Misplaced Pages

#733266

112-506: The sokutai ( 束帯 ) is a traditional Japanese outfit worn only by courtiers , aristocrats and the emperor at the Japanese imperial court . The sokutai originated in the Heian period , and consists of a number of parts, including the ho (outer robe), shaku ( 笏 ) , a flat ritual baton or sceptre , and the kanmuri ( 冠 ) , a cap-shaped black lacquered silk hat with

224-494: A low unemployment rate of around 2.6%. Its poverty rate is the second highest among the G7 countries, and exceeds 15.7% of the population. Japan has the highest ratio of public debt to GDP among advanced economies, with a national debt estimated at 248% relative to GDP as of 2022 . The Japanese yen is the world's third-largest reserve currency after the US dollar and the euro. Japan

336-500: A pennon . The exact composition of the sokutai differs from person to person, and depends on a person's rank and whether they are a civil or military official, with military officers wearing the garment's outermost layers with split front and back panels, and civil officials having fully sewn panels. Colour also varies by rank, with colour symbolism having held great importance in Heian period Japan. No longer worn as everyday clothing,

448-676: A security alliance . The United States is a major market for Japanese exports and a major source of Japanese imports, and is committed to defending the country, with military bases in Japan. In 2016, Japan announced the Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision, which frames its regional policies. Japan is also a member of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ("the Quad"), a multilateral security dialogue reformed in 2017 aiming to limit Chinese influence in

560-652: A country's commitment to environmental sustainability. Japan is the world's fifth-largest emitter of carbon dioxide . As the host and signatory of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol , Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change. In 2020, the government of Japan announced a target of carbon-neutrality by 2050. Environmental issues include urban air pollution ( NOx , suspended particulate matter , and toxics ), waste management , water eutrophication , nature conservation , climate change , chemical management and international co-operation for conservation. Japan

672-602: A form of wedding attire for commoners. The groom wears a type of headwear known as wushamao and a yuanlingpao of a 9th-rank official. The bride wears a type of headwear known as fengguan and a red yuanlingpao or yuanlingshan with a xiapei of a noblewoman. In Korea , the yuanlingpao was introduced during the Tang dynasty and became known as the dallyeong ( Korean :  단령 ; Hanja :  團領 ; RR :  danryeong ; Korean pronunciation: [daɭjʌoŋ] ). During

784-539: A kingdom in central Japan in 660 BC, beginning a continuous imperial line . Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han , completed in 111 AD. Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje (a Korean kingdom) in 552, but the development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China. Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class, including figures like Prince Shōtoku , and gained widespread acceptance beginning in

896-479: A large cooperative sector, with three of the world's ten largest cooperatives, including the largest consumer cooperative and the largest agricultural cooperative as of 2018 . It ranks highly for competitiveness and economic freedom . Japan ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2019. It attracted 31.9 million international tourists in 2019, and was ranked eleventh in

1008-436: A long, straight back and front with a border at the collar. The front and back of the garments each had a piece of fabric attached for tying the clothing around the waist. The sleeves could be tight or loose, with tight sleeves designed to facilitate ease of movements. Trousers were worn under the yuanlingpao . Some women also wore banbi under their yuanlingpao . One distinctive feature of men's clothing during

1120-479: A major catalyst for further administrative reforms. These reforms culminated with the promulgation of the Taihō Code , which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central and subordinate local governments. These legal reforms created the ritsuryō state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium. The Nara period (710–784) marked

1232-543: A new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952, and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. A period of record growth propelled Japan to become the second-largest economy in the world; this ended in the mid-1990s after the popping of an asset price bubble , beginning the " Lost Decade ". In 2011, Japan suffered one of

SECTION 10

#1732856181734

1344-693: A new form of Hanfu , called panling lanshan . This evolution was achieved through the addition of a new seam structure called lan ( 襕 ; lán ), which aligned with the traditional Hanfu style and followed the Han Chinese's shenyi robe. The Sogdians and their descendants, mostly from the merchant class, who lived in China during this period also wore a form of knee-length, yuanling -style kaftan that retained their own ethnic characteristics but also showed some influences from East Asia , including Chinese and early Turkic influences. Due to

1456-462: A new system of taxation. The true aim of the reforms was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys and students were dispatched to China to learn about Chinese writing, politics, art, and religion. The Jinshin War of 672, a bloody conflict between Prince Ōama and his nephew Prince Ōtomo , became

