonáy. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in

4758-492: Is the usage of the word maot instead of batî ("ugly"), alálay , kalálag instead of kalag-kalag (Halloween), kabaló/kahibaló and kaágo/kaantígo instead of kabawó/kahíbawó ("know"). Guerrilla Although the term "guerrilla warfare" was coined in the context of the Peninsular War in the 19th century, the tactical methods of guerrilla warfare have long been in use. In the 6th century BC , Sun Tzu proposed

4880-651: Is the variety of Cebuano spoken throughout most of Mindanao , and it is the standard dialect of Cebuano in Northern Mindanao . A branch of Mindanaoan Cebuano in Davao is also known as Davaoeño (not to be confused with the Davao variant of Chavacano which is called "Castellano Abakay"). Like the Cebuano of Luzon, it contains some Tagalog vocabulary, which speakers may use even more frequently than in Luzon Cebuano. Its grammar

5002-476: Is well known for its quality abaca products and is the country's major producer of abaca fiber. In September 2017, Representative Roger Mercado authored House Bill 6408, proposing to change the name of the province to Leyte del Sur . [REDACTED]   Spain 1521–1898 [REDACTED]   United States of America 1898–1942 [REDACTED]   Japan 1942–1945 [REDACTED]   Philippines 1946–present The province, being part of Leyte island,

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5124-581: The Crossbarry Ambush in March 1921 are the most famous examples of Barry's flying columns causing large casualties to enemy forces. The Algerian Revolution of 1954 started with a handful of Algerian guerrillas. Primitively armed, the guerrillas fought the French for over eight years. This remains a prototype for modern insurgency and counterinsurgency, terrorism, torture, and asymmetric warfare prevalent throughout

5246-458: The Dinagat Islands , and the lowland regions of Caraga , often displacing native languages in those areas (most of which are closely related to the language). While Tagalog has the largest number of native speakers among the languages of the Philippines today, Cebuano had the largest native-language-speaking population in the Philippines from the 1950s until about the 1980s. It is by far

5368-721: The ISO 639-2 three-letter code ceb , but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code. The Commission on the Filipino Language , the Philippine government body charged with developing and promoting the national and regional languages of the country, spells the name of the language in Filipino as Sebwano . The term Cebuano derives from " Cebu "+" ano ", a Latinate calque reflecting the Philippines' Spanish colonial heritage. Speakers of Cebuano in Cebu and even those from outside of Cebu commonly refer to

5490-920: The Royal Irish Constabulary force consisting of both regular RIC personnel and the Auxiliary Division took revenge, shooting into a crowd at a football match in Croke Park , killing fourteen civilians and injuring 60 others. In West County Cork , Tom Barry was the commander of the IRA West Cork brigade . Fighting in west Cork was rural, and the IRA fought in much larger units than their fellows in urban areas. These units, called " flying columns ", engaged British forces in large battles, usually for between 10 – 30 minutes. The Kilmichael Ambush in November 1920 and

5612-512: The Spanish and American periods, there existed a "sub-province" consisting of the municipalities from Palompon to Hinunangan , with Maasin as the center. Some government offices had already been established in Maasin on the southwestern part of Leyte to govern the area. Historically, the governing city was the depository of cedula tax collections from Palompon to Hinunangan. This was administered by

5734-497: The open-mid back unrounded vowel /ʌ/ (as in English "g u t"); ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ as the near-close near-front unrounded vowel /ɪ/ (as in English "b i t"); and ⟨o⟩ or ⟨u⟩ as the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/ (as in English "th ou ght") or the near-close near-back rounded vowel /ʊ/ (as in English "h oo k"). During the precolonial and Spanish period, Cebuano had only three vowel phonemes: /a/ , /i/ and /u/ . This

5856-532: The 19th century: ...our troops should...fight while protected by the terrain...using small, mobile guerrilla units to exhaust the enemy...denying them rest so that they only control the terrain under their feet. More recently, Mao Zedong's On Guerrilla Warfare , Che Guevara 's Guerrilla Warfare , and Lenin's Guerrilla warfare , were all written after the successful revolutions carried out by them in China, Cuba and Russia, respectively. Those texts characterized

