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85-509: Areas of influence include diet , writing , industry , education , language/lexicon , law , architectural style , politics , philosophy , religion , science and technology , value systems, and lifestyle . The term sinicization is also often used to refer to processes or policies of acculturation or assimilation of norms from China on neighboring East Asian societies , or on minority ethnic groups within China. Evidence of this process

170-560: A Muslim from Bukhara , Sayyid Ajall Shams al-Din Omar , as governor of Yunnan after conquering the Bai -led Dali Kingdom . Sayyid Ajall is best known among Chinese for helping sinicize the Yunnan province; the promotion of Islam , Confucianism , and Buddhism would be part of his ' civilizing mission ' upon the non-Han Chinese peoples in Yunnan, who he viewed as "backward and barbarian." He founded

255-501: A "Chinese style" city called Zhongjing Cheng, where modern Kunming is today, and ordered that a Buddhist temple , two mosques , and a Confucian temple be built in the city. The latter temple, built in 1274 and doubled as a school, was the first Confucian temple ever to be built in Yunnan. By incorporating Chinese and consequently Confucian thought in the dynasty, scholars now deem Kublai Khan as an adopted Chinese citizen of Mongol ethnicity, rather than simply being mutually excluded from

340-476: A key part of enhancing "ethnic unity". As of 2019, it was estimated that Chinese authorities may have detained one and a half million people in secretive internment camps. The vast majority of those forcibly interned are Muslim Uyghurs but Kazakhs and other minority groups have also been included. In September 2020, sinicization policies targeted Muslim Utsuls in the Hainan province. Restrictions included limiting

425-519: A porkless cuisine now preserved by Hui restaurants throughout the country. Yunnan cuisine is unique in China for its cheeses like Rubing and Rushan cheese made by the Bai people , and its yogurt, the yogurt may have been due to a combination of Mongolian influence during the Yuan dynasty, the Central Asian settlement in Yunnan, and the proximity and influence of India and Tibet on Yunnan. As part of

510-596: A strong effect on the locally available ingredients, considering that the climate of China varies from tropical in the south to subarctic in the northeast. Imperial royal and noble preferences also play a role in the change of Chinese cuisine. Because of imperial expansion, immigration, and trading, ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures have been integrated into Chinese cuisines over time and Chinese culinary influences have spread worldwide. There are numerous regional, religious, and ethnic styles of Chinese cuisine found within China and abroad. Chinese cuisine

595-468: A variety with different flavors: clear rice vinegar, Chinkiang black rice vinegar , Shanxi vinegar, Henghe vinegar etc. The most commonly consumed meat in China is pork . As of at least 2024, China is the second largest beef consuming market in the world. Steakhouses and hot pot restaurants serving beef are becoming increasingly popular in urban China . Chinese consumers particularly value freshly slaughtered beef. Generally, seasonal fruits serve as

680-570: Is moon cake , used to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival . A wide variety of Chinese desserts are available, mainly including steamed and boiled sweet snacks. Bing is an umbrella term for all breads in Chinese, also including pastries and sweets. These are baked wheat-flour-based confections, with different stuffings including red bean paste , jujube , and a variety of others. Su (酥) is another kind of pastry made with more amount of oil, making

765-418: Is an avatar of long life and good health according to Chinese traditions. Noodles can be served hot or cold with different toppings, with broth, and occasionally dry (as is the case with mi-fen). Noodles are commonly made with rice flour or wheat flour, but other flours such as soybean are also used in minor groups. Some noodles names describe their methods of creation, such as the hand-pulled noodle. Tofu

850-462: Is an issue in, for example, the Taiwan independence movement and Taiwan localization movements . The sinicization of Tibet is the change of Tibetan society to Han Chinese standards by means of state propaganda , police presence, cultural assimilation , religious persecution , immigration , population transfer , land development, land transfer, and political reform . According to the U.S. branch of

935-540: Is famous for its seafood and soups and the use of spices, Hunan cuisine is famous for its hot and sour taste, Anhui cuisine incorporates wild ingredients for an unusual taste. Based on the raw materials and ingredients used, the method of preparation and cultural differences, a variety of foods with different flavors and textures are prepared in different regions of the country. Many traditional regional cuisines rely on basic methods of preservation such as drying , salting , pickling and fermentation . In addition,

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1020-453: Is fermented tofu. Like blue cheese or durian , it has a very distinct, potent and strong smell, and is an acquired taste. Hard stinky tofu is often deep-fried and paired with soy sauce or salty spice. Soft stinky tofu is usually used as a spread on steamed buns. Doufuru is another type of fermented tofu that has a salty taste. Doufuru can be pickled together with soy beans, red yeast rice or chili to create different color and flavor. This

