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82-555: The Socialist Review was set up in 1950 as the main publication of the Socialist Review Group (SRG). It began as a duplicated magazine, the parent group only being able to afford to have it printed from 1954 onwards. In its last years it lost its central importance to the SRG due to the launch in 1960 of a new journal International Socialism and in 1961 a newspaper, Industrial Worker that then became Labour Worker and subsequently

164-617: A constituent assembly to determine Germany's future form of government. Only a small minority of the councils supported a soviet-style system. Luxemburg was freed from prison in Breslau on 8 November 1918, three days before the armistice of 11 November 1918 . One day later, Karl Liebknecht, who had also been freed from prison, proclaimed the Free Socialist Republic ( Freie Sozialistische Republik ) in Berlin. He and Luxemburg reorganised

246-699: A blunder, but supported the attempted overthrow of the SPD-ruled Weimar Republic and rejected any attempt at a negotiated solution. Friedrich Ebert 's SPD Cabinet crushed the revolt and the Spartakusbund by sending in the Freikorps , government-sponsored paramilitary groups consisting mostly of battle-hardened World War I veterans of the Imperial German Army . Freikorps troops captured, tortured and executed Luxemburg and Liebknecht during

328-400: A co-founder of the radical Spartacus League , Luxemburg helped to shape Germany's young democracy by advancing an international, rather than a nationalist, outlook. This farsightedness partly explains her remarkable popularity as a socialist icon and its continued resonance in movies, novels and memorials dedicated to her life and oeuvre". Gammel also notes that for Luxemburg "the revolution was

410-434: A duplicated journal of this name had been published in 1958 and the first edition of Tony Cliff 's essay on Rosa Luxemburg was published, in book form, as issue 2/3 in series with this otherwise one-off publication. This European political magazine or journal-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on

492-805: A general strike to rouse the workers to solidarity and prevent the coming war. However, the SPD leaders refused and she broke with Kautsky in 1910. Between 1904 and 1906, she was imprisoned for her political activities on three occasions in Barnimstrasse women's prison . In 1907, she went to the Russian Social Democrats ' Fifth Party Day in London , where she met Lenin. At the socialist Second International Congress in Stuttgart , her resolution demanding that all European workers' parties should unite in attempting to stop

574-599: A half years. During imprisonment, Luxemburg was twice relocated, first to Posen (now Poznań), then to Breslau (now Wrocław ). Luxemburg continued to write and friends secretly smuggled out and illegally published her articles. Among them was Die Russische Revolution , criticising the Bolsheviks and accusing them of seeking to impose a totalitarian single party state upon the Soviet Union. In that context, she wrote her famous pronouncement on freedom of expression "Freedom

656-720: A joint congress of the League, independent socialists and the International Communists of Germany (IKD) took place with Radek's involvement. During the conference, Luxemburg continued to denounce the Red Terror and censorship in the Soviet Russia . She also accused both Lenin and the Bolsheviks of having police state aspirations. She further expressed shame that her former colleague and friend, Felix Dzerzhinsky , had agreed to head

738-509: A large meeting: "If they think we are going to lift the weapons of murder against our French and other brethren, then we shall shout: 'We will not do it! ' " However, when nationalist crises in the Balkans erupted into violence and then the war in 1914, there was no general strike and the SPD majority supported the war as did the French Socialists . The Reichstag unanimously agreed to finance

820-659: A new wave of paramilitary warfare in Berlin and across Germany. Thousands of members of the KPD as well as other revolutionaries and civilians were killed, often as collateral damage . Finally, the People's Navy Division ( Volksmarinedivision ) and workers' and soldiers' unions, which had moved to the political far left , were disbanded. The last part of the German Revolution saw many instances of armed violence and strike action throughout Germany. Significant strikes occurred in Berlin,