5978-451: The 2020 census was 429,573 people, with a density of 240 inhabitants per square kilometre or 620 inhabitants per square mile. The 1980 national census recorded the province of Southern Leyte with a population of 296,294 from the historic record in 1903 of 72,369. In 1990, the population of the province increased to 321,940 which was caused by in-migration and increasing rate of birth over death. In 2000, population increased to 360,160 with

6100-532: The 3.6 million persons of the region. On the contrary, it was the fastest-growing province in the region. At the national level, the province contributed 0.47 percent to the total population of the Philippines with 76.5 million. According to the 2000 census survey, of the total provincial population of 359,738, about 80.74% (290,460) were Bisaya , 12.64% (45,458) Boholano , 5.15% (18,543) Cebuano , 0.2% (711) Tagalogs , and 0.15% (536) Waray . In Panaon , an island situated in

6222-593: The Allied Philippine Commonwealth Army soldiers and Filipino guerrillas attacked the Japanese Imperial forces in an effort to liberate Southern Leyte, and American troops landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944. Due to a change of sovereign powers, all the offices in Maasin except the Fiscal's Office were abolished and reverted to Tacloban , the capital of Leyte. This created a major problem because of

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6344-682: The Bangladesh Forces, was the guerrilla resistance movement consisting of the Bangladeshi military, paramilitary and civilians during the Bangladesh Liberation War that transformed East Pakistan into Bangladesh in 1971. An earlier name Mukti Fauj was also used. The growth of guerrilla warfare was inspired in part by theoretical works on guerrilla warfare, starting with the Manual de Guerra de Guerrillas by Matías Ramón Mella written in

6466-452: The English numeral system instead, especially for numbers more than 100. The language uses a base 10 numeral system, thence the sets of ten are ultimately derived from the unit except the first ten which is "napulò" , this is done by adding a prefix ka- , then followed by a unit, and then the suffix -an . For example, 20 is spoken as ka-duhá-an (lit. "the second set of ten"). The numbers are named from 1-10, for values after 10, it

6588-812: The Hitungao and Lawigan Rivers in Saint Bernard , the Maag River in Silago , and the Subangdaku River in Sogod which is the biggest of all. The province has an inland lake called Lake Danao located in the mountains of San Juan and Anahawan , towns in the eastern region. Subangdaku , the province's largest river, created an issue over the area. It can be considered a braided river composed of several channels from near areas that divide and reunite forming an alluvial fan with

6710-609: The Indian subcontinent. It was one of the bloodiest and hardest wars waged by East India Company in India with Presidency army regiments that suffered losses as high as eighty percent in 10 years of warfare. The Dominican Restoration War was a guerrilla war between 1863 and 1865 in the Dominican Republic between nationalists and Spain , the latter of which had recolonized the country 17 years after its independence. The war resulted in

6832-570: The Maasin Clay, Guimbalaon Clay, Himay-angan Clay, Bolinao Clay, Quingua Clay and Malitbog Clay series serve as raw materials for ceramics and pottery made by local residents. Southern Leyte has two types of climate according to the Coronas Classification. These are Type II and Type IV. Type II is characterized by the absence of dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain period occurring from November to January. This type prevails in

6954-643: The Normans were unfamiliar with, to spring surprise attacks upon them. Since the Enlightenment , ideologies such as nationalism , liberalism , socialism , and religious fundamentalism have played an important role in shaping insurgencies and guerrilla warfare. In the 17th century, Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj , founder of the Maratha Kingdom , pioneered the Shiva sutra or Ganimi Kava (Guerrilla Tactics) to defeat

7076-468: The Philippines) has also led to the introduction of new pronunciations and spellings of old Cebuano words. Code-switching forms of English and Bisaya ( Bislish ) are also common among the educated younger generations. There are four main dialectal groups within Cebuano aside from Standard Cebuano and Urban Cebuano. They are as follows: The Boholano dialect of Bohol shares many similarities with