1105-510: Is highly diverse and most frequently categorised into provincial divisions, although these province-level classifications consist of many more styles within themselves. During the Qing dynasty , the most praised Four Great Traditions in Chinese cuisine were Chuan , Lu , Yue , and Huaiyang , representing cuisines of West, North, South, and East China, respectively. In 1980, a modern grouping from Chinese journalist Wang Shaoquan's article published in

1190-466: Is made of soybeans and is another popular food product that supplies protein. The production process of tofu varies from region to region, resulting in different kinds of tofu with a wide range of texture and taste. Other products such as soy milk , soy paste , soy oil , and fermented soy sauce are also important in Chinese cooking. There are many kinds of soybean products, including tofu skin , smoked tofu, dried tofu, and fried tofu. Stinky tofu

1275-422: Is more of a pickled type of tofu and is not as strongly scented as stinky tofu. Doufuru has the consistency of slightly soft blue cheese, and a taste similar to Japanese miso paste , but less salty. Doufuru can be used as a spread on steamed buns, or paired with rice congee . Sufu is one other type of fermented tofu that goes through ageing process. The color (red, white, green) and flavor profile can determine

1360-463: Is reflected in the histories of Korea , Japan , and Vietnam in the adoption of the Chinese writing system , which has long been a unifying feature in the Sinosphere as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to other Asian countries. In recent times, sinicization has been used in reference to China's policy toward minorities, particularly toward religious minorities within China. Policies include

1445-634: Is the most commonly eaten form. People in South China also like to use rice to make congee as breakfast. Rice is also used to produce beer and vinegar . Glutinous rice ("sticky rice") is a variety of rice used in special dishes such as lotus leaf rice and glutinous rice balls. In wheat-farming areas in Northern China , people largely rely on flour -based food, such as noodles , bing (bread), jiaozi (a kind of Chinese dumplings ), and mantou (a type of steamed buns). Wheat likely "appeared in

1530-564: The Boxer Rebellion and the anti-Christian movement of 1922–1927 as early efforts to sinicize Christianity. The TSPM and China Christian Council arranged a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6, 2014, commemorating the anniversary of the TSPM. This conference included a seminar on the sinicizaton of Christianity, with Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, saying "churches in China will continue to explore

1615-500: The Di and Qiang were farmers and herders from the mountains of western Sichuan of southwest China. As migrants, they lived among ethnic Chinese and were sinicized to varying degrees. Many worked as farm laborers. Some attained official positions in the court and military. The numerous tribal groups in the north and northwest who had been heavily drafted into the military then exploited the chaos to seize power by local Chinese warlords. During

1700-520: The Hui population and adopted Chinese culture practice Chinese customs, speaking varieties of Chinese as their language. From the late Han dynasty to the early Jin dynasty (266–420) , large numbers of non-Chinese peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the Xiongnu and Xianbei had been pastoralist nomads from the northern steppes. Others such as

1785-535: The North China Plain . The first domesticated crops seem to have been the foxtail and broomcorn varieties of millet , while rice was cultivated in the south. By 2000 BC, wheat had arrived from western Asia. These grains were typically served as warm noodle soups instead of baked into bread as in Europe. Nobles hunted various wild game and consumed mutton , pork and dog as these animals were domesticated. Grain

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1870-648: The Offices of Tibet , it has been underway since the Chinese regained control of Tibet in 1951. Sources quoted by Radio Free Asia have stated that in present-day Tibet, traditional Tibetan festivals have "been turned into a platform for propaganda and political theater" where "government workers and retirees are barred from engaging in religious activities, and government workers and students in Tibetan schools are forbidden from visiting local monasteries." In April 2016, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping declared that to "actively guide

1955-513: The People's Daily newspaper identified the Eight Cuisines of China as Anhui ( 徽菜 ; Huīcài ), Guangdong ( 粵菜 ; Yuècài ), Fujian ( 閩菜 ; Mǐncài ), Hunan ( 湘菜 ; Xiāngcài ), Jiangsu ( 蘇菜 ; Sūcài ), Shandong ( 魯菜 ; Lǔcài ), Sichuan ( 川菜 ; Chuāncài ), and Zhejiang ( 浙菜 ; Zhècài ). Chinese cuisine is deeply intertwined with traditional Chinese medicine , such as in

