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32-527: A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of Earth or other astronomical body. Globe may also refer to: Globe A globe shows details of its subject. A terrestrial globe shows landmasses and water bodies . It might show nations and major cities and the network of latitude and longitude lines . Some have raised relief to show mountains and other large landforms. A celestial globe shows notable stars, and may also show positions of other prominent astronomical objects. Typically, it will also divide

64-592: A circumference of one metre, so they are models of the Earth at a scale of 1:40 million. In imperial units, many globes are made with a diameter of one  foot (about 30 cm), yielding a circumference of 3.14 feet (about 96 cm) and a scale of 1:42 million. Globes are also made in many other sizes. Some globes have surface texture showing topography or bathymetry . In these, elevations and depressions are purposely exaggerated, as they otherwise would be hardly visible. For example, one manufacturer produces

96-880: A globe took place before the fifteenth century. The earliest extant terrestrial globe was made in 1492 by Martin Behaim (1459–1537) with help from the painter Georg Glockendon. Behaim was a German mapmaker, navigator, and merchant. Working in Nuremberg , Germany, he called his globe the "Nürnberg Terrestrial Globe." It is now known as the Erdapfel . Before constructing the globe, Behaim had traveled extensively. He sojourned in Lisbon from 1480, developing commercial interests and mingling with explorers and scientists. He began to construct his globe after his return to Nürnberg in 1490. China made many mapping advancements such as sophisticated land surveys and

128-486: A point displaced from Earth), and equants (a device that posits a constant angular rate of rotation with respect to a point displaced from Earth)". Guided by these ideas astronomers of the Middle Ages, Muslim and Christian alike, created celestial globes to "represent in a model the arrangement and movement of the stars". In their most basic form celestial globes represent the stars as if the viewer were looking down upon

160-725: A surviving celestial globe is part of a Hellenistic sculpture, called the Farnese Atlas , surviving in a 2nd-century AD Roman copy in the Naples Archaeological Museum , Italy. Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic world . During the Middle Ages in Christian Europe, while there are writings alluding to the idea that the earth was spherical, no known attempts at making

192-409: A three dimensional raised relief globe with a 64 cm (25 in) diameter (equivalent to a 200 cm circumference, or approximately a scale of 1:20 million) showing the highest mountains as over 2.5 cm (1 in) tall, which is about 57 times higher than the correct scale of Mount Everest . Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians , so that one can tell

224-586: Is holding a celestial globe 65 cm (26 in) in diameter, which for many years was the only known celestial globe from the ancient world. No stars are depicted on the globe, but it shows over 40 classical Greek constellations in substantial detail. In the 1990s, two smaller celestial globes from antiquity became public: one from brass measuring 11 cm (4.3 in) held by the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum , and one from gilt silver measuring 6.3 cm (2.5 in) privately held by

256-454: Is known is that in book VIII, chapter 3 of Ptolemy 's Almagest he outlines ideas for the design and production of a celestial globe. This includes some notes on how the globe should be decorated, suggesting ‘the sphere a dark colour resembling the night sky’. The Farnese Atlas , a 2nd-century AD Roman marble sculpture of Atlas which probably copies an earlier work of the Hellenistic era,

288-532: Is united with its opposite counterpart to form a complete globe. Usually a globe is mounted so that its rotation axis is 23.5° (0.41 rad ) from vertical, which is the angle the Earth's rotation axis deviates from perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. This mounting makes it easy to visualize how seasons change. In the 1800s small pocket globes (less than 3 inches) were status symbols for gentlemen and educational toys for rich children. Sorted in decreasing sizes: Celestial globe Celestial globes show

320-492: The TMA version of the Soyuz spacecraft replaced this instrument with a digital map . Traditionally, globes were manufactured by gluing a printed paper map onto a sphere, often made from wood. The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper that narrow to a point at the poles, small disks cover over the inevitable irregularities at these points. The more gores there are,

