Misplaced Pages

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115-437: Like Misplaced Pages , Sogou Baike is a collaboratively written online encyclopedia with user-generated content, though it is operated by a for-profit company rather than a non-profit organization. Although Sosou Baike has a review mechanism similar to Baidu Baike, it is relatively immature. Usually most of the content is discussed and modified by ordinary users, usually in a democratic manner. Sosou Encyclopedia places more emphasis on

230-515: A wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction". Any change that deliberately compromises Misplaced Pages's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam. Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking

345-862: A Lebanese NGO to advance self-regulating information societies in the Arab-speaking world, and Democracy for the Arab World Now . A subsequent investigation by the Wikimedia Foundation identified 16 users who seemed to routinely engage in conflict-of-interest editing —reportedly including spying for the Saudi government. Access to the Arabic Misplaced Pages was blocked in Syria between 30 April 2008 and 13 February 2009, although other language editions remained accessible. Bassel Khartabil ( Arabic : باسل خرطبيل )

460-450: A community of volunteers , known as Wikipedians , through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki . Misplaced Pages is the largest and most-read reference work in history, and is consistently ranked among the ten most visited websites ; as of August 2024 , it was ranked fourth by Semrush , and seventh by Similarweb . Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, Misplaced Pages has been hosted since 2003 by

575-458: A for-profit business. Misplaced Pages gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Misplaced Pages coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Misplaced Pages. The English Misplaced Pages passed

690-476: A 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Misplaced Pages and others). For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Misplaced Pages, and it maintains

805-401: A given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively. Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Misplaced Pages articles;

920-518: A list of articles every Misplaced Pages should have. The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet

1035-507: A month, "according to the ratings firm comScore". As of March 2023 , it ranked 6th in popularity, according to Similarweb . Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Misplaced Pages follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through " stigmergic accumulation". On January 18, 2012, the English Misplaced Pages participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in

1150-477: A new website redesign, called "Vector 2022". It featured a redesigned menu bar , moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar , and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool. The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Misplaced Pages unanimously voted to revert the changes. Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Misplaced Pages follows

1265-400: A particular language or prosecute editors . The switch has resulted in some countries dropping their bans and others expanding their bans to the entire site. Some countries continue to block Misplaced Pages for long periods of time (e.g. China). Other countries use widespread blocks for shorter periods of time such as several months (e.g. Syria) to just hours (e.g. Pakistan). Many countries block

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1380-539: A professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior". Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Misplaced Pages editors. Distribution of the 64,018,182 articles in different language editions (as of November 29, 2024) There are currently 339 language editions of Misplaced Pages (also called language versions , or simply Wikipedias ). As of November 2024,

1495-641: A range of articles on sensitive topics, such as ideas espoused by a political opposition party such as those about current events (e.g. Russia) or ideas that are against the religious tradition of a regime (e.g. Iran). These prosecutions tend to focus on editors who publish information that the government (e.g. Saudi Arabia) wants to censor, leading to self-censorship . Few or no reports of government mass surveillance of Misplaced Pages usage are known since Misplaced Pages switched over to HTTPS in 2015. However, some governments and companies have installed mass surveillance spyware applications on user equipment, which may detect

1610-455: A reporter asked if he would order Misplaced Pages to hide some information to maintain stable operations in China, he responded "Never." Still, Wales' own words have been censored; he said that the improvements in machine translation might make it "no longer possible" for authorities to control flows of information in the future during a panel discussion. However, in the official translation, his statement

1725-401: A sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". Editors who do not log in are in some sense " second-class citizens " on Misplaced Pages, as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation", but

1840-460: A topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style. A topic should also meet Misplaced Pages's standards of "notability" , which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject. Further, Misplaced Pages intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized. It must not present original research. A claim that

1955-433: A yearlong investigation into "infiltration concerns". Dennis said, "we needed to act based on credible information that some members (not all) of that group [WMC] have harassed, intimidated, and threatened other members of our community, including in some cases physically harming others, in order to secure their own power and subvert the collaborative nature of our projects." On 23 September 2020, Wikimedia's application for

2070-543: Is "misinforming" Russians. In April–May 2022, the Russian authorities put several Misplaced Pages articles on their list of forbidden sites. The list included the articles 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Rashism , several articles in Russian Misplaced Pages devoted to the military action and war crimes during the Russian invasion of Ukraine , and two sections of the Russian article about Vladimir Putin . On 20 July 2022, due to

