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61-633: Eastern Visayas ( Waray : Sinirangan Kabisay-an ; Cebuano : Sidlakang Kabisay-an ; Tagalog : Silangang Kabisayaan ; Filipino : Silangang Visayas ) is an administrative region in the Philippines , designated as Region VIII . It consists of three main islands: Samar , Leyte , and Biliran . The region has six provinces : Biliran , Leyte , Northern Samar , Samar , Eastern Samar , Southern Leyte , one independent city , Ormoc , and one highly urbanized city , Tacloban (its regional center and largest city). The highly urbanized city of Tacloban

122-698: A Turkish Islamic religious authority in Tacloban at 2017 which teaches the scriptures and offers Friday sermons in both Waray and Cebuano in general. Most Waray dialects have three vowel phonemes: /a/ [a] , /i/ [ɛ~i] and /u/ [ɔ~u] . Some dialects have an additional vowel /ə/ [ə] ; words with /ə/ in these dialects have /u/ in the majority dialects. Waray has a total of 16 consonant phonemes: /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, s, h, l, ɾ~r, w, j, ʔ/ . Two extra postalveolar sounds [tʃ, dʒ] are heard when /i/ occurs after /t, d/ , further proceeding another vowel sound. Waray, like all Philippine languages today,

183-489: A half-life of 717,000 years. Excessive quantities of stable Mg have been observed in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions of some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites . This anomalous abundance is attributed to the decay of its parent Al in the inclusions, and researchers conclude that such meteorites were formed in the solar nebula before the Al had decayed. These are among

244-490: A magnesium-based engine . Magnesium also reacts exothermically with most acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), producing magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas, similar to the HCl reaction with aluminium, zinc, and many other metals. Although it is difficult to ignite in mass or bulk, magnesium metal will ignite. Magnesium may also be used as an igniter for thermite , a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide powder that ignites only at

305-434: A brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine . It is less dense than aluminium and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight alloys that contain aluminium. In the cosmos , magnesium is produced in large, aging stars by the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus. When such stars explode as supernovas , much of

366-527: A common reservoir. Magnesium is the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass and tied in seventh place with iron in molarity . It is found in large deposits of magnesite , dolomite , and other minerals , and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble. Although magnesium is found in more than 60 minerals , only dolomite , magnesite , brucite , carnallite , talc , and olivine are of commercial importance. The Mg cation

427-506: A high purity product is easily achievable. China is almost completely reliant on the silicothermic Pidgeon process . Besides the Pigeon process, the second most used process for magnesium production is electrolysis . This is a two step process. The first step is to prepare feedstock containing magnesium chloride and the second step is to dissociate the compound in electrolytic cells as magnesium metal and chlorine gas . The basic reaction

488-429: A solid solution with calcium oxide by calcining the mineral dolomite , which is a solid solution of calcium and magnesium carbonates: Reduction occurs at high temperatures with silicon. A ferrosilicon alloy is used rather than pure silicon as it is more economical. The iron component has no bearing on the reaction, having the simplified equation: The calcium oxide combines with silicon as the oxygen scavenger, yielding

549-504: A total land area of 2,156,285 hectares (5,328,300 acres) or 7.2% of the country's total land area. 52% of its total land area is classified as forestland and 48% as alienable and disposable land. There are two types of climate prevailing in the region under the Coronas system of classification : Type II and Type IV. Type II climate is characterized by having no dry season but a pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January. Samar Island and

610-545: A variety of compounds important to industry and biology, including magnesium carbonate , magnesium chloride , magnesium citrate , magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), magnesium oxide , magnesium sulfate , and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate ( Epsom salts ). As recently as 2020, magnesium hydride was under investigation as a way to store hydrogen. Magnesium has three stable isotopes : Mg , Mg and Mg . All are present in significant amounts in nature (see table of isotopes above). About 79% of Mg

671-408: A very high temperature. Organomagnesium compounds are widespread in organic chemistry . They are commonly found as Grignard reagents , formed by reaction of magnesium with haloalkanes . Examples of Grignard reagents are phenylmagnesium bromide and ethylmagnesium bromide . The Grignard reagents function as a common nucleophile , attacking the electrophilic group such as the carbon atom that

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732-438: Is Mg . The isotope Mg is radioactive and in the 1950s to 1970s was produced by several nuclear power plants for use in scientific experiments. This isotope has a relatively short half-life (21 hours) and its use was limited by shipping times. The nuclide Mg has found application in isotopic geology , similar to that of aluminium. Mg is a radiogenic daughter product of Al , which has