7198-423: The above substitutions are considered allophonic and do not change the meaning of the word. In rarer instances, the consonant ⟨d⟩ might also be replaced with ⟨r⟩ when it is in between two vowels (e.g. Boholano idô for standard Cebuano irô , "dog"), but ⟨d⟩ and ⟨r⟩ are not considered allophones, though they may have been in the past. Stress accent

7320-648: The attempt to wear down the enemy, to attack small detachments in an ambush and devised the Fabian strategy , which the Roman Republic used to great effect against Hannibal 's army, see also His Excellency : George Washington : the Fabian choice. The Roman general Quintus Sertorius is also noted for his skillful use of guerrilla warfare during his revolt against the Roman Senate . In China, Han dynasty general Peng Yue

7442-478: The beginning of a word (e.g. ngano , "why"). The glottal stop / ʔ / is most commonly encountered in between two vowels, but can also appear in all positions. Like in Tagalog , glottal stops are usually not indicated in writing. When indicated, it is commonly written as a hyphen or an apostrophe if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. tu-o or tu'o , "right"). More formally, when it occurs at

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7564-486: The birthplace of Christianity in the Philippines , when Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese navigator and explorer landed on March 28, 1521. The first Holy Sacrifice of the Mass was held on March 31, 1521, led by Friar Pedro de Valderrama, the chaplain of Ferdinand Magellan during the expedition. The mass marked the start of Christian propagation. Although most people are Christians, a very few who live in remote villages of

7686-424: The cities of Kabankalan and Sipalay to a great extent, alongside Ilonggo ), southern Masbate , western portions of Leyte and Biliran (to a great extent, alongside Waray ), and a large portion of Mindanao , notably the urban areas of Zamboanga Peninsula , Northern Mindanao , Davao Region , Caraga and some parts of Soccsksargen (alongside Ilonggo, Maguindanaon , indigenous Mindanaoan languages and to

7808-571: The colonial armies in Morocco. In the early 20th century Michael Collins and Tom Barry both developed many tactical features of guerrilla warfare during the guerrilla phase of the 1919–1921 Irish War of Independence . Collins developed mainly urban guerrilla warfare tactics in Dublin City (the Irish capital). Operations in which small Irish Republican Army (IRA) units (3 to 6 guerrillas) quickly attacked

7930-476: The consonant /w/ ). Loanwords , however, are usually more conservative in their orthography and pronunciation (e.g. dyip , " jeepney " from English "jeep", will never be written or spoken as dyep ). There are only four diphthongs since ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩ are allophones. These include /aj/ , /uj/ , /aw/ , and /iw/ . For Cebuano consonants, all the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal /ŋ/ occurs in all positions, including at

8052-507: The dearth of transportation, the difficulty in managing the affairs of government in Tacloban and the language barrier between the Cebuano -speaking South-westerners and the Waray -speaking North-easterners. The difficulty of managing the entire island from the main city suggested a need to separate the island into two provinces. At first there was a general movement for a Western Leyte and soon after, many prominent men and leaders rallied behind

8174-563: The eastern half of the province that includes the municipality of Sogod, Libagon, Liloan, San Francisco, Pintuyan, San Ricardo, Saint Bernard, San Juan, Anahawan, Hinundayan, Hinunangan and Silago. On the other hand, Type IV has a rainfall that is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. This type prevails in the western part of the province that includes the City of Maasin and the municipalities of Macrohon, Padre Burgos, Limasawa, Malitbog, Tomas Oppus, Bontoc and little part of Sogod. In 2004,

8296-543: The end of the word, it is indicated by a circumflex accent if both a stress and a glottal stop occurs at the final vowel (e.g. basâ , "wet"); or a grave accent if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. batà , "child"). Below is a chart of Cebuano consonants with their corresponding letter representation in parentheses: In certain dialects, /l/ ⟨l⟩ may be interchanged with /w/ ⟨w⟩ in between vowels and vice versa depending on

8418-603: The enemy retreats, we pursue." At least one author credits the ancient Chinese work The Art of War with inspiring Mao's tactics. In the 20th century, other communist leaders, including North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh , often used and developed guerrilla warfare tactics, which provided a model for their use elsewhere, leading to the Cuban " foco " theory and the anti- Soviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan . Guerrilla groups may use improvised explosive devices and logistical support by