1568-501: A red yuanlingpao with qilin mandarin square ( Chinese : 大紅織金胷背麒麟圓領 ), a dark blue dahu ( Chinese : 青褡護 ), and a green tieli ( Chinese : 綠貼裏 ). According to the book Weaving a realm by the Vietnam Center, the áo viên lĩnh ( chữ Hán : 襖圓領 ), a 4-long flap robe with a round neck, was imported to Vietnam from China. However, this fashion gradually faded away from their daily lives due to

1680-450: A round or snug (plunged) collar, tight sleeves, and less overlap than the traditional Hanfu , which allowed for greater freedom of movement, especially for horse riding, and strongly impacted Chinese fashion. The Northern Wei dynasty was marked by cultural integration between the Xianbei and the Han Chinese. The Xianbei ruling elites adopted Chinese clothing and Chinese customs, while

1792-460: A significant shift to urbanization. The early 20th century saw a period of Taishō democracy (1912–1926) overshadowed by increasing expansionism and militarization . World War I allowed Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies , to capture German possessions in the Pacific and China in 1920 . The 1920s saw a political shift towards statism , a period of lawlessness following

1904-527: A sleeveless vest called dahu and an inner robe (either the tieli or zhishen ) was commonly worn underneath. The difference between the yuanlingpao or yuanlingshan of the civilians and of the officials and nobles was the addition of a buzi (either a mandarin square or roundels rank badge ) and the fabric materials used. The clothing of the Ming dynasty was predominantly red, although, there were strict colour regulations depending on

2016-539: A system of terraces is used to farm in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, with an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 50% as of 2018 . Japan's small agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected . There has been a growing concern about farming as farmers are aging with a difficult time finding successors. Yuanlingshan There are specific forms of yuanlingpao and yuanlingshan named for their decorations and construction; for example,

2128-523: Is reclaimed land ( umetatechi ). Lake Biwa is an ancient lake and the country's largest freshwater lake. Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes , tsunami and volcanic eruptions because of its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire. It has the 17th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2016 World Risk Index. Japan has 111 active volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami, occur several times each century;

2240-430: Is 377,975.24 km (145,937.06 sq mi). Japan has the sixth-longest coastline in the world at 29,751 km (18,486 mi). Because of its far-flung outlying islands, Japan's exclusive economic zone is the eighth-largest in the world, covering 4,470,000 km (1,730,000 sq mi). The Japanese archipelago is 67% forests and 14% agricultural . The primarily rugged and mountainous terrain

2352-691: Is a unitary state and constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited to a ceremonial role . Executive power is instead wielded by the Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet , whose sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people. Naruhito is the Emperor of Japan, having succeeded his father Akihito upon his accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne in 2019. Japan's legislative organ

SECTION 20

#1732856181734

2464-501: Is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The Japanese archipelago consists of four major islands— Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku , and Kyushu —and thousands of smaller islands , covering 377,975 square kilometres (145,937 sq mi). Japan has a population of nearly 124 million as of 2024, and is

2576-507: Is divided into 47 prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor and legislature. In the following table, the prefectures are grouped by region : 7.  Fukushima 14.  Kanagawa 23.  Aichi 30.  Wakayama 35.  Yamaguchi 39.  Kōchi 47.  Okinawa A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan is one of the G4 countries seeking reform of

2688-687: Is governed by the Ministry of Defense , and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force , the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force , and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force . The deployment of troops to Iraq and Afghanistan marked the first overseas use of Japan's military since World War II. The Government of Japan has been making changes to its security policy which include the establishment of

2800-659: Is known as "partial decorations of gowns" and was influenced by the Sogdians of Central Asia, who had entered China since the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Influenced by foreign cultures, some yuanlingpao could have a band of fabric decorated with Central Asian roundels which would run down at the center of the robe as a form of partial decoration. It was also popular to wear Hufu . Almost all figurines and mural paintings depicting female court attendants dressed in men's clothing are wearing Hufu . The Hufu which

2912-687: Is made up of loose-fitting white trousers and a loose yellow outer robe that is styled after a Chinese robe but is tucked in at the waist, and decorated with the textile pattern consist of Fenghuang , Paulownia , Bamboo and Kirin . When wearing the sokutai, the emperor carries an ivory tablet, inspired by the Chinese Hu , which was carried by Chinese emperors as a symbol of imperial power. a: Kanmuri ( 冠 ) b: Hō ( 袍 ) c: Kazari Tachi ( 飾太刀 ) d: Shaku ( 笏 ) e: Hirao ( 平緒 ) f: Shitagasane ( 下襲 ) g: Omote Bakama ( 表袴 ) h: Ōkuchi Bakama ( 大口袴 ) Similarly to