902-607: A political activist , socialist theorist and writer". Her reputation was tarnished by Joseph Stalin 's cynicism in Questions Concerning the History of Bolshevism . In his rewriting of Russian events, he placed the blame for the theory of permanent revolution on Luxemburg's shoulders, with faint praise for her attacks on Karl Kautsky which she commenced in 1910. According to Gammel, "In her controversial tome of 1913, The Accumulation of Capital , as well as through her work as

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984-610: A political necessity, making various negative comments about German culture during the German Empire in her private correspondence that was written in Polish; at the same time, she loved the works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and showed an appreciation for German literature . However, she also preferred Switzerland to Berlin and greatly missed Polish language and culture . When Luxemburg moved to Germany in May 1898, she settled in Berlin. She

1066-415: A position to perform this task, its performance is not only a duty toward the proletariat, but its solution offers the only means of saving human society from destruction. Like Liebknecht, Luxemburg supported the violent putsch attempt. In a complete reversal of her previous demands for "unrestricted freedom of the press ", The Red Flag called for the KPD to violently occupy the editorial offices of

1148-440: A separate magazine in May 2007, edited first by Judith Orr, and now Sally Campbell. Regular writers include Mark Serwotka , Billy Hayes and Lindsey German . Since the relaunch it has carried interviews with figures such as Naomi Klein , George Galloway , Tony Benn , Tom Morello and Howard Zinn , and features by Francis Beckett and István Mészáros . International Socialism (magazine) International Socialism

1230-521: A temporary release on bail was secured for her on 28 June 1906 for health reasons until the court trial; in early August from Saint Petersburg , she left for Kuokkala , which was then part of the Grand Duchy of Finland (an autonomous part of the Russian Empire). From there, in the middle of September, she managed to secretly flee to Germany. Luxemburg wanted to move to Germany to be at the centre of

1312-410: A total of 104 issues. Originally edited by Michael Kidron for its first five years, with Alasdair MacIntyre co-editing it alongside him for 18 months, subsequently the first series was variously edited by Nigel Harris , Chris Harman , Duncan Hallas and Alex Callinicos . The second series was originally edited by Peter Binns, who was succeeded as editor by John Rees . Previously, a single issue of

1394-557: A way of life" and yet that the letters also challenge the stereotype of "Red Rosa" as a ruthless fighter. However, The Accumulation of Capital sparked angry accusations from the Communist Party of Germany . In 1923, Ruth Fischer and Arkadi Maslow denounced the work as "errors", a derivative work of economic miscalculation known as "spontaneity". Luxemburg continued to identify as Polish and disliked living in Germany, which she saw as

1476-577: A wealthy businessman with transnational connections who could afford to provide for his children an education abroad in the German Empire . He supported the Jewish Reform movement , becoming a prominent member of the Zamość Maskilim . He was committed to Jewish emancipation , spoke Polish and Yiddish , and ensured that his children spoke these languages too; it is unclear whether he took part in

1558-572: Is a British-based quarterly journal established in 1960 and published in London by the Socialist Workers Party which discusses socialist theory . It is currently edited by Joseph Choonara who replaced Alex Callinicos , who took over for ten years in November 2009 after Chris Harman died. The current journal is the second series following an earlier series which ran from 1960 to 1978 publishing

1640-673: Is always the freedom of dissenters" ( "Freiheit ist immer Freiheit der Andersdenkenden" ) in criticizing Lenin and the Russian Revolution. She added: "The public life of countries with limited freedom is so poverty-stricken, so miserable, so rigid, so unfruitful, precisely because, through the exclusion of democracy, it cuts off the living sources of all spiritual riches and progress". Another article written in April 1915 when in prison and published and distributed illegally in June 1916 originally under

1722-412: Is the pride and strength of international socialism. That is why future victories will spring from this "defeat". "Order prevails in Berlin!" You foolish lackeys! Your "order" is built on sand. Tomorrow the revolution will "rise up again, clashing its weapons," and to your horror it will proclaim with trumpets blazing: I was, I am, I shall be! The executions of Luxemburg and Liebknecht were the beginning of