8540-455: The enemy, evacuating threatened population centres, and attacking when the enemy dispersed to raid. In the later tenth century this form of warfare was codified in a military manual known by its later Latin name as De velitatione bellica ('On Skirmishing') so it would not be forgotten in the future. The Normans often made many forays into Wales, where the Welsh used the mountainous region, which

8662-520: The following conditions: A final ⟨l⟩ can also be replaced with ⟨w⟩ in certain areas in Bohol (e.g. tambal , "medicine", becomes tambaw ). In very rare cases in Cebu, ⟨l⟩ may also be replaced with ⟨y⟩ in between the vowels ⟨a⟩ and ⟨e⟩ / ⟨i⟩ (e.g. tingali , "maybe", becomes tingayi ). In some parts of Bohol and Southern Leyte, /j/ ⟨y⟩

8784-399: The former word is Tagalog, and the latter is Cebuano. Davaoeño speakers may also sometimes add Bagobo or Mansakan vocabulary to their speech, as in " Madayawng adlaw , amigo, kumusta ka?" (" Good day , friend, how are you?", literally "Good morning/afternoon") rather than " Maayong adlaw , amigo, kumusta ka?" The words madayaw and maayo both mean 'good', though the former is Bagobo and

8906-483: The incident. However, rescue efforts were greatly hampered by poor road conditions and lack of heavy equipment. Survivors also reported lack of coordination of rescue efforts. The few handful of Guinsaugon citizens which escaped the mudslide were put up in emergency shelters without adequate nutrition and care despite the National Government collecting millions of dollars worth of donations. Southern Leyte occupies

9028-672: The individual fighters (e.g., "I have recommended to set the Guerrillas to work"), and also (as in Spanish) to denote a group or band of such fighters. However, in most languages guerrilla still denotes a specific style of warfare. The use of the diminutive evokes the differences in number, scale, and scope between the guerrilla army and the formal, professional army of the state. Prehistoric tribal warriors presumably employed guerrilla-style tactics against enemy tribes: Primitive (and guerrilla) warfare consists of war stripped to its essentials:

9150-416: The introduction of the Latin script, its use was so rare that there is hardly any surviving accounts of Cebuano being written in what was called badlit . Modern Cebuano uses 20 letters from the Latin alphabet and it consists of 5 vowels and 15 consonants. The letters c, f, j, q, v, x and z are also used but in foreign loanwords, while the " ñ " is used for Spanish names (e.g. Santo Niño ). The " Ng " digraph

9272-534: The language as Bisayâ . The name Cebuano , however, has not been accepted by all who speak it. Cebuano speakers in certain portions of Leyte , Northern Mindanao , Davao Region , Caraga , and Zamboanga Peninsula objected to the name of the language and claimed that their ancestry traces back to Bisayâ speakers native to their place and not from immigrants or settlers from Cebu. Furthermore, they refer to their ethnicity as Bisayâ instead of Cebuano and their language as Binisayâ instead of Cebuano. However, there

9394-480: The language simply as Binisayâ or Bisayà . The Cebuano language is a descendant of the hypothesized reconstructed Proto-Philippine language , which in turn descended from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian , making it distantly related to many languages in Maritime Southeast Asia , including Indonesian and Malay . The earlier forms of the language is hard to trace as a result of lack of documents written using

9516-506: The language spoken in Cebu, Negros Occidental, Bohol (as Boholano dialect), Leyte, and most parts of Mindanao as "Cebuano". Zorc's studies on Visayan language serves as the bible of linguistics in the study of Visayan languages. The Jesuit linguist and a native of Cabadbaran , Rodolfo Cabonce, S.J., published two dictionaries during his stays in Cagayan de Oro City and Manolo Fortich in Bukidnon :

9638-407: The language through different time periods and also because the natives used to write on easily perishable material rather than on processed paper or parchment. The earliest record of the Cebuano language was first documented in a list of words compiled by Antonio Pigafetta , an Italian explorer who was part of Ferdinand Magellan 's 1521 expedition. While there is evidence of a writing system for