3024-487: Is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter. In the Sea of Japan region on Honshu's west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall during winter. In the summer, the region sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the Foehn . The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter. The mountains of

3136-439: Is restricted for habitation. Thus the habitable zones, mainly in the coastal areas, have very high population densities: Japan is the 40th most densely populated country even without considering that local concentration. Honshu has the highest population density at 450 persons/km (1200/sq mi) as of 2010 , while Hokkaido has the lowest density of 64.5 persons/km as of 2016 . As of 2014 , approximately 0.5% of Japan's total area

3248-475: Is the National Diet , a bicameral parliament . It consists of a lower House of Representatives with 465 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved, and an upper House of Councillors with 245 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 18 years of age, with a secret ballot for all elected offices. The prime minister as

3360-576: Is the oldest unamended constitution in the world. Statutory law originates in the legislature, and the constitution requires that the emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet without giving him the power to oppose legislation. The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes . Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts. Japan

3472-510: Is typically used in everyday speech and reflects shifts in Japanese phonology during the Edo period . The characters 日本 mean "sun origin", which is the source of the popular Western epithet "Land of the Rising Sun". The name "Japan" is based on Min or Wu Chinese pronunciations of 日本 and was introduced to European languages through early trade. In the 13th century, Marco Polo recorded

Sokutai - Misplaced Pages Continue

3584-557: Is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain. According to the Environment Ministry, heavy rainfall and increasing temperatures have caused problems in the agricultural industry and elsewhere. The highest temperature ever measured in Japan, 41.1 °C (106.0 °F),

3696-431: Is written using the kanji 日本 and is pronounced Nihon or Nippon . Before 日本 was adopted in the early 8th century, the country was known in China as Wa ( 倭 , changed in Japan around 757 to 和 ) and in Japan by the endonym Yamato . Nippon , the original Sino-Japanese reading of the characters, is favored for official uses, including on Japanese banknotes and postage stamps. Nihon

3808-657: The panling lanshan ( 盤領襴衫 ), also called lanshan ( 襴衫 ) for short, bufu , wulingshan ( 無領衫 ; 'collarless shirt'), longpao ( 龍袍 ; 'dragon robe'), and mangfu ( 蟒服 ; 'python clothing'). The term yuanlingshan literally translates to "round collar shirt", consisting of the Chinese characters yuanling (Chinese: 圆领 ), which literally translates to "round collar" and shan ( 衫 ), literally translated as "shirt". The term yuanlingpao literally translates to "round collar robe (or gown)", consisting of

3920-423: The jūnihitoe , the sokutai uses colour symbolism, though unlike the jūnihitoe , colours are more restricted, specifically denoting court rank : Persons without rank typically wear mud brown or light yellow; the darker, fuller shade of yellow was reserved for the emperor. Though exact shades varied highly, with a number of colours detailed as having minuscule shade differences and thus different names,

4032-610: The shenyi , a long robe. The term bufu ( 补服 ) is a generic term referring to clothing adorned with a rank badge known as buzi ( Chinese : 补子 ; pinyin : bǔzi ), which is often a mandarin square or roundels, to indicate its wearer's rank. Such garments were typically worn by government officials. When a yuanlingpao or yuanlingshan is decorated with Chinese dragons called long ( simplified Chinese : 龙 ; traditional Chinese : 龍 ) or decorated with mang ( 蟒 ; 'python') decorations, including roundels or square rank badges,

4144-604: The youren -style, which follows the traditional Hanfu system. It also has side slits on the right and left side. The sleeves of the yuanlingshan are mostly in a style called pipaxiu ( Chinese : 琵琶袖 ; pinyin : pípáxiù ; lit. ' pipa sleeves'), which means the sleeves are large but curved to form a narrow sleeve cuff, to facilitate movements and be more practical in daily life. Men's yuanlingpao and yuanlingshan also have side panels called anbai ( Chinese : 暗擺 ; pinyin : ànbǎi ; lit. 'hidden pendulum') at

4256-456: The dallyeong was adopted as an official gwanbok when the official uniform system of the Ming dynasty was imported. The initial shape of the wonsam worn by women from the 15th to 16th century was similar to the dallyeong and included the use of a collar which was similar to the dallyeong -style collar. In Japan, the formal court attire for men and women was established by

4368-850: The shōgun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the emperor (the Meiji Restoration ). Adopting Western political, judicial, and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council , introduced the Meiji Constitution (November 29, 1890), and assembled the Imperial Diet . During the Meiji period (1868–1912), the Empire of Japan emerged as