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1804-916: The Freikorps to suppress the Soviet-backed attempt at revolution, which was successfully crushed by 11 January 1919. Meanwhile, Luxemburg's Red Flag falsely claimed that the rebellion was spreading across Germany. Luxemburg and Liebknecht were taken prisoner in Berlin on 15 January 1919 by the Guards Cavalry Rifle Division of the Freikorps ( Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision ). The unit's officer commanding , Captain Waldemar Pabst , with Lieutenant Horst von Pflugk-Harttung , questioned them under torture and then, following an alleged telephone call to Defense Minister Gustav Noske , issued orders to summarily execute both prisoners. Luxemburg

1886-815: The Bremen Soviet Republic , Saxony , Saxe-Gotha , Hamburg, the Rhinelands and the Ruhr region. Last to strike was the Bavarian Soviet Republic which was suppressed on 2 May 1919. More than four months after the murders of Luxemburg and Liebknecht, on 1 June 1919, Luxemburg's corpse was found and identified after an autopsy at the Charité hospital in Berlin. According to Russian historian Edvard Radzinsky, Soviet Premier Lenin retaliated for Liebknecht and Luxemburg's murder by issuing orders to Gregory Zinoviev for

1968-679: The Cheka , the then Soviet security agency, and asked Radek to convey her opinions about all these matters to the Politburo in Moscow. This same conference, however, ultimately led to the foundation on 1 January 1919 of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) under the leadership of Liebknecht and Luxemburg. Luxemburg supported the new KPD's participation in the Weimar National Assembly that founded

2050-591: The Communist Party of Germany (KPD). After the SPD supported German involvement in World War I in 1915, Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht co-founded the anti-war Spartacus League which eventually became the KPD. During the November Revolution , she co-founded the newspaper Die Rote Fahne ( The Red Flag ), the central organ of the Spartacist movement. Luxemburg considered the Spartacist uprising of January 1919

2132-866: The Grand Duke George Mikhailovich , the Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich , and the Grand Duke Dmitri Constantinovich . Private Runge was sentenced to two years' imprisonment for attempted manslaughter and Lieutenant Vogel to two years and four months for failing to report a corpse. However, Vogel escaped after a brief period in custody, with the help of Wilhelm Canaris . Captain Pabst and Lieutenant Souchon were never prosecuted. The Nazis later compensated Private Runge for having been jailed, but he died in Berlin in NKVD custody after

2214-636: The Middle Ages . Her doctoral dissertation "The Industrial Development of Poland " ( Die Industrielle Entwicklung Polens ) was officially presented in the spring of 1897 at the University of Zurich which awarded her a Doctor of Law degree. Her dissertation was published by Duncker and Humblot in Leipzig in 1898. An oddity in Zurich, she was one of the first women in the world with a doctorate in political economy and

2296-604: The November Uprising (1830–31) or not. Abraham's son Edward was Róża's father. He was born in Zamość on 17 December 1830, the eldest of ten siblings and heir to his father's timber business. Edward Eliasz Luxenburg lost his mother at the age of 18. He met his wife Lina Löwenstein through his stepmother Amalia, who was Lina's older sister. Lina and Amalia were daughters of the Rabbi of Meseritz , Isaak Ozer Löwenstein, and their brother

2378-508: The Petrograd Soviet on 18 January 1919, supporting her assessment of Bolshevism. Lenin posthumously praised Luxemburg as an "eagle" of the working class, and stated that her work would serve as an example to other socialist revolutionaries. Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky also publicly mourned Luxemburg's and Liebknecht's death. In later years, Trotsky frequently defended Luxemburg, claiming that Joseph Stalin had vilified her. In