2185-548: Is copied directly. In 2018, the publishers of the Hanyu Da Cidian sued Sogou , the parent company of Sogou Baike, for copyright infringement within the encyclopedia. The People's Court of Haidian District in Beijing took on the case. This World Wide Web –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Misplaced Pages Misplaced Pages is a free content online encyclopedia written and maintained by

2300-547: Is done by "insiders". A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small. According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Misplaced Pages community to new content". Several studies have shown that most Misplaced Pages contributors are male. Notably,

2415-415: Is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations. Among Misplaced Pages editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations. This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid,

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2530-734: Is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings. Each article and each user of Misplaced Pages has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. Misplaced Pages's community has been described as cultlike , although not always with entirely negative connotations. Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials , has been referred to as " anti-elitism ". Misplaced Pages does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification. As Misplaced Pages grew, "Who writes Misplaced Pages?" became one of

2645-463: Is not properly sourced. Finally, Misplaced Pages must not take sides. As Misplaced Pages policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages. Misplaced Pages's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by

2760-487: Is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field. Joseph Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers . A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings. The Arbitration Committee presides over

2875-496: Is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color ) or points of view. Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use . Jimmy Wales has described Misplaced Pages as "an effort to create and distribute

2990-523: Is tough against the Chinese government, it may not necessarily be so grand when faced with US government or European justice systems' requirements to modify or delete articles or disclose information". According to GreatFire, both the encrypted and unencrypted Chinese Misplaced Pages were blocked on 19 May 2015. Since June 2015, all Wikipedias redirect HTTP requests to the corresponding HTTPS addresses, thereby making encryption mandatory for all users and rendering

3105-606: The Columbia Journalism Review identified Misplaced Pages's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas". In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Misplaced Pages maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews. Following protracted trials and community discussion,

3220-638: The sub judice principle. This is believed to be the first time an English Misplaced Pages page had been taken down after a court order. In a November 2013 report published by the Center for Global Communication Studies of the University of Pennsylvania , researchers Collin Anderson and Nima Nazeri scanned 800,000 Persian-language Misplaced Pages articles and found that the Iranian government blocks 963 of these pages. According to

3335-559: The Criminal Code of Belarus ). Access to Misplaced Pages has varied over the years with the Chinese language version being controlled more tightly than other versions. As of April 2019, all versions of Misplaced Pages are blocked in mainland China under the Great Firewall . The Chinese Misplaced Pages was launched in May 2001. Misplaced Pages received positive coverage in China's state press in early 2004 but

3450-595: The Global South ( Eurocentrism ). While the reliability of Misplaced Pages was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward while becoming an important fact-checking site . Misplaced Pages has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site. Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for frequently updated information about those events. Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before

3565-510: The People's Republic of China completely blocked all language versions of the site again on 4 December. A large number of Chinese internet users complained about the block on social networks, although most of the complaints were deleted after a short period. However, it became possible to visit Misplaced Pages in other languages on 6 December in China again. Wales met Lu Wei , the director of Cyberspace Administration of China on 17 December 2015 during

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3680-513: The Philippines . In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ( Russian , Spanish , Italian , Polish , Egyptian Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Ukrainian , Vietnamese , Waray , Arabic , and Portuguese ), seven more have over 500,000 articles ( Persian , Catalan , Indonesian , Serbian , Korean , Norwegian , and Turkish ), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000. The largest,

3795-654: The Putin -led Russian government of political censorship , Internet propaganda , disinformation attacks , and disruptive editing towards an article listing of Russian military casualties as well as Ukrainian civilians and children due to the ongoing war . On 1 March 2022, Roskomnadzor threatened to block access to the Russian Misplaced Pages in Russia over the Russian-language article ru:Вторжение России на Украину (2022) ("Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)"). Roskomnadzor claimed that

3910-568: The Russian government , as well as several attempts to censor pages , spread propaganda , and disinform , more recently during the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian war in the Donbas region and the current Russo-Ukrainian War since 2022. On 5 April 2013, the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (better known as Roskomnadzor) confirmed that Misplaced Pages

4025-772: The United States Congress —the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours . More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content. In January 2013, 274301 Misplaced Pages , an asteroid , was named after Misplaced Pages; in October 2014, Misplaced Pages was honored with the Misplaced Pages Monument ; and, in July 2015, 106 of