2040-634: The Shanjia Qinggong ( Chinese : 山家清供 ; pinyin : Shānjiā qīnggòng ) and the Wushi Zhongkuilu ( Chinese : 吳氏中饋錄 ; pinyin : Wúshì zhōngkuìlù ) showing the respective esoteric foods and common household cuisine of the time. The Yuan and Qing dynasties introduced Mongolian and Manchu cuisine , warm northern dishes that popularized hot pot cooking. During the Yuan dynasty many Muslim communities emerged in China, who practiced

2125-500: The Son of Heaven will the tastiest delicacies be prepared [for him]." The Zhaohun (4-3rd c. BC) gives some examples: turtle ragout, honey cakes and beer (chilled with ice). During Shi Huangdi 's Qin dynasty , the empire expanded into the south. By the time of the Han dynasty , the different regions and cuisines of China's people were linked by major canals and leading to greater complexity in

2210-545: The Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao initiated the policy of settling Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern Shanxi province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture. The migration of northern Chinese people to the south further settled China as a multi-ethnic empire. The Northern and Southern dynasties

2295-642: The Uyghur Khaganate in 840, where they established the prosperous Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (870-1036) with capital near present Zhangye at the base of the Qilian Mountains in the valley of the Ruo Shui . In 1037, the Yugur came under Tangut domination. As a result of Khizr Khoja ’s invasion of Qumul , many residents who rejected conversion escaped to nearby Dunhuang and Hunan in China proper. These became

2380-533: The Xinjiang internment camps is a part of the ongoing sinicization policy by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Since 2015, it has been estimated that over a million Uyghurs have been detained in these camps. The camps were established under CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping 's administration with the main goal of ensuring adherence to national ideology. Critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs have accused

2465-440: The "rice theory" attempts to describe cultural differences between north and south China; in the north, noodles are more consumed due to wheat being widely grown whereas in the south, rice is more preferred as it has historically been more cultivated there. Chinese ancestors successfully planted millet , rice , and other grains about 8,000 to 9,000 years ago. Wheat , another staple, took another three or four thousand years. For

2550-653: The 11th century BC, some of the Baiyue peoples in the Yangtze River Delta started to sinicize, marked by their establishment of the Wu State . These Yue peoples, together with their southerner neighbours who formed the Yue State centuries later, are collectively termed as Yuyue peoples. Over time, the mutual contact between Baiyue peoples and Han Chinese, as well as southward spread of Han Chinese, mostly as war refugees , led to

2635-554: The 18th century, the emperors developed a sense of Manchu identity and used Central Asian models of rule as much as Confucian ones. There is also evidence of sinicization, however. For example, Manchus originally had their own separate style of naming from the Han Chinese, but eventually adopted Han Chinese naming practices. Manchu names consisted of more than the two or one syllable Chinese names , and when phonetically transcribed into Chinese, they made no sense at all. The meaning of

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2720-565: The 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language. The Jiaqing Emperor (reigned 1796–1820) complained that his officials were not proficient at understanding or writing Manchu. Eventually, the Qing royal family (the Aisin Gioro ) gave their children Chinese names, which were separate from the Manchu names, and even adopted the Chinese practice of generation names , although its usage

2805-522: The 2000 census. The Yugur live primarily in Sunan Yugur Autonomous County in Gansu . They are mostly Tibetan Buddhists . The majority of Yugurs speak a Turkic language , while Mongolic and Chinese are also used in eastern provinces. The Turkic-speaking Yugurs are considered to be the descendants of a group of Old Uyghurs who fled from Mongolia southwards to Gansu after the collapse of

2890-754: The Chinese government of propagating a policy of sinicization in Xinjiang in the 21st century, calling this policy a cultural genocide , or ethnocide , of Uyghurs. After the Republic of China took control of Taiwan from the Empire of Japan in 1945 and relocated its capital to Taipei in 1949, the intention of Chiang Kai-shek was to eventually go back to mainland China and retake control of it. Chiang believed that to retake mainland China, it would be necessary to re-Sinicize Taiwan's inhabitants who had undergone assimilation under Japanese rule . Examples of this policy included

2975-416: The Chinese preference of dessert is mildly sweet and less oily. Yugurs The Yugurs , Yughurs , Yugu ( Chinese : 裕固族 ; pinyin : Yùgùzú ; Western Yugur : Sarïg Yogïr ; Eastern Yugur : Šera Yogor ), traditionally known as Yellow Uyghurs , are a Turkic - Mongolic ethnic group and one of China's 56 officially recognized ethnic groups , consisting of 16,719 persons, according to