9760-451: The language, its use appears to have been sporadic. Spaniards recorded the Visayan script , which was called kudlit-kabadlit by the natives. Although Spanish chroniclers Francisco Alcina and Antonio de Morga wrote that almost every native was literate in the 17th century CE, it appears to have been exaggerated as accounted for lack of physical evidence and contradicting reports of different accounts. A report from 1567 CE describes how

9882-482: The latter Cebuano. One of the famous characteristics of this dialect is disregarding the agreement between the verb "To go (Adto, Anha, Anhi, Ari)" and locative demonstratives (Didto, Dinha, Dinhi, Diri) or the distance of the object/place. In Cebu Cebuano dialect, when the verb "to go" is distal (far from both the speaker and the listener), the locative demonstrative must be distal as well (e.g. Adto didto . Not " Adto diri " or " Anha didto "). In Davaoeño Cebuano on

10004-805: The lesser extent, Ilocano ). It is also spoken in some remote barangays of San Francisco and San Andres in Quezon Province in Luzon , due to its geographical contact with Cebuano-speaking parts of Burias Island in Masbate . Some dialects of Cebuano have different names for the language. Cebuano speakers from Cebu are mainly called "Cebuano" while those from Bohol are "Boholano" or "Bol-anon". Cebuano speakers in Leyte identify their dialect as Kanâ meaning that (Leyte Cebuano or Leyteño). Speakers in Mindanao and Luzon refer to

10126-593: The local population. The opposing army may come at last to suspect all civilians as potential guerrilla backers. The guerrillas might get political support from foreign backers and many guerrilla groups are adept at public persuasion through propaganda and use of force. Some guerrilla movements today also rely heavily on children as combatants, scouts, porters, spies, informants, and in other roles. Many governments and states also recruit children within their armed forces. No commonly accepted definition of "terrorism" has attained clear consensus. The term "terrorism"

10248-647: The many times larger and more powerful armies of the Mughal Empire . Kerala Varma (Pazhassi Raja) (1753–1805) used guerrilla techniques chiefly centred in mountain forests in the Cotiote War against the British East India Company in India between 1793 and 1806. Arthur Wellesley (in India 1797–1805) had commanded forces assigned to defeat Pazhassi's techniques but failed. It was the longest war waged by East India Company during their military campaigns on

10370-563: The most widely spoken of the Bisayan languages . Cebuano is the lingua franca of Central Visayas, the western parts of Eastern Visayas, some western parts of Palawan and most parts of Mindanao . The name Cebuano is derived from the island of Cebu , which is the source of Standard Cebuano. Cebuano is also the primary language in Western Leyte—noticeably in Ormoc . Cebuano is assigned

10492-556: The movement. Six attempts to pass a law for the division of Leyte were made. On the sixth attempt, then Congressman Nicanor Yñiguez introduced into the House a division law similar in substance to that of the Kangleon Bill , but recognizing the impossibility of creating an East-West Division, he instead opted to make his own district a province. Abandoning the first bill , Congressman Nicanor Yñiguez presented House Bill No. 1318 proposing

10614-407: The murder of enemies; the theft or destruction of their sustenance, wealth, and essential resources; and the inducement in them of insecurity and terror. It conducts the basic business of war without recourse to ponderous formations or equipment, complicated maneuvers, strict chains of command, calculated strategies, timetables, or other civilized embellishments. Evidence of conventional warfare , on

10736-482: The native system is mostly used as cardinal numbers and more often as ordinal numbers, and the Spanish-derived system is used in monetary and chronological terminology and is also commonly used in counting from 11 and above, though both systems can be used interchangeably regardless. The table below shows the comparison of native numerals and Spanish-derived numerals, but observably Cebuano speakers would often just use

10858-574: The natives wrote the language , and stated that the natives learned it from the Malays, but a century later another report claimed that the Visayan natives learned it from the Tagalogs. Despite the confirmation of the usage of baybayin in the region, the documents of the language being written in it other than Latin between the 17th century CE and 18th century CE are now rare. In the 18th century CE, Francisco Encina,