2460-505: The Russian sector of Poland , after the country was partitioned by Prussia , Russia and Austria almost a century earlier. She was the fifth and youngest child of Edward Eliasz Luxemburg and Lina Löwenstein. Her father Edward, like his father Abraham, supported the Jewish Reform movement. Luxemburg later stated that her father imparted an interest in liberal ideas to her while her mother

2542-579: The Tiergarten . His body, without any identification, was then dumped outside the railings of the Berlin Zoo . According to historian Robert Service : The symbolism was intentional. The enemies of the Spartacists looked on them as being less than human. Dogs were being given a dog's death. The Spartacists leaders met their ends with courage and dignity. Of their leaders, only Thalheimer and Levi survived, and it

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2624-459: The proletariat assumed power and effected revolutionary changes in methods of production . She wanted the revisionists ousted from the SPD. That did not occur, but Kautsky's leadership retained a Marxist influence on its programme. From 1900, Luxemburg published analyses of contemporary European socio-economic problems in newspapers. Foreseeing war, she vigorously attacked what she saw as German militarism and imperialism . Luxemburg wanted

2706-415: The Berlin leadership on the other is the mark of this latest episode. The leadership failed. But a new leadership can and must be created by the masses and from the masses. The masses are the crucial factor. They are the rock on which the ultimate victory of the revolution will be built. The masses were up to the challenge, and out of this "defeat" they have forged a link in the chain of historic defeats, which

2788-605: The Constitution (BVS) asserts that idolisation of Luxemburg and Liebknecht is an important tradition of the 21st-century German far-left. Despite her own Polish nationality and strong ties to Polish culture, opposition from the Polish Socialist Party due to her stance against the 1918 independence of the Second Polish Republic and later criticism from Stalinists have made her a controversial historical figure in

2870-676: The German revolutionaries. A little while ago the Germans had been assisting revolution in Russia. Now Lenin was reciprocating. The Bolshevik embassy became the headquarters of the German revolution." In November 1918, the USPD and the SPD initially shared power in the Council of the People's Deputies , the revolutionary government set up following the 9 November abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II . This took place during

2952-552: The Luxemburg family and her early years show that "Rosa Luxemburg gained a lot more from her family than has previously been understood by her biographers. Not only in terms of her education, financial support and assistance during her frequent incarcerations, but also in terms of her identity and politics. Her family was a closely knitted support network, even when its members were spread out across Europe. This solid foundation, which supported and encouraged her at every step, gave Luxemburg

3034-531: The Parliament or Courts of Germany. In 1993, Gietinger's research on his access to the previously restricted papers of Pabst, held at the Federal Military Archives, found him as central to the planning of the murder of Luxemburg and the shielding of those who had acted under his orders from subsequent criminal prosecution. Shortly after Luxemburg's death, her fame was alluded to by Grigory Zinoviev at

3116-504: The Polish classic Pan Tadeusz . Rory Castle writes: "From her grandfather and father [Rosa] inherited the belief that she was a Pole first and a Jew second, her passionate opposition to Tsarism and her emotional connection to Polish language and culture. Although her parents were religious, they did not consider themselves to be Jewish by nationality, rather 'Poles of the Mosaic persuasion ' ". He also points out that more recent research into

3198-650: The Russification of Poles by the Russian Empire's absolutist government. After the 1905 revolution broke out, against the advice of her Polish and German comrades, Luxemburg left for Warsaw. If she were to be recognised, tsarist authorities would imprison her, but the October/November political strike, part of the upheaval in Russia with particularly active elements in Congress Poland, convinced Róża that she

3280-472: The SWP. In 2003, the selling of the SWP's in-house printing press, for which they give the reason that it was outdated technology that was too expensive to replace, forced them to find new printers for the magazine; Warners Midlands plc . This opened up the opportunity of full colour throughout and of a more professional appearance generally. This has helped to further the push for wider readership particularly outside