3060-649: The Mongols in China, and bringing 'civilization' to Yunnan" (1997); and in "The Origins of Confucian and Islamic Education in Southwest China: Yunnan in the Yuan Period" (n.d.) and "The Sinicization and Confucianization in Chinese and Western Historiography of a Muslim from Bukhara Serving Under the Mongols in China" (1989). During the Ming conquest of Yunnan Chinese military soldiers were settled in Yunnan, and many married

3145-738: The Sinicisation of Protestantism will never change, and our determination to walk a path that is adapted to a socialist society will never waver." In December 2023, Wang Huning stated that Christian groups must "adhere to the direction of the sinicisation of Christianity." In December 2016, the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Catholic Representatives reaffirmed their plan for the United Front Work Department 's Catholic Patriotic Association to uphold

3230-670: The Tang dynasty. During the Southern and Northern dynasties non-Han people like the Xianbei of Northern Wei introduced their cuisine to northern China, and these influences continued up to the Tang dynasty , popularizing meat like mutton and dairy products like goat milk, yogurts, and Kumis among even Han people. It was during the Song dynasty that Han Chinese developed an aversion to dairy products and abandoned

3315-553: The adaptation of religions to socialist society, an important task is supporting China's religions' persistence in the direction of sinicization." He later reiterated this plan to the 19th Communist Party Congress saying "We will fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, insist on the sinicization of Chinese religions, and provide active guidance for religion and socialism to coexist." The Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) of Protestant churches in China has described

3400-527: The ancestors of the modern Yellow Uyghurs, who have remained Buddhists to the present day. In 1893, Russian explorer Grigory Potanin , the first Western scientist to study the Yugur, published a small glossary of Yugur words, along with notes on their administration and geographical situation. About 4,600 Yugurs speak Western Yugur (a Turkic language) and about 2,800 Eastern Yugur (a Mongolic language). Western Yugur has preserved many archaisms of Old Uyghur . Both Yugur languages are now unwritten, although

3485-669: The best known and most influential are Cantonese cuisine , Shandong cuisine , Jiangsu cuisine (specifically Huaiyang cuisine ) and Sichuan cuisine . These styles are distinctive from one another due to factors such as availability of resources, climate, geography , history , cooking techniques and lifestyle. One style may favour the use of garlic and shallots over chili and spices, while another may favour preparing seafood over other meats and fowl . Jiangsu cuisine favours cooking techniques such as braising and stewing , while Sichuan cuisine employs baking . Zhejiang cuisine focuses more on serving fresh food, Fujian cuisine

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3570-690: The bringing together of these two terms, which indicate two real visions of the world." In June 2018, the Bishops' Conference of the Catholic Church in China and the Catholic Patriotic Association issued a "Five-Year Plan on Carrying Forward the Catholic Church's Adherence to the Direction of Sinicization in Our Country". This document calls for Catholics to accept Communist party leadership, love

3655-796: The confection more friable. Chinese candies and sweets, called táng (糖) are usually made with cane sugar , malt sugar, honey, nuts, and fruit. Gao or Guo are rice-based snacks that are typically steamed and may be made from glutinous or normal rice. Another cold dessert is called baobing , which is shaved ice with sweet syrup. Chinese jellies are known collectively in the language as ices . Many jelly desserts are traditionally set with agar and are flavoured with fruits, known as guodong (果冻), though gelatine based jellies are also common in contemporary desserts. Chinese dessert soups are typically sweet and served hot. European pastries are also seen in China, like mille-feuille , crème brûlée , and cheesecake , but they are generally not as popular because

3740-503: The country's citizen, respect and acceptance towards cultural differences among citizens of China. Critics argue that assimilation destroys ethnic diversity , language diversity , and cultural diversity . The historian James A. Millward has claimed that the People's Republic of China has used the concept of sinicization as a means to obscure Han settler colonialism . In China there are 292 non-Mandarin languages spoken by native peoples of

3825-503: The culture that had occurred in the previous 50 years, and to help unite the recent immigrants from mainland China that had come to Taiwan with the KMT and among whom there was a tendency to be more loyal to one's city, county or province than to China as a nation. The process of re-asserting non-Chinese identity, as in the case of ethnic groups in Taiwan, is sometimes known as desinicization . This

3910-631: The dairy foods introduced earlier. The Han Chinese rebel Wang Su who received asylum in the Xianbei Northern Wei after fleeing from Southern Qi, at first could not stand eating dairy products like goat's milk and meat like mutton and had to consume tea and fish instead, but after a few years he was able to eat yogurt and lamb, and the Xianbei Emperor asked him which of the foods of China (Zhongguo) he preferred, fish vs mutton and tea vs yogurt. The great migration of Chinese people south during