10980-573: The northern boundaries. Both North and South Kana are subgroups of Leyteño dialect . Both of these dialects are spoken in western and central Leyte and in the southern province, but Boholano is more concentrated in Maasin City . Northern Kanâ (found in the northern part of Leyte ), is closest to the variety of the language spoken in northern part of Leyte, and shows significant influence from Waray-Waray, quite notably in its pace which speakers from Cebu find very fast, and its more mellow tone (compared to

11102-722: The office of the Administrado de Hacienda , equivalent to the Provincial Treasurer, a position under the Secretario de Hacienda . There was also established in Maasin a Court of First Instance , then known as the Promoter Fiscal, where all minor administrative and other cases from Palompon to Hinunangan were heard. During the Spanish colonization, the province was sparsely populated. The continued raiding of Moro slaves discouraged

11224-468: The opposing force while minimizing their own losses. The guerrilla prizes mobility, secrecy, and surprise, organizing in small units and taking advantage of terrain that is difficult for larger units to use. For example, Mao Zedong summarized basic guerrilla tactics at the beginning of the Chinese Civil War as: "The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack;

11346-545: The other hand does not necessarily follow that grammar. Speakers tend to say Adto diri instead of Ari diri probably due to grammar borrowing from Hiligaynon because kadto/mokadto is the Hiligaynon word for "come" or "go" in general regardless the distance. The Cebuano dialect in Negros is somewhat similar to Standard Cebuano (spoken by the majority of the provincial areas of Cebu), with distinct Hiligaynon influences. It

11468-463: The other hand, did not emerge until 3100 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu , in his The Art of War (6th century BC), became one of the earliest to propose the use of guerrilla warfare. This inspired developments in modern guerrilla warfare. In the 3rd century BC, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus , used elements of guerrilla warfare, such as the evasion of battle,

11590-512: The people against their oppressors, and that he fights in order to change the social system that keeps all his unarmed brothers in ignominy and misery. In the 1960s, the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara developed the foco (Spanish: foquismo ) theory of revolution in his book Guerrilla Warfare , based on his experiences during the 1959 Cuban Revolution . This theory was later formalized as "focal-ism" by Régis Debray . Its central principle

11712-763: The people in Southern Leyte go into coconut planting, a widely distributed industry, especially in mountainous and even plain regions. The GIZ of the German Development Cooperation has embarked on a value chain study on one of the most important products in Region 8 – the coconut, particularly in Leyte and Southern Leyte. In the year 2004, a beetle pest threatened the Philippine coconut industry including Visayas . Brontispa longissima causes great damage to seedlings and mature coconut trees and ornamental palms, killing

11834-527: The province after the flooding of the Subangdaku River and the 2006 mudslide in Guinsaugon . Organizations warned the province it was susceptible to natural occurrences like landslides and floods . Southern Leyte forms an important part of the inter-island transportation system of the country, with ferries transporting people and goods between Liloan and Surigao del Norte in Mindanao . The province

11956-572: The province from growing and developing. However, in the 19th century immigrants from adjacent provinces like Bohol and Cebu populated the area. In 1942, Ruperto Kangleon held a conference in the town of Sogod , when the first meeting attempt in Malitbog , a town to the east, failed due to many leaders staying away. He was trying to unify all guerrillas helping the Philippine Commonwealth troops during World War II . From 1944 to 1945,

12078-587: The province has its own celebration date. For instance, Hinunangan celebrates a town fiesta on the June 29 with the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Fluvial boat parade the day before. The kuratsa – a courtship dance-drama – highlights every occasion. The province also holds its own festivals. "Sinulog sa malitbog" is an annual religious street pageant in Malitbog to pay homage to the Holy Child Jesus ( Santo Niño ),

12200-426: The province hold on to pre-Hispanic influences and make offerings and sacrifices before planting their crops. Farmers ritually sacrifice chickens and pigs to ensure that the spirits or elementals which they believe to be the cause of good harvest will grant them one. Fiesta , a Spanish term meaning "festivity", is celebrated in the province with prayer , food, drinking, dance and music. Every barangay of every town in