4140-664: The Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers. Initially only available in English, editions of Misplaced Pages in more than 300 other languages have been developed. The English Misplaced Pages , with its over 6.9 million articles, is the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 64 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about 5   edits per second on average) as of April 2024 . As of November 2024 , over 25% of Misplaced Pages's traffic

4255-594: The World Internet Conference held in Wuzhen , Zhejiang . Wales said that this was the first time they met and there was no consensus on specific issues but that the purpose of the meeting was for the two to "meet and know each other". Wales told Lu Wei how Misplaced Pages and Wikimedia work in the world and expressed hopes to meet Lu Wei and the Cyberspace Administration of China regularly in the future. When

4370-463: The deletion of articles on Misplaced Pages , with roughly 500,000 such debates since Misplaced Pages's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies. Content in Misplaced Pages is subject to the laws (in particular, copyright laws) of the United States and of the US state of Virginia , where

4485-830: The procrastination principle regarding the security of its content, meaning that it waits until a problem arises to fix it. Due to Misplaced Pages's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Misplaced Pages and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article. On the English Misplaced Pages, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees. A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it. A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes. A 2021 article in

4600-694: The 7,473 700-page volumes of Misplaced Pages became available as Print Misplaced Pages . In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander , Beresheet , crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Misplaced Pages engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash. In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Misplaced Pages had been encoded into synthetic DNA . On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Misplaced Pages's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There

4715-470: The Chinese Misplaced Pages appeared to have been fully unblocked. Lih confirmed the full unblocking several days later and offered a partial analysis of the effects based on the rate of new account creation on the Chinese Misplaced Pages. Before the unblocking, 300–400 new accounts were created daily. In the four days after the unblocking, the rate of new registrations more than tripled to over 1,200 daily, making it

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4830-469: The Chinese entries were "watered down and sanitized" of political controversy. On 22 June 2004, access to Misplaced Pages was restored without explanation. Misplaced Pages was blocked again for unknown reasons in September but only for four days. Misplaced Pages was again blocked in China in October 2005. Misplaced Pages users Shi Zhao and Cui Wei wrote letters to technicians and authorities in an attempt to convince them to unblock

4945-647: The English Misplaced Pages introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012. Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community. Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Misplaced Pages's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision. On most articles, anyone can view

5060-574: The English Misplaced Pages was restored. On 6 September 2007, IDG News reported that the English Misplaced Pages was blocked again. On 2 April 2008, The Register reported that the blocks on the English and Chinese Wikipedias were lifted. This was confirmed by the BBC and came within the context of foreign journalists arriving in Beijing to report on the 2008 Summer Olympics and the International Olympic Committee 's request for press freedom during

5175-496: The English Misplaced Pages, has over 6.9 million articles. As of January 2021, the English Misplaced Pages receives 48% of Misplaced Pages's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic. Since Misplaced Pages is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as

5290-863: The English-language article on the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in China. Lih said that "There is no monolithically operating Great Firewall of China ", noting that for users of various internet service providers in different locations in China— China Netcom in Beijing, China Telecom in Shanghai, and various providers in Anhui —the Chinese Misplaced Pages was blocked only in Anhui. Advocacy organization Reporters Without Borders praised Misplaced Pages's leaders for not self-censoring. On 10 November 2006, Lih reported that

5405-592: The Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. Misplaced Pages was launched on January 15, 2001 as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com, and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. The name originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia . Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. Bomis originally intended for it to be

5520-580: The Pakistani prime minister, Shehbaz Sharif , ordered the PTA to immediately remove the ban on Misplaced Pages. The reason for lifting the ban was that "Misplaced Pages was a useful site/portal which supported the dissemination of knowledge and information for the general public, students and the academia". Since the early 2010s, Russian Misplaced Pages and its editors have experienced numerous and increasing threats of nationwide blocks and country-wide enforcement of blacklisting by

5635-465: The article contains "illegally distributed information", including "reports about numerous casualties among service personnel of the Russian Federation and also the civilian population of Ukraine, including children". On 31 March 2022, Roskomnadzor threatened to fine Misplaced Pages up to 4 million rubles (about $ 49,000) if it did not delete information about the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that

5750-410: The article had already been promptly and adequately rewritten to remove the controversial points and satisfy the order, using scientific articles and UN documents, and also attempted to preserve the text by transferring it to the article " Гашиш " ("Hashish"). Misplaced Pages representatives said if access was restricted, they would file a complaint to the prosecutor's office against Roskomnadzor and appeal