352-521: The apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun , Moon , and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic , along which the Sun moves, is indicated. There is an issue regarding the " handedness " of celestial globes. If the globe is constructed so that the stars are in the positions they actually occupy on the imaginary celestial sphere , then

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384-437: The constellations appear as viewed from earth. This ambiguity is famously evident in the astronomical ceiling of New York City's Grand Central Terminal , whose inconsistency was deliberately left uncorrected though it was noticed shortly after installation. Some modern celestial globes address this problem by making the surface of the globe transparent . The stars can then be placed in their proper positions and viewed through

416-442: The 2nd century Roman Empire . Flat maps are created using a map projection that inevitably introduces an increasing amount of distortion the larger the area that the map shows. A globe is the only representation of the Earth that does not distort either the shape or the size of large features – land masses, bodies of water, etc. The Earth's circumference is quite close to 40 million metres. Many globes are made with

448-606: The Constellations al-Wazzan does seem to have been aware of this work, as all forty-eight of the classical Greek constellations are illustrated on the globe, just as in al-Sufi's treatise, with the stars indicated by circles. In the 13th century, a celestial globe, now housed in the Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon in Dresden , was produced at one of the most important centres of astronomy in intellectual history,

480-410: The Earth from different orientations to help counter the north-up bias caused by conventional map presentation. Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun, Moon and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic , along which the Sun moves, is indicated. In their most basic form celestial globes represent

512-630: The Ilkhanid observatory at Maragha in north-western Iran constructed in 1259 and headed by Nasir al-Dln TusT (d. 1274), the renowned polymath. This particular scientific instrument was made by the son of the renowned scientist Mu'ayyad al-'Urdi al-Dimashqi, Muhammad b. Mu'ayyad al-'Urdl in 1288. This globe is an interesting example of how celestial globes demonstrate both the scientific and the artistic talents of those who make them. All forty-eight classical constellations used in Ptolemy's Almagest are represented on

544-630: The Islamic world. Similarly, it was "instrumental in displacing the traditional Bedouin constellation imagery and replacing it with the Greek/Ptolemaic system which ultimately came to dominate all astronomy". The earliest surviving celestial globe was made between 1080 and 1085 C.E. by Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli , a well-known astrolabe maker working in Valencia , Spain. Although the imagery on this globe appears to be unrelated to that in al-Sufi's The Book of

576-531: The Kugel family. Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi was an important 10th-century astronomer whose works were instrumental in the Islamic development of the celestial globe. His book, The Book of Fixed Stars , designed for accuracy for the year 964, was a "description of the constellations that combines Greek/ Ptolemaic traditions with Arabic/Bedouin ones". The Book of Fixed Stars then served as an important source of star coordinates for makers of astrolabes and globes across

608-471: The approximate coordinates of a specific location. Globes may also show the boundaries of countries and their names. Many terrestrial globes have one celestial feature marked on them: a diagram called the analemma , which shows the apparent motion of the Sun in the sky during a year. Globes generally show north at the top, but many globes allow the axis to be swiveled so that southern portions can be viewed conveniently. This capability also permits exploring

640-522: The celestial sphere into constellations . The word globe comes from the Latin word globus , meaning " sphere ". Globes have a long history. The first known mention of a globe is from Strabo , describing the Globe of Crates from about 150 BC. The oldest surviving terrestrial globe is the Erdapfel , made by Martin Behaim in 1492. The oldest surviving celestial globe sits atop the Farnese Atlas , carved in

672-502: The globe, are often viewed in a mirror, so the constellations have their familiar appearances. Written material on the globe, e.g., constellation names, is printed in reverse, so it can easily be read in the mirror. Before Copernicus 's 16th-century discovery that the solar system is " heliocentric rather than geocentric and geostatic " (that the earth orbits the sun and not the other way around) "the stars have been commonly, though perhaps not universally, perceived as though attached to