12322-501: The province recorded a maximum temperature of 30.95 °C (87.71 °F) and a minimum temperature of 24.09 °C (75.36 °F). In addition, mean minimum temperature was 25.24 °C (77.43 °F). The province has 163 rainy days per year and total rainfall of 1,729.20 millimetres (68.079 in). Inhabitants of the province plant rice , white corn , bananas , root crops , sugar cane , coconut and abacá . They also plant various types of vegetables. A three-year project

12444-492: The river was due to the "Philippine Fault" which caused rocks to rumble down. However, the reason was contended because the fault is a geological feature and environmental problems in the province just occurred that time. Along with other mountain forms in the province, Mount Nacolod in Hinunangan town has the highest peak with an elevation of 948 metres (3,110 ft) above sea level . Young volcanic rocks are discovered in

12566-564: The road and banks in Barangay San Miguel along the river were destroyed, including part of the Philippine National Road. Local officials blamed the re channelization and uncontrolled quarrying of gravel and sand at the side of the river as the cause of the flood. At a meeting on March 18, 2002, one of the representatives of a government agency alleged that the reason of the incidents of flood and other environmental problems in

12688-420: The south where the first Roman Catholic Mass in Philippine soil is believed to have taken place and thus considered to be the birthplace of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines . The province ranks as the second least populated in the region, after the province of Biliran . According to the 2020 census, the province has a population of 429,573. Southern Leyte's geological features created several issues in

12810-485: The southern form of Standard Cebuano. It is also spoken in some parts of Siquijor and parts of Northern Mindanao. Boholano, especially as spoken in central Bohol, can be distinguished from other Cebuano variants by a few phonetic changes : Southern Kanâ is a dialect of both southern Leyte and Southern Leyte provinces; it is closest to the Mindanao Cebuano dialect at the southern area and northern Cebu dialect at

12932-477: The southern quarter of the island of Leyte . It is bounded by the province of Leyte to the north, by Surigao Strait to the east, Bohol Sea to the south, and Canigao Channel , across from Bohol , to the west. Its total land area is 1,798.61 square kilometres (694.45 sq mi). The central portion of the province is dominated by the Sogod Bay , a long bay that cuts deep into the island. Southern Leyte

13054-421: The southernmost part of the province, a certain aboriginal folk are found locally known as kongking or variously called mamanwa which means " mountain people ". They were believed to be migrants from Mindanao , inhabiting the portions of Agusan , after their migration from the island to evade militarization and the logging/mining corporations’ intrusion to their ancestral domains in the early 1980s. They have

13176-464: The stress is predictable, such as with numbers and pronouns). The Cebuano language is written using the Latin script and the de facto writing convention is based on the Filipino orthography . There is no updated spelling rule of the language as the letter "Ee" is often interchangeable with "Ii" and "Oo" with "Uu" . Though it was recorded that the language used a different writing system prior to

13298-487: The support of either the local population or foreign backers who sympathize with the guerrilla group's efforts. The Spanish word guerrilla is the diminutive form of guerra ("war"); hence, "little war". The term became popular during the early-19th century Peninsular War , when, after the defeat of their regular armies, the Spanish and Portuguese people successfully rose against the Napoleonic troops and defeated

13420-406: The tactic of guerrilla warfare as, according to Che Guevara 's text, being "used by the side which is supported by a majority but which possesses a much smaller number of arms for use in defense against oppression". Why does the guerrilla fighter fight? We must come to the inevitable conclusion that the guerrilla fighter is a social reformer, that he takes up arms responding to the angry protest of

13542-631: The terrain areas, which cover the top of the southern mountain ranges of Mount Cabalian in the Pacific Area and Mount Nelangcapan in Panaon Area. The province lies within the Philippine Fault System . The major fault lines traverse the municipalities of Sogod, Libagon , Saint Bernard and San Juan to Panaon Island . Based on Mines and Geosciences Bureau Region 8 data, these areas had experienced strong earthquakes in 1907 and 1948 with

13664-808: The town's patron saint . Similarly, the historic and religious coming of the Spaniards is commemorated every March 31 in Limasawa with a cultural presentation and anniversary program dubbed "Sinugdan", meaning "beginning." Other festivals held in the province to highlight events are the Pagkamugna Festival and Pabulhon Festival in Maasin, Karomata Festival in Beunavista, Pintuyan , Tangka-tangka Festival in Tangkaan, Padre Burgos and Manha‑on Festival in Macrohon . Poverty incidence of Southern Leyte Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Most of