5865-420: The authors, "Censors repeatedly targeted Misplaced Pages pages about government rivals, minority religious beliefs, and criticisms of the state, officials, and the police. Just under half of the blocked Wiki-pages are biographies, including pages about individuals the authorities have allegedly detained or killed." Anderson said that Persian Misplaced Pages, as a microcosm of the Iranian internet, is a "useful place to uncover

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5980-480: The automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Misplaced Pages editors. Over time, Misplaced Pages has developed a semiformal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment". Misplaced Pages encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues

6095-506: The committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Misplaced Pages policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Misplaced Pages (16%). Complete bans from Misplaced Pages are generally limited to instances of impersonation and anti-social behavior . When conduct

6210-432: The content of Misplaced Pages. On 11 July 2006 the Saudi government blocked access to Misplaced Pages and Google Translate for what it said was sexual and politically sensitive content. Google Translate was being used to bypass the filters on the blocked sites by translating them. Though Misplaced Pages is not blocked currently, specific pages on Misplaced Pages were reported to be censored by Saudi Arabia in 2011, such as one page discussing

6325-442: The contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty. A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Misplaced Pages ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site". Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all

6440-406: The decision. Anticipating the ban, the Russian Misplaced Pages published a resource titled "What to do if Misplaced Pages was blocked". On 24 August, Roskomnadzor instructed Russian internet providers to block Misplaced Pages. By the night of 25 August, around 10–20% of Russian users had issues with accessing Misplaced Pages with access varying between regions and devices used. Also on the same date, the charas article

6555-692: The edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Misplaced Pages. The English Misplaced Pages's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush , anarchism , and Muhammad . By comparison, for the German Misplaced Pages, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia , Scientology , and 9/11 conspiracy theories . In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Misplaced Pages. Editors also debate

6670-454: The edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits." However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Misplaced Pages content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting

6785-435: The expanded version of the "魔法王国" entry, were deleted without reason. In its early development, Sogou Baike imitated other encyclopedia products to a certain extent. For example, the content of its help page is very similar to that of Baidu Encyclopedia. Some comments also pointed out that some of the entries are also imitations of interactive encyclopedia and Baidu Encyclopedia. The content of Encyclopedia and Chinese Misplaced Pages

6900-573: The founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University , called Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. After the incident, Seigenthaler described Misplaced Pages as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool". The incident led to policy changes at Misplaced Pages for tightening up

7015-546: The games. In September 2008, Jimmy Wales had a meeting with Cai Mingzhao , Vice Director of China's State Council Information Office . While no agreements were made, Wales believed that a channel of communication had been opened between Misplaced Pages's community and the PRC Government . According to a report published in the American Economic Review in 2011, the blocking of the Chinese Misplaced Pages not only reduced

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7130-400: The government to block content deemed illegal or harmful to children. On 18 August 2015, Roskomnadzor instructed Russian Misplaced Pages administrators to remove the article " Чарас (наркотическое вещество) " ("Charas (narcotic substance)"), about charas , a type of cannabis, by 21 August 2015 or else they would block Misplaced Pages (which they executed to a limited extent on 25 August). The article

7245-473: The group size of its users but also decreased the unblocked users' contributions by 42.8% on average. In 2012, both the Chinese and English Wikipedias were accessible in China except for political articles. If a Chinese IP attempted to access or search for a "sensitive" article, the IP would be blocked from visiting Misplaced Pages for between several minutes to up to an hour. Chinese authorities started blocking access to

7360-535: The growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called " low-hanging fruit "—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively. In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain found that the English Misplaced Pages had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during

7475-621: The growth rate of the English Misplaced Pages in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007. The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800. A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits". Others suggest that

7590-479: The identity of editors who characterized it on Misplaced Pages as being a propaganda tool for the government, alleging the editors had defamed the news agency. The Delhi High Court threatened to block Misplaced Pages in India if the names of editors were not turned over. On 21 October, the Wikimedia Foundation suspended access to the article for the lawsuit itself due to an order from the court stating that that article violated

7705-463: The influence of rival editing camps, the conversational structure, and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources. Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Misplaced Pages. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts

7820-508: The junta's censorship. Internet access in North Korea is severely limited, requiring special permission and viewers of foreign media could face imprisonment or death. For seven hours on 31 March 2006, the entire domain of wikipedia.org was blocked in Pakistan because one article contained information pertaining to the controversial cartoons of Muhammad . The English version of Misplaced Pages

7935-414: The latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems. In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in

8050-540: The latter. Wikimedia Commons was blocked during the first half of 2016, but the block has been lifted since then. According to the Associated Press, during the COVID-19 pandemic access to Misplaced Pages was disrupted in Iranian networks. As of 2023 Wikinews Farsi is blocked. XTools was blocked for months. On 21 February 2021, following the military coup d'état , Myanmar blocked Misplaced Pages in all languages as part of

8165-527: The majority of Misplaced Pages's servers are located. By using the site, one agrees to the Wikimedia Foundation Terms of Use and Privacy Policy ; some of the main rules are that contributors are legally responsible for their edits and contributions, that they should follow the policies that govern each of the independent project editions, and they may not engage in activities, whether legal or illegal, that may be harmful to other users. In addition to

8280-827: The mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years. Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Misplaced Pages forked from Misplaced Pages to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. Wales then announced that Misplaced Pages would not display advertisements, and changed Misplaced Pages's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org . After an early period of exponential growth,

8395-485: The median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair. In the Seigenthaler biography incident , an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy . It remained uncorrected for four months. Seigenthaler,

8510-482: The new users basic Misplaced Pages policies and norms. On 16 November 2006, the Reuters news agency reported the main page of the Chinese Misplaced Pages could be displayed but not pages on some taboo political subjects, such as "4 June, [1989 protests]". However, subsequent reports suggested that both the Chinese and English versions had been reblocked the next day on 17 November. On 15 June 2007, access to non-political articles on

8625-487: The notability criteria of other language Misplaced Pages projects. Censorship of Misplaced Pages Censorship of Misplaced Pages by governments has occurred widely in countries including (but not limited to) China , Iran , Myanmar , Pakistan , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , Uzbekistan , and Venezuela . Some instances are examples of widespread Internet censorship in general that includes Misplaced Pages content. Others are indicative of measures to prevent

8740-492: The opinions of its administrators in this regard, resulting in many malicious entries not being deleted in time, and some entries that are original and attract much attention cannot be promoted. Some parody entries are suspected of infringement and have caused dissatisfaction among netizens. At the same time, some correct modifications failed to pass review, and users were unable to appeal. In addition, some entries that were rated as "high-quality versions" with "rich content", such as

8855-456: The page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]." By the end of December 2016, Misplaced Pages was ranked the fifth most popular website globally. As of January 2023, 55,791 English Misplaced Pages articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals, from which cloud computing was the most cited page. On January 18, 2023, Misplaced Pages debuted

8970-408: The past 30 days. Editors who fail to comply with Misplaced Pages cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Misplaced Pages outsiders, increasing the odds that Misplaced Pages insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Misplaced Pages insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Misplaced Pages-specific technological codes, submit to

9085-421: The process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship. Misplaced Pages has delegated some administrative functions to bots , such as when granting privileges to human editors. Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though

9200-471: The questions frequently asked there. Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Misplaced Pages and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent of Misplaced Pages users are responsible for about half of

9315-524: The refusal of Misplaced Pages to remove the articles about the Russian-Ukrainian war, Roskomnadzor ordered search engines to mark Misplaced Pages as a violator of Russian laws. On 1 November 2022, the Wikimedia Foundation was fined 2 million rubles by a Russian court for not deleting two articles on Russian Misplaced Pages. On 13 April 2023 the Wikimedia Foundation was again fined by a Russian court. In December 2023, Stanislav Kozlovsky, Wikimedia Russia's director,

9430-429: The results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Misplaced Pages editors were female. Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Misplaced Pages contributors. Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown , gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology. Andrew Lih ,

9545-409: The same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Misplaced Pages", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Misplaced Pages had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae. In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators

9660-475: The same period in 2008. The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend. Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology. Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In

9775-402: The second fastest growing Misplaced Pages after the English version. Similarly, there were 75% more articles created in the week ending on 13 November than during the week before. On the same weekend that the Chinese Misplaced Pages passed the 100,000 article mark, Lih predicted that the second 100,000 would come quickly but that the existing body of Chinese Misplaced Pages users would have their hands full teaching