3362-464: The Spartacus League and founded The Red Flag ( Die Rote Fahne ) newspaper, demanding amnesty for all political prisoners and the abolition of capital punishment in the essay Against Capital Punishment . On 14 December 1918, they published the new programme of the Spartacus League. Following the arrival of Soviet emissary and military advisor Karl Radek , between 29 and 31 December 1918

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3444-682: The Weimar Republic, but she was out-voted and the KPD boycotted the elections. Leading up to the January 1919 struggle for power with the SPD, the improvised Spartacist Uprising began in Berlin. Luxemburg spoke at the founding conference of the German Communist Party on 31 December 1918: The progress of large-scale capitalist development during seventy years has brought us so far that today we can seriously set about destroying capitalism once and for all. No, still more; today we are not only in

3526-437: The anti-Spartacist press and later, all other positions of power. On 8 January, Luxemburg's Red Flag printed a public statement by her, in which she called for revolutionary violence and no negotiations with the revolution's "mortal enemies", the SPD-led Republican Government of Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann . In response to the uprising, Luxemburg's former student, German Chancellor and SPD leader Ebert ordered

3608-442: The article "Hands Off Rosa Luxemburg!", Trotsky criticised Stalin for this despite what Trotsky perceived as Luxemburg's theoretical errors, writing: "Yes, Stalin has sufficient cause to hate Rosa Luxemburg. But all the more imperious therefore becomes our duty to shield Rosa's memory from Stalin's calumny that has been caught by the hired functionaries of both hemispheres, and to pass on this truly beautiful, heroic, and tragic image to

3690-535: The article's talk page . This British magazine or academic journal–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . Rosa Luxemburg This is an accepted version of this page Rosa Luxemburg ( Polish : Róża Luksemburg , [ˈruʐa ˈluksɛmburk] ; German: [ˈʁoːza ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk] ; born Rozalia Luksenburg ; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919)

3772-417: The central cemetery Friedrichsfelde , also known as the Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten (Socialist Memorial). In East Germany , the event was widely considered to be a mere show for Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians and celebrities, which was broadcast live on state television. During the Peaceful Revolution , the annual parade in East Berlin honoring the deaths of Liebknecht and Luxemburg

3854-414: The early days of the German Revolution that began with the Kiel mutiny , which sparked the establishment of workers' and soldiers' councils across most of Germany to put an end to World War I and to the monarchy . The SPD leaders tried to prevent the establishment of a Räterepublik (council republic) like the soviets of the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917 by pushing for early elections to

3936-409: The end of World War II . The Nazis also later merged the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision into the SA . In an interview with German news magazine Der Spiegel in 1962 and again in his memoirs, Captain Pabst alleged that Defence Minister Noske and Weimar Republic Chancellor Ebert had both covertly approved of his actions, but his account has not been confirmed, nor has his case been examined by

4018-524: The fall of the uprising he became a target of the tsarist police and was forced into hiding in Warsaw, leaving his family behind in Zamość. During the 1860s and 1870s, Edward moved frequently and experienced financial difficulties; eventually the rest of the family, including two-year-old Rosa, joined him in Warsaw in 1873. Róża Luksemburg, actual birth name Rozalia Luksenburg, was born on 5 March 1871 at 45 Ogrodowa Street (now 7a Kościuszko Street) in Zamość. The Luxemburg family were Polish Jews living in

4100-432: The first Polish woman to achieve this. In 1893, with Leo Jogiches and Julian Marchlewski (alias Julius Karski), Luxemburg founded the newspaper Sprawa Robotnicza ( The Workers' Cause ) which opposed the nationalist policies of the Polish Socialist Party . Luxemburg believed that an independent Poland could arise and exist only through socialist revolutions in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. She maintained that

4182-491: The format of Socialist Review , turning it into a monthly supplement for Socialist Worker , though retaining the cover price so it could continue to be sold separately. The stated reason for the change was: "The new magazine would draw upon the strengths of both Socialist Worker and Socialist Review and will use the better sale and distribution of the paper to reach a wider audience." The first issue in this format appeared in February 2006. Socialist Review reverted to being