13786-519: The urban Cebu City dialect, which Kana speakers find "rough"). A distinguishing feature of this dialect is the reduction of /A/ prominent, but an often unnoticed feature of this dialect is the labialisation of /n/ and /ŋ/ into /m/ , when these phonemes come before /p/ , /b/ and /m/ , velarisation of /m/ and /n/ into /ŋ/ before /k/ , /ɡ/ and /ŋ/ , and the dentalisation of /ŋ/ and /m/ into /n/ before /t/ , /d/ and /n/ and sometimes, before vowels and other consonants as well. This

13908-516: The use of guerrilla-style tactics in The Art of War . The 3rd century BC Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus is also credited with inventing many of the tactics of guerrilla warfare through what is today called the Fabian strategy , and in China Peng Yue is also often regarded as the inventor of guerrilla warfare. Guerrilla warfare has been used by various factions throughout history and

14030-624: The withdrawal of Spanish forces and the establishment of a second republic in the Dominican Republic. The Moroccan military leader Abd el-Krim ( c.  1883 – 1963) and his father unified the Moroccan tribes under their control and took up arms against the Spanish and French occupiers during the Rif War in 1920. For the first time in history, tunnel warfare was used alongside modern guerrilla tactics, which caused considerable damage to both

14152-550: The world today. In South Africa , African National Congress (ANC) members studied the Algerian War, prior to the release and apotheosis of Nelson Mandela ; in their intifada against Israel, Palestinian fighters have sought to emulate it. Additionally, the tactics of Al-Qaeda closely resemble those of the Algerians. The Mukti Bahini (Bengali: মুক্তিবাহিনী, translates as "freedom fighters", or liberation army), also known as

14274-453: The young spears and eventually the entire trees. People in Southern Leyte also go into abaca planting. The province is one of the major producer of abaca fiber in the country along with Catanduanes , Leyte , Davao Oriental , Northern Samar , Sorsogon , Sulu , Davao del Sur , and Surigao del Sur . The fibers from Leyte and the province are recognized as having the best quality. On the year 1990 to 1999, Southern Leyte produced abaca with

14396-402: Was also, theoretically, attributed to out-migration of the rural population to cities to seek better employment and livelihood opportunities. A corresponding increase on the number of households was also recorded at 72,894 households higher by 7,327 households over the 1995 figure. Southern Leyte ranked fifth in terms of population among the six provinces in Eastern Visayas with 9.98 percent of

14518-456: Was converted into a city as capital of Southern Leyte. The remaining component municipality classes ranges from 2nd to 5th level in the province. From 2nd class belongs Sogod municipality which is the center of trade , commerce and industry among municipalities within the Sogod Bay. Hinunangan , which holds the distinction as the "Rice Granary of the Province" for its vast plain land that

14640-499: Was established in Sogod Bay conducted by the Southern Leyte Coral Reef Conservation Project (SLCRCP) to surveyed coral reefs in the area. The undertaking was to provide local residents educational opportunities to have knowledge on protecting the province's biodiversity as well as to have a long-term sustainability. Southern Leyte is subdivided into 18 municipalities and 1 city , all encompassed by

14762-541: Was inaugurated as a province with sixteen municipalities and Maasin as the capital town. Thus, the third District of Leyte became the Province of Southern Leyte and the Lone District of Southern Leyte . In December 2003, a landslide in San Francisco, Southern Leyte destroyed most of the town, killing 200 people. On February 17, 2006, several mudslides caused by heavy rains, amounting over 200 cm (79 in), and

14884-563: Was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish. As a consequence, the vowels ⟨o⟩ or ⟨u⟩ , as well as ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ , are still mostly allophones . They can be freely switched with each other without losing their meaning ( free variation ); though it may sound strange to a native listener, depending on their dialect. The vowel ⟨a⟩ has no variations, though it can be pronounced subtly differently, as either /a/ or /ʌ/ (and very rarely as /ɔ/ immediately after

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