4480-553: The sokutai is preserved as formalwear worn by male members of the Imperial court, including the Imperial family and government officials, such as the Prime Minister . The sokutai is typically reserved for the most formal occasions, such as weddings and enthronement ceremonies. On such occasions, women such as an empress or princess wear a jūnihitoe , the sokutai 's female counterpart. The Japanese emperor's court dress

4592-538: The sokutai was the kosode ( 小袖 , lit.   ' short sleeve ' ) , a white garment that covered the wearer to knee level. This was worn with a pair of ōkuchi- hakama , a pair of long red hakama worn on top of the kosode and tied off to the wearer's left. Similarly to the jūnihitoe , which used a white kosode and a pair of red hakama as a base layer, both of these would have been worn as both undergarments and sleeping clothes. A hitoe ( lit.   ' unlined garment ' )

Sokutai - Misplaced Pages Continue

4704-497: The yuanlingpao was primarily used as an undergarment. The collars of the Han dynasty yuanlingpao were not turned on both sides and their edges were similar to the styles worn in the Sui and Tang dynasties . It was also during the early years of the Han dynasty that the shape of the yuanlingpao worn in the later dynasties, such as in the Ming dynasties, started to develop. During

4816-416: The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people. More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, which triggered a large tsunami. The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate but varies greatly from north to south. The northernmost region, Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool summers. Precipitation

4928-459: The Asuka period (592–710). In 645, the government led by Prince Naka no Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari devised and implemented the far-reaching Taika Reforms . The Reform began with land reform, based on Confucian ideas and philosophies from China . It nationalized all land in Japan, to be distributed equally among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for

5040-530: The Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. He was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo). The shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto , as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyō , and in 1639 the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as

5152-512: The Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round. The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Ryukyu and Nanpō Islands have a subtropical climate , with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation

5264-579: The Early Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of the characters 日本國 as Cipangu . The old Malay name for Japan, Japang or Japun , was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect and encountered by Portuguese traders in Southeast Asia , who brought the word to Europe in the early 16th century. The first version of the name in English appears in a book published in 1577, which spelled

5376-575: The Edo period (1603–1868). Modern Japan's economic growth began in this period, resulting in roads and water transportation routes, as well as financial instruments such as futures contracts , banking and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers . The study of Western sciences ( rangaku ) continued through contact with the Dutch enclave in Nagasaki . The Edo period gave rise to kokugaku ("national studies"),

5488-720: The Indo-Pacific region, along with the United States, Australia, and India. Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors. Japan contests Russia's control of the Southern Kuril Islands , which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945. South Korea's control of the Liancourt Rocks is acknowledged but not accepted as they are claimed by Japan. Japan has strained relations with China and Taiwan over

5600-719: The Kurils . The Allies (led by the United States) repatriated millions of Japanese settlers from their former colonies and military camps throughout Asia, largely eliminating the Japanese Empire and its influence over the territories it conquered. The Allies convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to prosecute Japanese leaders except the Emperor for Japanese war crimes . In 1947, Japan adopted

5712-612: The Manchu rulers enforced the tifayifu policy along with 10 exemptions. Among the exempted people were the Han Chinese women, who were allowed to continue wearing the Ming-style Hanfu , and on-stage theatre performers. While qizhuang was worn in the dominant sphere of society - ritual and official locations, Hanfu continued to be worn in the subordinate societal sphere, such as in women's quarters and theatres. The yuanlingpao of officials and nobles also served as

SECTION 50

#1732856181734

5824-634: The National Security Council , the adoption of the National Security Strategy, and the development of the National Defense Program Guidelines. In May 2014, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security. In December 2022, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida further confirmed this trend, instructing

5936-459: The Northern dynasties . The yuanlingpao and yuanlingshan , tied with a belt commonly made of leather at the waist, became a typical form of fashion for both men and women during the Tang dynasty, as it was fashionable for women to dress like men in this period. Both garments became the main form of clothing for men as well. Both the yuanlingpao and yuanlingshan of this period had

6048-550: The Pacific War and two atomic bombings , Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under Allied occupation . After the war, the country underwent rapid economic growth , although its economy has stagnated since 1990 . Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature, the National Diet . A great power and the only Asian member of the G7 , Japan has constitutionally renounced its right to declare war , but maintains one of