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4264-448: The illegal Polish left-wing Proletariat Party (founded in 1882, anticipating the Russian parties by twenty years). She began political activities by organising a general strike ; as a result, four of the Proletariat Party leaders were put to death and the party was disbanded, though the remaining members, including Luxemburg, kept meeting in secret. In 1887, she passed her matura ( secondary school examinations). Róża became wanted by

4346-467: The immediate arrest and summary execution of four Grand Dukes from the recently deposed House of Romanov , all of whom were uncles of the Nicholas II , the last Tsar. Despite the pleas of Maxim Gorky on behalf of one of the condemned, the known progressive and noted historian Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich , all four men including Mikhailovich were shot on 30 January 1919 at the Peter and Paul Fortress in Petrograd . The other three men executed were

4428-445: The intellectual and personal confidence to go out and attempt to change the world". It is especially from Luxemburg's private correspondence that it can be seen she in fact remained very close with her family throughout the years, despite being separated by borders and spread out across countries. In 1884, she enrolled at an all-girls' gymnasium (secondary school) in Warsaw, which she attended until 1887. The Second Women's Gymnasium

4510-535: The middle-class culture of Berlin, which she considered stifling to revolution. She further disliked Prussian men and resented what she saw as the grip of urban capitalism on social democracy . In the Social Democratic Party of Germany 's women's section, she met Clara Zetkin , whom she made a lifelong friend. Between 1907 and his conscription in 1915, she was involved in a love affair with Clara's younger son, Kostja Zetkin , to which approximately 600 surviving letters (now mostly published) bear testimony. Luxemburg

4592-424: The party struggle, but she had no way of obtaining permission to remain there indefinitely. Thus, in April 1897 she married the son of an old friend, Gustav Lübeck, in order to gain German citizenship. They never lived together, and they formally divorced five years later. She returned briefly to Paris , then moved permanently to Berlin to support Eduard Bernstein 's constitutional reform movement. Luxemburg disliked

4674-568: The present-day political discourse of the Third Polish Republic . Little is known about Rozalia's great-grandparents, Elisza and Szayndla, but according to historical evidence it is likely they lived in Warsaw . Their son, Rosa's grandfather, Abraham Luxemburg probably lived in Warsaw before marrying Chana Szlam (Rosa's grandmother) and moving to Zamość . Abraham built a successful timber business there, based in Zamość and Warsaw but with links as far away as Danzig , Leipzig , Berlin , and Hamburg ; although coming from humble origins, he became

4756-456: The pseudonym Junius was Die Krise der Sozialdemokratie ( The Crisis of Social Democracy ), also known as the Junius-Broschüre or The Junius Pamphlet . In 1917, the Spartacus League was affiliated with the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), founded by Hugo Haase and made up of anti-war former SPD members. According to Russian historian Edvard Radzinsky , "The Bolshevik envoy in Berlin began secretly purchasing arms for

4838-405: The ranks of the SWP. The final issue in this format, number 302, was published in December 2005. The final editor of SR in this format was Chris Nineham . The magazine was edited by Lindsey German , who is convener of the Stop the War Coalition , till May 2004 and from June 2004 to October, 2005 by Peter Morgan. At the SWP conference in January 2006, a plan was put forward to radically change

4920-415: The rebellion. Due to her pointed criticism of both the Leninist and the more moderate social democratic schools of Marxism , Luxemburg has always had a somewhat ambivalent reception among scholars and theorists of the political left . Nonetheless, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were extensively idolised as communist martyrs by the East German government. The German Federal Office for the Protection of