793-658: Is a gray-white lightweight metal, two-thirds the density of aluminium. Magnesium has the lowest melting (923 K (650 °C)) and the lowest boiling point (1,363 K (1,090 °C)) of all the alkaline earth metals. Pure polycrystalline magnesium is brittle and easily fractures along shear bands . It becomes much more malleable when alloyed with small amounts of other metals, such as 1% aluminium. The malleability of polycrystalline magnesium can also be significantly improved by reducing its grain size to about 1  μm or less. When finely powdered, magnesium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas: However, this reaction

854-480: Is a liquid metal. At the YSZ/liquid metal anode O is oxidized. A layer of graphite borders the liquid metal anode, and at this interface carbon and oxygen react to form carbon monoxide. When silver is used as the liquid metal anode, there is no reductant carbon or hydrogen needed, and only oxygen gas is evolved at the anode. It was reported in 2011 that this method provides a 40% reduction in cost per pound over

915-431: Is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the other alkaline earth metals (group 2 of the periodic table ) it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements and almost always has an oxidation state of +2. It reacts readily with air to form a thin passivation coating of magnesium oxide that inhibits further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with

976-737: Is also used in the Mass in the Roman Catholic Church and in the worship services of different Christian sects in the region. Bibles in Waray are also available. In 2019, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released in Waray-Waray. However, there is a growing population of Muslims in the region with the first mosque, Tacloban Mosque and Islamic Center, through a charity built by

1037-582: Is as follows: The temperatures at which this reaction is operated is between 680 and 750 °C. The magnesium chloride can be obtained using the Dow process , a process that mixes sea water and dolomite in a flocculator or by dehydration of magnesium chloride brines. The electrolytic cells are partially submerged in a molten salt electrolyte to which the produced magnesium chloride is added in concentrations between 6-18%. This process does have its share of disadvantages including production of harmful chlorine gas and

1098-479: Is first treated with lime (calcium oxide) and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide is collected: The hydroxide is then converted to magnesium chloride by treatment with hydrochloric acid and heating of the product to eliminate water: The salt is then electrolyzed in the molten state. At the cathode , the Mg ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal: At the anode , each pair of Cl ions

1159-496: Is located in the municipality of Palompon , Leyte province. The Eastern Visayas State University is Leyte 's state university with five extension campuses. Southern Leyte State University with five extension campuses, is the only state university in the province of Southern Leyte . In Biliran , Naval State University is the province state university. For Eastern Samar , the Eastern Samar State University

1220-441: Is much less dramatic than the reactions of the alkali metals with water, because the magnesium hydroxide builds up on the surface of the magnesium metal and inhibits further reaction. The principal property of magnesium metal is its reducing power. One hint is that it tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although, unlike the heavier alkaline earth metals , an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary for storage because magnesium

1281-658: Is one of the many regional languages found in the Philippines and used in local government. It is widely used in media particularly in television and radio broadcasts, however, not in print media because most regional newspapers are published in English. The language is used in education from kindergarten to primary level as part of the Philippine government's K–12 program since 2012 in which pupils from kindergarten to third grade are taught in their respective indigenous languages. Waray

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1342-401: Is oxidized to chlorine gas, releasing two electrons to complete the circuit: The carbothermic route to magnesium has been recognized as a low energy, yet high productivity path to magnesium extraction. The chemistry is as follows: C + MgO → CO + Mg A disadvantage of this method is that slow cooling the vapour can cause the reaction to quickly revert. To prevent this from happening,

1403-514: Is present within the polar bond of a carbonyl group. A prominent organomagnesium reagent beyond Grignard reagents is magnesium anthracene , which is used as a source of highly active magnesium. The related butadiene -magnesium adduct serves as a source for the butadiene dianion. Complexes of dimagnesium(I) have been observed. The presence of magnesium ions can be detected by the addition of ammonium chloride , ammonium hydroxide and monosodium phosphate to an aqueous or dilute HCl solution of

1464-424: Is primarily an agricultural region with rice , corn , coconut , sugarcane and banana as its major crops. Primary sources of revenue are manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade and services. Mining, farming, fishing and tourism contribute significantly to the economy. Manufacturing firms include mining companies, fertilizer plants, sugar central, rice and corn mills and other food processing plants. Tacloban