6160-406: The Sea of Okhotsk to the East China Sea . The country's five main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku , Kyushu and Okinawa . The Ryukyu Islands , which include Okinawa, are a chain to the south of Kyushu. The Nanpō Islands are south and east of the main islands of Japan. Together they are often known as the Japanese archipelago . As of 2019 , Japan's territory

6272-534: The Security Council . Japan is a member of the G7 , APEC , and " ASEAN Plus Three ", and is a participant in the East Asia Summit . It is the world's fifth-largest donor of official development assistance , donating US$ 9.2 billion in 2014. In 2024, Japan had the fourth-largest diplomatic network in the world. Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States, with which it maintains

6384-693: The Senkaku Islands and the status of Okinotorishima . Japan is the third highest-ranked Asian country in the 2024 Global Peace Index . It spent 1.1% of its total GDP on its defence budget in 2022, and maintained the tenth-largest military budget in the world in 2022. The country's military (the Japan Self-Defense Forces) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution , which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes. The military

6496-591: The Song dynasty , the official attire worn by Song court officials was the yuanlingpao with long, loose and broad sleeves. The colours of the yuanlingpao were also regulated based on the official's ranks. The yuanlingpao had a large overlapping region being held down by a broad strip of fabric and a long line which divided the front part of the gown. Kerchief (typically futou ), leather belt, and yudai ( Chinese : 魚袋 ; lit. 'fish-bag'), black hide boots or shoes, would be worn by

6608-560: The eleventh-most populous country . Its capital and largest city is Tokyo ; the Greater Tokyo Area is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with more than 38 million inhabitants as of 2016. Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions . About three-quarters of the country's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested, concentrating its agriculture and highly urbanized population along its eastern coastal plains . The country sits on

6720-401: The end of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial power in 1868. In the Meiji period , the Empire of Japan pursued rapid industrialization and modernization , as well as militarism and overseas colonization . In 1937, Japan invaded China , and in 1941 attacked the United States and European colonial powers, entering World War II as an Axis power . After suffering defeat in

6832-411: The head of government has the power to appoint and dismiss Ministers of State , and is appointed by the emperor after being designated from among the members of the Diet. Shigeru Ishiba is Japan's prime minister; he took office after winning the 2024 Liberal Democratic Party leadership election . The broadly conservative Liberal Democratic Party has been the dominant party in the country since

SECTION 60

#1732856181734

6944-734: The samurai . In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan by the Minamoto clan in the Genpei War , samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo established a military government at Kamakura . After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shōgun . The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 but

7056-400: The "cross-plane structure", with the back and front being bounded by the middle seam of the sleeves. The front and back were symmetrical and the left and right were also largely symmetrical; there is a central line acting as the axis of this symmetry. It has a round collar without a high-standing collar which is secured with a button; it overlaps on the front side and closes at the right side in

7168-462: The 1923 Great Tokyo Earthquake , the passing of laws against political dissent , and a series of attempted coups . This process accelerated during the 1930s, spawning several radical nationalist groups that shared a hostility to liberal democracy and a dedication to expansion in Asia. In 1931, Japan invaded China and occupied Manchuria , which led to the establishment of puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932; following international condemnation of

7280-530: The 1950s, often called the 1955 System . Historically influenced by Chinese law , the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki . Since the late 19th century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. In 1896, Japan established a civil code based on the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch , which remains in effect with post–World War II modifications. The Constitution of Japan , adopted in 1947,

7392-426: The 5th rank officials; green for the 6th and 7th rank officials; and blue for the 8th and 9th officials. In the Kaiyuan era (713 – 741 AD), slaves and the common soldiers also started to wear the scholar's panling lanshan . In the Tang dynasty, it was also popular for people to use fabrics, including brocade , to decorate the collars, sleeves and front of the yuanlingpao ; this practice of clothing decoration

7504-399: The Chinese characters yuanling and pao ( 袍 ). Pao is an abbreviation for the term paofu ( 袍服 ), which is literally translated as "robe" or "gown". The term panling lanshan ( 盤領襴衫 ) or simply lanshan ( 襴衫 ) refers to a specific variation of yuanlingpao characterized by a bottom horizontal band attached at the knee level, while following the overall form of

7616-404: The Han Chinese started to integrate some of the Xianbei's nomadic style clothing, including high boots and narrow-sleeved yuanlingpao and yuanlingshan into Han clothing. In this period, the yuanlingpao worn by unearthed terracotta warriors were closed in the zuoren -style instead of youren -style, reflecting its Hufu characteristics. Since the Northern Wei dynasty,