5002-468: The refusal of soldiers to follow orders. On that account, she was imprisoned for a year for "inciting to disobedience against the authorities' law and order". In August 1914, Luxemburg, along with Karl Liebknecht , Clara Zetkin , and Franz Mehring , founded the group Die Internationale ("The International"), which became the Spartacus League in January 1916. They wrote and distributed illegal anti-war pamphlets pseudonymously signed Spartacus , after

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5084-443: The slave-liberating Thracian gladiator who led an uprising against the Roman Republic. Luxemburg's pseudonym was Junius, after Lucius Junius Brutus , the founder of the Roman Republic . The Spartacus League vehemently rejected the SPD's support in the Reichstag for funding the war and urged Germany's labor unions to declare an anti-war general strike. As a result, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were imprisoned in June 1916 for two and

5166-457: The struggle should be against capitalism , not just for Polish independence. Her position of denying a national right of self-determination provoked a philosophic disagreement with Vladimir Lenin . She and Leo Jogiches co-founded the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) party, after merging Congress Poland's and Lithuania's social democratic organisations. Despite living in Germany for most of her adult life, Luxemburg

5248-414: The tsarist authorities within the senior SDKPiL leadership, came to arrest them on 4 March 1906. They held her prisoner first at the ratusz jail, then at Pawiak prison and later at the Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel . Luxemburg continued to write for the SDKPiL in secret while in custody, with her works smuggled out of the compound. After two officers of the Okhrana were bribed by her relatives,

5330-521: The tsarist police due to her activity in Proletariat; she hid in the countryside, working as private tutor at a dworek . In order to escape detention, she fled to Switzerland through the "green border" in 1889. She attended the University of Zurich (as did the socialists Anatoly Lunacharsky and Leo Jogiches ), where she studied philosophy, history, politics, economics, zoology and mathematics. She specialised in Staatswissenschaft (political science), economic and stock exchange crises, and

5412-453: The war was accepted. Luxemburg taught Marxism and economics at the SPD's Berlin training centre. Her former student Friedrich Ebert became the SPD leader and later the Weimar Republic 's first President. In 1912, Luxemburg was the SPD representative at the European Socialists' congresses. With French socialist Jean Jaurès , Luxemburg argued that European workers' parties should organise a general strike when war broke out. In 1913, she told

5494-472: The war. The SPD voted in favour of that and agreed to a truce ( Burgfrieden ) with the Imperial government and promised that SPD-controlled labour unions would refrain from strike action for the duration of the war. This led Luxemburg to contemplate suicide as the revisionism she had fought since 1899 had triumphed. In response, Luxemburg organised anti-war demonstrations in Frankfurt , calling for conscientious objection to military conscription and

5576-412: The weekly Socialist Worker . Socialist Review was discontinued in 1962 – the year in which the SRG became the International Socialists . In 1978 the title Socialist Review was launched by the Socialist Workers Party, as the IS had become known. The monthly magazine was renamed Socialist Worker Review in the 1990s later reverting to the better known title and has remained the monthly magazine of

5658-417: The young generations of the proletariat in all its grandeur and inspirational force". In the city of Berlin a Liebknecht-Luxemburg-Demonstration , shortened to LL-Demo , is organised annually in the month of January around the date of their death. This demonstration takes place on the second weekend of the month in Berlin-Friedrichshain , starting near the Frankfurter Tor and then to their graves in

5740-427: Was Levi who delivered the funeral oration for Luxemburg on 2 February. Radek went into hiding. Luxemburg's last known words written on the evening of her execution were about her belief in the masses and what she saw as the inevitability of a triumphant revolution: The contradiction between the powerful, decisive, aggressive offensive of the Berlin masses on the one hand and the indecisive, half-hearted vacillation of

5822-435: Was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary socialist , orthodox Marxist , and anti-War activist during the First World War . She became a key figure of the revolutionary socialist movements of Poland and Germany during the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly the Spartacist uprising . Born and raised in a secular Jewish family in Congress Poland , she became a German citizen in 1897. The same year, she