1525-447: Is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove. Direct reaction of magnesium with air or oxygen at ambient pressure forms only the "normal" oxide MgO. However, this oxide may be combined with hydrogen peroxide to form magnesium peroxide , MgO 2 , and at low temperature the peroxide may be further reacted with ozone to form magnesium superoxide Mg(O 2 ) 2 . Magnesium reacts with nitrogen in

1586-495: Is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body and is essential to all cells and some 300 enzymes . Magnesium ions interact with polyphosphate compounds such as ATP , DNA , and RNA . Hundreds of enzymes require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives and antacids (such as milk of magnesia ), and to stabilize abnormal nerve excitation or blood vessel spasm in such conditions as eclampsia . Elemental magnesium

1647-408: Is the hub of investment, trade and development in the region. Other industries include coconut oil extraction, alcohol distilling, beverage manufacture and forest products. Home industries include hat and basket weaving, metal craft, needlecraft, pottery, ceramics, woodcraft, shell craft and bamboo craft. Tinikling , the Philippines' national dance is folkdance that originated from the region. But

1708-509: Is the only state university of the province with four extension campus while Samar State University is Samar's state university with two extension campuses. Northwest Samar State University serves Samar Province's first district. For teacher education, the Leyte Normal University specializes in education courses. Waray language The term Waray comes from the word often heard by non-speakers meaning 'none' or 'nothing' in

1769-541: Is the second-most-abundant cation in seawater (about 1 ⁄ 8 the mass of sodium ions in a given sample), which makes seawater and sea salt attractive commercial sources for Mg. To extract the magnesium, calcium hydroxide is added to the seawater to precipitate magnesium hydroxide . Magnesium hydroxide ( brucite ) is poorly soluble in water and can be collected by filtration. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to magnesium chloride . From magnesium chloride, electrolysis produces magnesium. World production

1830-609: Is the sole regional center. These provinces and cities occupy the easternmost islands of the Visayas group of islands, hence the region's name. Some historians believe that the oldest ancient kingdom in the Philippines is found in this region, the Lakanate of Lawan, which plays a significant role in the Polynesian and Austronesian intermigration. Eastern Visayas faces the Philippine Sea to

1891-465: Is written using the Latin script. There is no officially-approved orthography for the language and different writers may use differing orthographic styles. In general, it has become common to write the language following the current orthographic conventions of Filipino. Waray uses many different words to specify a particular thing. These words might not be the same in spelling and in construction but they share

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1952-667: The 'Oktubafest' every October to showcase the best local wine made from coconut palm called tuba . The region's Leyte and Samar islands serve as main link between Luzon and Mindanao by land transport. A total of nine airports, are strategically located in different parts of the six provinces that define the region. Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport in Tacloban is the main gateway by air to the region. There are seaports in Tacloban , Baybay , Laoang , Catbalogan , Calbayog , Borongan , Allen , Ormoc , Bato , Hilongos , Maasin , Sogod , and Naval . The Pan-Philippine Highway passes through

2013-474: The Biliran Bridge, constructed in 1975, connects Biliran to the island of Leyte. The Wawa Bridge also connects Panaon Island to the island of Leyte. The region is the top producer of geothermal energy supply in the country. The province of Leyte hosts the biggest geothermal plant in the Philippines. Still, geothermal exploration is ongoing in the nearby province of Biliran . With abundance of river system,

2074-573: The corrosion rate of magnesium in a salt solution by a factor of nearly ten. Magnesium's tendency to creep (gradually deform) at high temperatures is greatly reduced by alloying with zinc and rare-earth elements . Flammability is significantly reduced by a small amount of calcium in the alloy. By using rare-earth elements, it may be possible to manufacture magnesium alloys that are able to not catch fire at higher temperatures compared to magnesium's liquidus and in some cases potentially pushing it close to magnesium's boiling point. Magnesium forms

2135-692: The east-central section of the Philippine archipelago. It consists of three main islands, Leyte, Biliran, and Samar, which form the easternmost coasts of the archipelago. It is bounded on the east and north by the Philippine Sea with the San Bernardino Strait separating Samar from southeastern Luzon ; on the west by the Camotes and Visayan seas, and on the south by the Bohol Sea with the Surigao Strait separating Leyte from northeastern Mindanao . It has

2196-592: The east. The region's most famous landmark is the San Juanico Bridge , which links the islands of Samar and Leyte . As of 2020, the Eastern Visayas region has a population of 4,547,150 inhabitants, making it the least populous region in the Visayas. The current name of the region was derived from the position of its islands, which are all situated in the easternmost part of the Visayas . Eastern Visayas lies on