7728-598: The National Police Agency is administered by the National Public Safety Commission . The Special Assault Team comprises national-level counter-terrorism tactical units that cooperate with territorial-level Anti-Firearms Squads and Counter-NBC Terrorism Squads . The Japan Coast Guard guards territorial waters surrounding Japan and uses surveillance and control countermeasures against smuggling, marine environmental crime , poaching, piracy, spy ships, unauthorized foreign fishing vessels, and illegal immigration. The Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law strictly regulates

7840-411: The Pacific Ring of Fire , making its islands prone to destructive earthquakes and tsunamis . The first known habitation of the archipelago dates to the Upper Paleolithic , with the beginning Japanese Paleolithic dating to c.  36,000 BC . Between the fourth and sixth centuries, its kingdoms were united under an emperor in Nara , and later Heian-kyō . From the 12th century, actual power

7952-517: The Pacific . Throughout areas occupied by Japan during the war, numerous abuses were committed against local inhabitants, with many forced into sexual slavery . After Allied victories during the next four years, which culminated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender . The war cost Japan millions of lives and its colonies , including de jure parts of Japan such as Korea , Taiwan , Karafuto , and

8064-443: The Tang dynasty was a horizontal band, which could also be attached to the lower region of the yuanlingpao . Tang dynasty scholars and government officials wore long, red panling lanshan with long sleeves, accompanied by headwear called futou . In 630 during the 4th year of Zhen Guan, colour regulations for the panling lanshan of the officials were decreed: purple for the 3rd and 4th rank officials; bright red for

8176-417: The United States (9.9 percent), and Australia (9.8 percent). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, and raw materials for its industries. The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are common in the Japanese work environment . Japan has

8288-425: The capital, settling on Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto ) in 794. This marked the beginning of the Heian period (794–1185), during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged. Murasaki Shikibu 's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan's national anthem " Kimigayo " were written during this time. Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors,

8400-538: The civilian ownership of guns, swords, and other weaponry. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , among the member states of the UN that report statistics as of 2018 , the incidence rates of violent crimes such as murder, abduction, sexual violence, and robbery are very low in Japan. Japanese society traditionally places a strong emphasis on collective harmony and conformity , which has led to

8512-501: The cold. Some of them had no slits. The Khitan-style yuanlingpao also had narrow sleeves, was closed on the left side, and was unadorned. After the establishment of the Ming dynasty , the emperor restored the old system of the Tang and Song dynasties. During the Ming dynasty, the yuanlingpao and yuanlingshan were also the most common form of attire for all genders, including officials and nobles. The yuanlingpao and/or yuanlingshan were not typically worn alone;

8624-530: The court officials as accessories. Khitan men wore the Khitan-style yuanlingpao with a belt at their waist and trousers tucked into felt boots. The Khitan-style yuanlingpao differed from those worn by the Han Chinese in terms of design and construction: the Khitan-style yuanlingpao had both back and side slits, with the side slits located in the lower region of the robes. The back slits facilitated horse-riding and protected wearers' legs from

8736-617: The emergence of a Japanese state centered on the Imperial Court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara ). The period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literary culture with the completion of the Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720), as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired artwork and architecture . A smallpox epidemic in 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of Japan's population. In 784, Emperor Kanmu moved

8848-611: The era of the Six Dynasties , the yuanlingpao began to be worn as an outer garment influenced by the culture of ethnic minorities, the Wuhu , who founded the minority nationalities regime in the Wei and Jin dynasties . It is also during the Six Dynasties period that the yuanlingpao started to be worn as formal clothing. Hence, these ethnic minorities played a significant role in laying

8960-757: The first time, initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West. Oda Nobunaga used European technology and firearms to conquer many other daimyō ; his consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi–Momoyama period . After the death of Nobunaga in 1582, his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi , unified the nation in the early 1590s and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597 . Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori and used his position to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, Ieyasu defeated rival clans in

9072-564: The foundation for the popularity of the yuanlingpao in the subsequent dynasties. When the Wuhu migrated to the Central Plains , their dressing culture influenced the clothing culture of the Han people in the region. These northern nomads, including the Xianbei , also introduced new clothing styles, including the quekua ( 缺胯 ), a type of crotch-length long jacket. The quekua had either

9184-639: The generic term longpao or mangfu is applied respectively depending on the number of dragon-claws used and the time period. The yuanlingpao and yuanlingshan were both common forms of clothing for the Hu people . During the Eastern Han dynasty , some forms of Hanfu started to be influenced by the Hufu of the Hu people, leading to the emergence of garments with round collars, or yuanling . In this period,