9890-578: The secure ( HTTPS ) version of the site on 31 May 2013. Although the non-secure ( HTTP ) version was still available, it was vulnerable to keyword filtering allowing individual articles to be selectively blocked. GreatFire urged Misplaced Pages and users to circumvent the block by accessing other IP addresses owned by Misplaced Pages with HTTPS. In 2013, after Jimmy Wales stated that Misplaced Pages will not tolerate "5 seconds" of censorship, Shen Yi, an Internet researcher at Fudan University in Shanghai said that while "Misplaced Pages

10005-584: The site inaccessible in China. As a result, Chinese censors cannot see which specific pages an individual is viewing and therefore cannot block a specific subset of pages (such as Ai Weiwei , Liu Xiaobo or Tiananmen Square ) as they did in past years. Wales said he would fly to China to lobby the Chinese government to unlock the site within two weeks at the Leadership Energy Summit Asia 2015 in Kuala Lumpur on 2 December 2015. The government of

10120-439: The site's edits." This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz , who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts. The English Misplaced Pages has 6,917,332 articles, 48,335,317 registered editors, and 122,331 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in

10235-564: The six largest, in order of article count, are the English , Cebuano , German , French , Swedish , and Dutch Wikipedias. The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot , which as of 2013 had created about half the articles on the Swedish Misplaced Pages , and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias . The latter are both languages of

10350-449: The start of Misplaced Pages, but with limited success. Misplaced Pages began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis , a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger , editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Misplaced Pages. Nupedia

10465-568: The state's sovereignty and territorial integrity". On 24 October 2020, a Chinese citizen in Zhoushan , Zhejiang was penalized by the local police for "illegally visiting Misplaced Pages". On 5 October 2021, the Chinese government rejected the Wikimedia Foundation's bid for observer status at the World Intellectual Property Organization again for the same reason as in 2020. Asian News International sued Wikimedia to uncover

10580-503: The status as an official observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization was rejected by the Chinese government because China's representative claimed that they had "spotted a large amount of content and disinformation in violation of [the] One China principle " on webpages affiliated with Wikimedia, and Wikimedia's Taiwan branch has been "carrying out political activities   ... which could undermine

10695-796: The subject of the article. Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights , granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. In particular, editors can choose to run for " adminship ", which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes. Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits. By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Misplaced Pages's earlier years, in part because

10810-518: The terms, the Foundation has developed policies, described as the "official policies of the Wikimedia Foundation". The fundamental principles of the Misplaced Pages community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. The five pillars are: The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Misplaced Pages editors write and revise

10925-407: The theory of evolution. Encrypted connections over HTTPS made censorship more difficult for these pages and today there is no evidence that individual pages are still being blocked. In September 2020, two Misplaced Pages volunteer administrators were arrested on the same day: Osama Khalid was sentenced to 32 years in prison while Ziyad al-Sofiani was sentenced to eight years, according to Smex,

11040-515: The types of online content forbidden and an excellent template to identify keyword blocking themes and filtering rules that apply across the greater internet." In May 2014, according to Mashable , the Iranian government blocked at least two pages on the Persian Misplaced Pages. In 2015, the Misplaced Pages software migrated to HTTPS protocol, leaving the Iranian government with no choice but to either block it completely or not block it at all. Iran chose

11155-683: The ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. Statistical analyses suggest that the English Misplaced Pages committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. Therefore,

11270-400: The usage of VPN software and record visited URLs . This can hypothetically be utilized to eavesdrop Misplaced Pages browsing. Legal code may deter people from accessing the sites due to the threat of fines, imprisonment, loss of job, or physical harm. On 11 March 2022, Belarusian political police GUBOPiK arrested and detained Mark Bernstein , an editor of the Russian Misplaced Pages from Minsk, who

11385-548: The verifiability of biographical articles of living people. Misplaced Pages editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring". It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added, and criticized as creating a competitive and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles . Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes,

11500-453: The viewing of specific content deemed offensive. The duration of different blocks has varied from hours to years. When Misplaced Pages ran on the HTTP protocol, governments were able to block specific articles. However, in 2011 Misplaced Pages began also running on HTTPS , and in 2015 switched over to solely HTTPS. Since then, the only censorship options have been to block one of the entire Wikipedias for

11615-428: The website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus. Editors can enforce the rules by deleting or modifying non-compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Misplaced Pages were based on a translation of the rules for the English Misplaced Pages. They have since diverged to some extent. According to the rules on the English Misplaced Pages community, each entry in Misplaced Pages must be about