2257-527: The eastern part of Leyte Island fall under this type of climate. Type IV, on the other hand, has an even distribution of rainfall year-round and a short period of dry season that can be observed starting in February up to May. This type of climate is well exhibited in the western half of Leyte Island and in some portions of Samar, which covers the municipality of Motiong up to San Isidro in Northern Samar. As

2318-536: The entire province, starting from Allen in Northern Samar until Liloan in Southern Leyte, where it continues in Mindanao through a ferry service. The Palo-Carigara-Ormoc road is a spur of the aforementioned highway, connecting Cebu City to the network through a ferry ride from Ormoc. Bridges connect all the islands in the region. Apart from the famed San Juanico Bridge, which connects the islands of Samar and Leyte,

2379-653: The language; similarly, Cebuanos are known in Leyte as mga Kana and their language as Kana (after the oft-heard word kana , meaning 'that' in the Cebuano language ). The Cebuano pronunciation of Waray is walay with the same meaning. During the Spanish period, texts refer to the language as simply being a dialect of "Visayan". In contrast, most contemporary linguists consider many of these "Visayan dialects" (e.g., Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, etc.) to be distinct languages, and

2440-424: The magnesium can be dissolved directly in a suitable metal solvent before reversion starts happening. Rapid quenching of the vapour can also be performed to prevent reversion. A newer process, solid oxide membrane technology, involves the electrolytic reduction of MgO. At the cathode, Mg ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal. The electrolyte is yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The anode

2501-495: The magnesium is expelled into the interstellar medium where it may recycle into new star systems. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after iron , oxygen and silicon ), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle . It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after sodium and chlorine . This element

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2562-561: The most number of baccalaureate and post-baccalaureate courses among universities in the region. The Zonal Agricultural University for the Visayas under the National Agriculture Education System concept, Visayas State University (VSU) is also in the region, located in Baybay . Also, the region is home to Palompon Institute of Technology , a maritime school in the Philippines providing deck and engine cadet. Its main campus

2623-478: The most popular cultural dance among Waraynon s is the Kuratsa , danced during feast celebrations and special gatherings. The Leyte Kalipayan Dance Company , a local cultural group, held highly successful performances around the world. Waray people are music lovers whose folkloric music are mostly ballads in form, famous of which is Iroy nga Tuna (Motherland), a patriotic song. Since 2018, Eastern Visayas has held

2684-472: The needs of medium and heavy industries. Eastern Visayas consists of 6 provinces , 1 highly urbanized city , 1 independent component city, 5 component cities, 136 municipalities and 4,390 barangays .  †  Tacloban is a highly-urbanized city ; figures are excluded from Leyte province. The native languages of Eastern Visayas are: Poverty incidence of Eastern Visayas Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Eastern Visayas

2745-429: The old ones, are spoken alongside the Spanish counterparts. Waray has borrowed vocabulary extensively from other languages, especially from Spanish. These words are being adopted to fill lexical gaps of the recipient language. Spanish colonialization introduced new systems to the Philippine society. Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element ; it has symbol   Mg and atomic number  12. It

2806-530: The oldest objects in the Solar System and contain preserved information about its early history. It is conventional to plot Mg / Mg against an Al/Mg ratio. In an isochron dating plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is Al / Mg . The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial Al / Al ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from

2867-664: The overall reaction being very energy intensive, creating environmental risks. The Pidgeon process is more advantageous regarding its simplicity, shorter construction period, low power consumption and overall good magnesium quality compared to the electrolysis method. In the United States, magnesium was once obtained principally with the Dow process in Corpus Christi TX , by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brine and sea water . A saline solution containing Mg ions

2928-481: The provinces of Samar and Eastern Samar , but not Northern Samar ), as well as in all of the Waray-speaking areas of Leyte , except the towns of Javier and Abuyog . However, this sound change is an areal feature rather than a strictly genetic one (Lobel 2009). Most Waray dialects in northeastern and Eastern Samar have the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ as a reflex of Proto-Austronesian *e. Waray

2989-443: The quantity of these metals improves corrosion resistance. Sufficient manganese overcomes the corrosive effects of iron. This requires precise control over composition, increasing costs. Adding a cathodic poison captures atomic hydrogen within the structure of a metal. This prevents the formation of free hydrogen gas, an essential factor of corrosive chemical processes. The addition of about one in three hundred parts arsenic reduces