9296-415: The government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concerns, the government introduced environmental protection laws in 1970. The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources. Japan ranks 20th in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index , which measures

9408-607: The government to increase spending by 65% until 2027. Recent tensions, particularly with North Korea and China, have reignited the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society. Domestic security in Japan is provided mainly by the prefectural police departments , under the oversight of the National Police Agency . As the central coordinating body for the Prefectural Police Departments,

9520-562: The hemline ends midway between the knees and floor. This article related to the culture of Japan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This fashion -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia . It is located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland , and

9632-404: The highest-ranking shades were all achieved through dyeing fabric with the gromwell plant, an expensive and prolonged process that could take over a year to achieve. Due to the difficulty of obtaining a number of dyestuffs used to produce the purple and maroon colours worn by the highest-ranked officials, these colours were changed to black sometime during the Heian period. The innermost layer of

9744-500: The influence and the demands of the Chinese population, most Sogdian attire in China had to be closed to the right in the youren -style. Their kaftan would often be buttoned up to the neck, forming a round collar. Occasionally, the collar or lower button would be undone to form lapel robes, a style sometimes referred to as fanlingpao ( Chinese : 翻领袍 ; pinyin : fānlǐngpáo ; lit. 'Lapel robe'). This dressing custom of wearing fanlingpao -style robes

9856-616: The largest earthquakes in its recorded history - the Tōhoku earthquake - triggering the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . On May 1, 2019, after the historic abdication of Emperor Akihito , his son Naruhito became Emperor, beginning the Reiwa era. Japan comprises 14,125 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. It stretches over 3000 km (1900 mi) northeast–southwest from

9968-603: The most developed state in Asia and as an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea and the southern half of Sakhalin , and annexed Korea in 1910. The Japanese population doubled from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million by 1935, with

10080-537: The name as Giapan in a translation of a 1565 Portuguese letter. Modern humans arrived in Japan around 38,000 years ago (~36,000 BC), marking the beginning of the Japanese Paleolithic . This was followed from around 14,500 BC (the start of the Jōmon period ) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture. Clay vessels from

10192-554: The northern islands. Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife as of 2019 , including the brown bear , the Japanese macaque , the Japanese raccoon dog , the small Japanese field mouse , and the Japanese giant salamander . There are 53 Ramsar wetland sites in Japan. Five sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value. In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by

10304-947: The occupation , it resigned from the League of Nations in 1933. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany ; the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis powers . The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). In 1940, the Empire invaded French Indochina , after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan. On December 7–8, 1941, Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor , as well as on British forces in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong , among others, beginning World War II in

10416-516: The period are among the oldest surviving examples of pottery. The Japonic -speaking Yayoi people entered the archipelago from the Korean Peninsula, intermingling with the Jōmon ; the Yayoi period saw the introduction of practices including wet-rice farming , a new style of pottery , and metallurgy from China and Korea. According to legend, Emperor Jimmu (descendant of Amaterasu ) founded

10528-407: The ranks of officials. During an Imperial Funeral, Ming officers wore a grey-blue yuanlingshan without a Mandarin square, wujiaodai ( Chinese : 烏角帶 ; pinyin : wūjiǎodài ; lit. 'black horn belt') and wushamao . This set was known as Qingsufu ( Chinese : 青素服 ). The Ming dynasty yuanlingpao and yuanlingshan were typically characterized by

10640-478: The robes, while the fanlingpao could be also be turned back into a yuanlingpao when buttoned. In some unearthed pottery figures wearing fanlingpao dating from the Tang dynasty, it was found that the yuanlingpao had three buttons on the collar. After the High Tang dynasty period, the influences of Hufu progressively started to fade and the clothing started to become increasingly loose. During

10752-406: The rule of Queen Jindeok of Silla , Kim Chunchu personally travelled to the Tang dynasty to request for clothing and belts and voluntarily accepted the official uniform system of the Tang dynasty, which included the dallyeong among many other clothing items. Since then, the dallyeong continued to be worn until the end of Joseon . In the late Goryeo period, under the reign of King U ,

10864-559: The shapes of the Han Chinese's paofu also started to be influenced by the yuanlingpao -style robe, which originated in Western Asia and was then spread to the East through the Sogdians of Central Asia . In the Northern and Southern dynasties , the yuanlingpao of the Xianbei was localized by the Han Chinese, resulting in a loss of its association with Hufu and developed into