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704-481: The globe, meaning it could then be used in calculations for astronomy and astrology, such as navigation, time-keeping or determining a horoscope.  Artistically, this globe is an insight into thirteenth century Iranian illustration as the thirteenth century was a period when inlaid brass became a premier medium for figural imagery and so the globes from this period are duly exceptional for the detail and clarity of their engraved figures. A 17th-century celestial globe

736-495: The globe, so that the view is of the inside of the celestial sphere. However, the proper position from which to view the sphere would be from its centre, but the viewer of a transparent globe must be outside it, far from its centre. Viewing the inside of the sphere from the outside, through its transparent surface, produces serious distortions. Opaque celestial globes that are made with the constellations correctly placed, so they appear as mirror images when directly viewed from outside

768-477: The inside of a hollow sphere enclosing and rotating about the earth". Working under the incorrect assumption that the cosmos was geocentric the second-century Greek astronomer Ptolemy composed the Almagest in which "the movements of the planets could be accurately represented by means of techniques involving the use of epicycles, deferents, eccentrics (whereby planetary motion is conceived as circular with respect to

800-553: The invention of the magnetic compass. However, no record of terrestrial globes in China exists until a globe was introduced by the Persian astronomer, Jamal ad-Din , in 1276. Another early globe, the Hunt–Lenox Globe , ca. 1510, is thought to be the source of the phrase Hic Sunt Dracones , or " Here be dragons ". A similar grapefruit -sized globe made from two halves of an ostrich egg

832-502: The less stretching and crumpling is required to make the paper map fit the sphere. This method of globe making was illustrated in 1802 in an engraving in The English Encyclopedia by George Kearsley. Modern globes are often made from thermoplastic . Flat, plastic disks are printed with a distorted map of one of the Earth's hemispheres . This is placed in a machine which molds the disk into a hemispherical shape. The hemisphere

864-459: The sky as a globe that surrounds the earth. The Roman writer Cicero reported the statements of the Roman astronomer Gaius Sulpicius Gallus of the second century BC, the first globe was constructed by Thales of Miletus . This could indicate that celestial globes were in production throughout antiquity however, without any celestial globes surviving from this time, it is difficult to say for sure. What

896-449: The star field will appear reversed on the surface of the globe (all the constellations will appear as their mirror images). This is because the view from Earth , positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere, is of the gnomonic projection inside of the celestial sphere, whereas the celestial globe is orthographic projection as viewed from the outside. For this reason, celestial globes are often produced in mirror image, so that at least

928-517: The stars as if the viewer were looking down upon the sky as a globe that surrounds the earth. The sphericity of the Earth was established by Greek astronomy in the 3rd century BC, and the earliest terrestrial globe appeared from that period. The earliest known example is the one constructed by Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC. No terrestrial globes from Antiquity have survived. An example of

960-616: Was found in 2012 and is believed to date from 1504. It may be the oldest globe to show the New World . Stefaan Missine, who analyzed the globe for the Washington Map Society journal Portolan , said it was "part of an important European collection for decades." After a year of research in which he consulted many experts, Missine concluded the Hunt–Lenox Globe was a copper cast of the egg globe. A facsimile globe showing America

992-664: Was made by Martin Waldseemüller in 1507. Another "remarkably modern-looking" terrestrial globe of the Earth was constructed by Taqi al-Din at the Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din during the 1570s. The world's first seamless celestial globe was built by Mughal scientists under the patronage of Jahangir . Globus IMP , electro-mechanical devices including five-inch globes have been used in Soviet and Russian spacecraft from 1961 to 2002 as navigation instruments. In 2001,

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1024-797: Was made by Diya' ad-din Muhammad in Lahore , 1668 (now in Pakistan). It is now housed at the National Museum of Scotland . It is encircled by a meridian ring and a horizon ring. The latitude angle of 32° indicates that the globe was made in the Lahore workshop. This specific "workshop claims 21 signed globes—the largest number from a single shop" making this globe a good example of celestial globe production at its peak. The globe itself has been manufactured in one piece, so as to be seamless. There are grooves which encircle

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