5904-530: Was a member of the uncompromising left wing of the SPD. Their clear position was that the objectives of liberation for the industrial working class and all minorities could be achieved by revolution only. As Irene Gammel writes in a review of the English translation of the book in The Globe and Mail : "The three decades covered by the 230 letters in this collection provide the context for her major contributions as

5986-432: Was a school that only rarely accepted Polish applicants and acceptance of Jewish children was even more exceptional. The children were only permitted to speak Russian. At this school, Róża attended in secret circles studying the works of Polish poets and writers; officially this was forbidden due to the policy of Russification against Poles that was pursued in the Russian Empire at the time. From 1886, Luxemburg belonged to

6068-531: Was active there in the left wing of the SPD in which she sharply defined the border between the views of her faction and the revisionism theory of Eduard Bernstein. She attacked him in her brochure Social Reform or Revolution? , released in September 1898. Luxemburg's rhetorical skill made her a leading spokesperson in denouncing the SPD's reformist parliamentary course. She argued that the critical difference between capital and labour could only be countered if

6150-877: Was awarded a Doctor of Law in political economy from the University of Zurich , becoming one of the first women in Europe to do so. Successively, she was a member of the Proletariat party, the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), the Spartacus League ( Spartakusbund ), and

6232-399: Was first knocked down with a rifle butt by Private Otto Runge, then shot once, in the back of the head, either by Lieutenant Kurt Vogel or by Lieutenant Hermann Souchon . Her body was then dumped in Berlin's Landwehr Canal . In what the militantly antisemitic Pabst later claimed was a gesture of grudging respect for his non-Jewish ancestry, Liebknecht was executed by firing squad in

6314-521: Was needed in Warsaw instead of Berlin. She arrived there on 30 December thanks to her German friend Anna Matschke's passport and met up with Jogiches, who had returned to Warsaw a month earlier also on a false passport; they lived together in a pension at the corner of Jasna and Świętokrzyska streets, from where they wrote for the SDKPiL's illegally published paper Czerwony Sztandar (The Red Banner). Luxemburg

6396-465: Was one of the first writers to notice the 1905 revolution's potential for democratisation within the Russian Empire. In the years 1905-1906 alone, she made in Polish and German over 100 articles, brochures, appeals, texts, and speeches about the revolution. Although only the closest friends and comrades of Jogiches and Luxemburg knew of their return to the country, the Okhrana , thanks to a mole recruited by

6478-498: Was religious and well-read with books kept at home. The family moved to Warsaw in 1873. Polish and German were spoken at home; Luxemburg also learned Russian . Although over time she became fluent in Russian and French , Polish remained Róża's first language with German also spoken at a native level. Rosa was considered intelligent early on, writing letters to her family and impressing her relatives with recitals of poetry, including

6560-727: Was the principal theoretician of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP, later the SDKPiL) and led the party in a partnership with Jogiches, its principal organiser. She remained sentimental towards Polish culture, her favourite poet was Adam Mickiewicz , and she vehemently opposed the Germanisation of Poles in the Prussian Partition ; in 1900 she published a brochure against this in Poznań . Earlier, in 1893, she also wrote against

6642-523: Was the reform Rabbi Isachar Dov Berish (Bernhard) Löwenstein of Lemberg . Lina and Edward married around 1853 and lived together in Zamość, where Edward worked with his father. Like his father, Edward was a leading member of the Reform Jewish community in the city. When the January Uprising broke out, Edward delivered weapons to Polish partisans and organised fundraisers for the insurrection. After

6724-520: Was used by East German dissidents as part of their campaign, "to raise their unwelcome demands at embarrassing moments for the regime". On 17 January 1988, as Premier Erich Honecker was reviewing the parade, a group of dissidents broke through the ranks of the Free German Youth and unfurled banners bearing an infamous dictum from Die Russische Revolution , Rosa Luxemburg's book-length denunciation of both authoritarian socialism and censorship in

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