11730-509: The website. Part of the letter read, "By blocking Misplaced Pages, we lose a chance to present China's voice to the world, allowing evil cults, Taiwan independence forces and others   ... to present a distorted image of China." In October 2006, The New York Times reported that the English Misplaced Pages was unblocked in China, although the Chinese Misplaced Pages remained blocked. New media researcher Andrew Lih blogged that he could not read

11845-791: Was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Misplaced Pages declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent." Varma added, "While Misplaced Pages's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Misplaced Pages users." When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky , associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of

11960-514: Was also in decline. In the November 25, 2013, issue of New York magazine, Katherine Ward stated, "Misplaced Pages, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis." The number of active English Misplaced Pages editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline. In January 2007, Misplaced Pages first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. With 42.9 million unique visitors, it

12075-401: Was blacklisted, stating that it had been "for a long time. I don't know why it's only now that they've woken up". The same day, Roskomnadzor ordered the Russian Misplaced Pages to remove the article " Курение каннабиса " ("Cannabis smoking"), or else they would block the entirety of Misplaced Pages in Russia. Internet censorship became more common after a new law was passed around November 2013, allowing

12190-568: Was blocked in Pakistan for several days in May 2010 during the controversy surrounding Everybody Draw Mohammed Day . On 1 February 2023, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) degraded Misplaced Pages services for 48 hours due to what it said was Misplaced Pages's failure to remove sacrilegious content. The PTA stated that Misplaced Pages services would be blocked if the content remained available. On 3 February, Pakistani authorities blocked access to Misplaced Pages. On 6 February 2023,

12305-472: Was blocked on 3 June 2004, ahead of the 15th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . Proposals to practice self-censorship in a bid to restore the site were rejected by the Chinese Misplaced Pages community. However, a story by the International Herald Tribune comparing entries on the Chinese and English Wikipedias on topics such as Mao Zedong and Taiwan concluded that

12420-513: Was editing the Misplaced Pages article about the Russian invasion of Ukraine , accusing him of the "spread of anti-Russian materials" and of violating Russian "fake news" laws. On 7 April 2022, a court in Brest sentenced Misplaced Pages user Pavel Pernikaŭ to two years of prison for three edits of Russian and Belarusian Misplaced Pages . He was found guilty of "discrediting the Republic of Belarus" (article 369-1 of

12535-458: Was found by a Russian provincial court to contain a detailed description of how to make a narcotic, deeming it prohibited information. Roskomnadzor explained that "insofar as Misplaced Pages has decided to function on the basis of https, which doesn't allow restricting to individual pages on its site, the entire website would be blocked" if they did not comply. In response to the impending block, the director of NP Wikimedia RU Vladimir Medeyko argued that

12650-494: Was from the United States, followed by Japan at 6.2%, the United Kingdom at 5.6%, Russia at 5.0%, Germany at 4.8%, and the remaining 53.3% split among other countries. Misplaced Pages has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge , extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias , particularly gender bias against women and geographical bias against

12765-478: Was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Misplaced Pages was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman . Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on

12880-510: Was listed as a " foreign agent " by the Justice Ministry of Russia. Moscow University, where he taught, expelled him. Wikimedia Russia was forced to disband. In February 2024, Russian presidential aide Vladimir Medinsky suggested that 99% of the articles on Misplaced Pages were "absolutely neutral and even interesting", but 1% of articles were "enemy slander". He also encouraged the idea of a native Russian online encyclopedia alternative based on

12995-411: Was ranked #9, surpassing The New York Times (#10) and Apple (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Misplaced Pages ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors. In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month. On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Misplaced Pages had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors

13110-574: Was removed from the registry of banned sites. Roskomnadzor explained that they had "been informed by the Federal Drug Control Service that sufficient edits were made that met the conditions of court order". In February and March 2022, in the first week following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and breakout of the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russian Misplaced Pages editors warned their readers and fellow editors of several, reiterated attempts by

13225-469: Was that such improvements will help governments to better analyze online communications. On 23 April 2019, all versions of Misplaced Pages were blocked in China. On 13 September 2019, the Wikimedia Foundation banned seven Misplaced Pages users and removed administrator privileges from twelve users that were part of Wikimedians of Mainland China (WMC). Maggie Dennis, the foundation's vice president of community resilience and sustainability, said that there had been

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