10976-495: The side slits to conceal the undergarments. These side panels are also referred to as "side ears" which are unique to the Ming dynasty's yuanlingpao ; this specific structure reflects the combination of Hanfu and attire of the Mongols , the ethnic minority. The "side ear" also allows for greater ease of movement and can increase the looseness of the robe. During the Qing dynasty ,

11088-597: The start of the 8th century and was based on the court attire of the Tang dynasty . The round collared robe called ho in the Sokutai ( 束帯 ) , which was worn by the Japanese Emperors, and the noblemen, was adopted from the yuanlingpao . According to the Ming dynasty 's Government letter against Toyotomi Hideyoshi , the Ming Government bestowed on him a set of changfu ( Chinese : 常服羅 ) containing

11200-555: The study of Japan by the Japanese. The United States Navy sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to force the opening of Japan to the outside world. Arriving at Uraga with four " Black Ships " in July 1853, the Perry Expedition resulted in the March 1854 Convention of Kanagawa . Subsequent similar treaties with other Western countries brought economic and political crises. The resignation of

11312-578: The suppression of individual rights . Japan's constitution prohibits racial and religious discrimination, and the country is a signatory to numerous international human rights treaties. However, it lacks any laws against discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or gender identity and does not have a national human rights institution. Japan has faced criticism for its gender inequality , not allowing same-sex marriages , use of racial profiling by police, and allowing capital punishment . Other human rights issues include

11424-403: The treatment of marginalized groups, such as ethnic minorities , refugees and asylum seekers . Japan has the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP , after that of the United States, China and Germany; and the fifth-largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP . As of 2021 , Japan's labor force is the world's eighth-largest , consisting of over 68.6 million workers. As of 2022 , Japan has

11536-416: The world in 2019 for inbound tourism . The 2021 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Japan first in the world out of 117 countries. Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $ 46.1 billion. The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2018 . Only 11.5% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation. Because of this lack of arable land,

11648-569: The world's strongest militaries . A developed country with one of the world's largest economies by nominal GDP , Japan is a global leader in science and technology and the automotive , robotics , and electronics industries . It has one of the world's highest life expectancies , though it is undergoing a population decline . Japan's culture is well known around the world, including its art , cuisine , film , music , and popular culture , which includes prominent comics , animation , and video game industries. The name for Japan in Japanese

11760-476: Was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo . Go-Daigo was defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336, beginning the Muromachi period (1336–1573). The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords ( daimyō ) and a civil war began in 1467 , opening the century-long Sengoku period ("Warring States"). During the 16th century, Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries reached Japan for

11872-413: Was held by military dictators ( shōgun ) and feudal lords ( daimyō ), and enforced by warrior nobility ( samurai ). After rule by the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates and a century of warring states , Japan was unified in 1600 by the Tokugawa shogunate , which implemented an isolationist foreign policy . In 1853, a United States fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West , which led to

11984-415: Was later inherited and developed into the yuanlingpao of the subsequent Tang and Sui dynasties . In the Tang dynasty , the descendants of the Xianbei and the other non-Chinese people who ruled northern China from 304 – 581 AD lost their ethnic identity and became Chinese; the term Han referred to all people of the Tang dynasty instead of describing the population ruled by the Xianbei elites during

12096-567: Was popular in this period was the clothing worn by the Tartars and the people who lived in the Western regions , which was brought from the Silk Road . Robes with double overturned lapels and tight-fitting sleeves were known as kuapao , which originated from Central Asia . During this period, the yuanlingpao could be turned into a fanlingpao under the influence of Hufu by unbuttoning

12208-503: Was recorded on July 23, 2018, and repeated on August 17, 2020. Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands , to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of

12320-431: Was the world's fifth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer in 2022. Its exports amounted to 18.2% of its total GDP in 2021. As of 2022 , Japan's main export markets were China (23.9 percent, including Hong Kong) and the United States (18.5 percent). Its main exports are motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors, and auto parts. Japan's main import markets as of 2022 were China (21.1 percent),

12432-401: Was worn on top of the akome , covering the upper body of the wearer. The hampi —a sleeveless vest often featuring embroidery—was worn over all these layers. The final outer robe—the ho —was then worn over the hampi ; this outer robe followed the design of the Chinese yuanlingpao in its cut, but with a distinctively Japanese style, with the robe tucked at the waist, such that

12544-409: Was worn over the top of the kosode as an upper garment; a number of layers of akome were worn above the hitoe , the exact number and fabric of which varied based on the season. The ue-no-bakama , a shorter white hakama with an open fly, was worn above the akome , tied off to the right. The shitagasane , a typically white garment with the characteristic "tail" of the sokutai ,

#733266