3050-521: The region directly faces the Philippine Sea, typhoons coming from the east frequently strike the region, often at their peak intensities. This, along with the Bicol Region , are the most typhoon-prone areas in the Philippines. In 2013, the region was struck by Typhoon Haiyan , locally known as Super Typhoon Yolanda, which later became the deadliest and most destructive typhoon to hit the Philippines in

3111-628: The region has potential in hydroelectric production. The strait of San Juanico between Leyte and Samar islands has been declared as potential source for water current and tidal energy sources. Eastern Visayas is home to several state universities, including the prestigious University of the Philippines Tacloban College . The region is also home to the University of Eastern Philippines (UEP), located in Catarman , Northern Samar , which holds

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3172-455: The salt. The formation of a white precipitate indicates the presence of magnesium ions. Azo violet dye can also be used, turning deep blue in the presence of an alkaline solution of magnesium salt. The color is due to the adsorption of azo violet by Mg(OH) 2 . As of 2013, magnesium alloys consumption was less than one million tonnes per year, compared with 50 million tonnes of aluminium alloys . Their use has been historically limited by

3233-528: The same meaning, making it a very diverse language. Here are some examples of demonstratives and adverbs together with their equivalent definition in Waray-Waray: Native numbers are used for numbers one through ten. From eleven onwards, Spanish numbers are exclusively used in Waray today, their native counterparts being almost unheard of by the majority of native speakers (except for gatos for hundred and yukot for thousand ). Some, especially

3294-566: The satellite era. The region's sea and inland waters are rich sources of salt, freshwater fish, and other marine products. It is one of the main fish-exporting regions of the country. There are substantial forest reserves in the interiors of the islands. Its mineral deposits include chromite , uranium (in Samar), gold , silver , manganese , magnesium , bronze , nickel , clay , coal , limestone , pyrite and sand and gravel . It also has abundant geothermal energy and water resources to support

3355-518: The shores of the Great Salt Lake . In September 2021, China took steps to reduce production of magnesium as a result of a government initiative to reduce energy availability for manufacturing industries, leading to a significant price increase. The Pidgeon process and the Bolzano process are similar. In both, magnesium oxide is the precursor to magnesium metal. The magnesium oxide is produced as

3416-573: The solid state if it is powdered and heated to just below the melting point, forming Magnesium nitride Mg 3 N 2 . Magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium, a similar group 2 metal. When submerged in water, hydrogen bubbles form slowly on the surface of the metal; this reaction happens much more rapidly with powdered magnesium. The reaction also occurs faster with higher temperatures (see § Safety precautions ). Magnesium's reversible reaction with water can be harnessed to store energy and run

3477-430: The speech of "Sámar and Leyte". Linguist Jason Lobel (2009) considers there are 25 dialects and subdialects of Waray-Waray. Many Waray dialects feature a sound change in which Proto-Bisayan *s becomes /h/ in a small number of common grammatical morphemes. This sound change occurs in all areas of Samar south of the municipalities of Santa Margarita , Matuginao , Las Navas , and Gamay (roughly corresponding to

3538-403: The tendency of Mg alloys to corrode, creep at high temperatures, and combust. In magnesium alloys, the presence of iron , nickel , copper , or cobalt strongly activates corrosion . In more than trace amounts, these metals precipitate as intermetallic compounds , and the precipitate locales function as active cathodic sites that reduce water, causing the loss of magnesium. Controlling

3599-462: The term Visayan is usually taken to refer to what is called Cebuano in contemporary linguistic literature. Domingo Ezguerra's 1663 (reprinted 1747) Arte de la lengua bisaya de la provincia de Leyte refers to the "Visayan tongue of the province of Leyte", Figueroa's Arte del idioma Visaya de Samar y Leyte refers to the "Visaya language of Samar and Leyte". Antonio Sanchez's 1914 Diccionario español-bisaya (Spanish-Visayan Dictionary) refers to

3660-505: The very stable calcium silicate. The Mg/Ca ratio of the precursors can be adjusted by the addition of MgO or CaO. The Pidgeon and the Bolzano process differ in the details of the heating and the configuration of the reactor. Both generate gaseous Mg that is condensed and collected. The Pidgeon process dominates the worldwide production. The Pidgeon method is less technologically complex and because of distillation/vapour deposition conditions,

3721-609: Was approximately 1,100 kt in 2017, with the bulk being produced in China (930 kt) and Russia (60 kt). The United States was in the 20th century the major world supplier of this metal, supplying 45% of world production even as recently as 1995. Since the Chinese mastery of the Pidgeon process the US market share is at 7%, with a single US producer left as of 2013: US Magnesium, a Renco Group company located on

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