3995-683: The definition of fellow Chinese he governed. As such, Sayyid Ajall would be the one to introduce Confucian education , rituals , and traditions into Yunnan, including Chinese social structures, funeral rituals , and marriage customs . He would go on to construct numerous Confucian temples throughout his reign. Confucian rituals were taught to students in newly founded schools by Sichuanese scholars. The natives of Yunnan were instructed by Sayyid Ajall in such Confucian ceremonies as weddings, matchmaking, funerals, ancestor worship, and kowtow. The native leaders had their "barbarian" clothing replaced by clothing given to them by Sayyid Ajall as well. The governor

4080-458: The destruction of religious architecture and costumes, the attempt to blend religious traditions with traditions perceived as Chinese as well as the promotion of "ethnic unity". The assimilation policy is a type of Chinese nationalism aimed at strengthening the Chinese national identity ( Zhonghua minzu ) among the population. Proponents believe it will help to develop shared values, pride in being

4165-551: The different regional cuisines. Not only is food seen as giving " qi ", energy, but the food is also about maintaining yin and yang. The philosophy behind it was rooted in the I Ching and Chinese traditional medicine : food was judged for color, aroma, taste, and texture and a good meal was expected to balance the Four Natures (' hot ', warm, cool, and ' cold ') and the Five Tastes (pungent, sweet, sour, bitter, and salty). Salt

4250-529: The dishes, many Chinese cuisines also contain dried Chinese mushrooms, dried baby shrimp, dried tangerine peel, and dried Sichuan chillies. When it comes to sauces , China is home to soy sauce, which is made from fermented soybeans and wheat. A number of sauces are also based on fermented soybeans, including hoisin sauce , ground bean sauce and yellow bean sauce. There are also different sauces preferred by regional cuisines, oyster sauce , fish sauce and furu (fermented tofu) are also widely used. Vinegar also has

4335-506: The eighth and ninth centuries in the Tang dynasty , Chinese male soldiers moved into Guizhou ( formerly romanized as Kweichow) and married native non-Chinese women, their descendants being known as Lao-han-jen (original Chinese), in contrast to new Chinese people who colonized Guizhou at later times. They still spoke an archaic dialect as of 1929. Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married non-Chinese women. The Mongol -led Yuan dynasty appointed

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4420-524: The first time, grains provided people with a steady supply of food. Because of the lack of various foods, Chinese people had to adapt to new eating habits. Meat was scarce, and so people cooked with small amounts of meat and rice or noodles. Rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in southern China approximately 9,000 years ago and is a primary staple food for people from rice farming areas in southern China. Steamed rice , usually white rice ,

4505-466: The historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has profoundly influenced many other cuisines in Asia and beyond, with modifications made to cater to local palates. Chinese food staples such as rice , soy sauce , noodles , tea , chili oil , and tofu , and utensils such as chopsticks and the wok , can now be found worldwide. The world's earliest eating establishments recognizable as restaurants in

4590-621: The integration of Muslims into Chinese society. Ma Fuxiang was a hardcore assimilationist and said that Hui should assimilate into Han. The Hui Muslim 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) governed the southern region of Xinjiang in 1934–1937. The administration that was set up was colonial in nature, importing Han cooks and baths, changing the Uyghur-language -only street names and signs to Chinese, as well as switching carpet patterns in state-owned carpet factories from Uyghur to Han. Strict surveillance and mass detentions of Uyghurs in

4675-473: The invasions preceding and during the Song dynasty increased the relative importance of southern Chinese staples such as rice and congee . Su Dongpo has improved the red braised pork as Dongpo pork . The dietary and culinary habits also changed greatly during this period, with many ingredients such as soy sauce and Central Asian influenced foods becoming widespread and the creation of important cookbooks such as

4760-575: The last leg of the Columbian Exchange , Spanish and Portuguese traders began introducing foods from the New World to China through the port cities of Canton and Macau . Mexican chili peppers became essential ingredients in Sichuan cuisine and calorically dense potatoes and corn became staple foods across the northern plains. During the Qing dynasty, Chinese gastronomes such as Yuan Mei focused upon

4845-486: The lower Yellow River around 2600 Before Common Era (BCE), followed by Gansu and Xinjiang around 1900 BCE and finally occurred in the middle Yellow River and Tibet regions by 1600 BCE". Noodles were invented in China over 4,000 years ago and have since spread across the world. Chinese noodles come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings. Some varieties, such as Shou Mian (寿面, literally noodles of longevity),

4930-577: The modern sense first emerged in Song dynasty China during the 11th and 12th centuries. Street food became an integral aspect of Chinese food culture during the Tang dynasty , and the street food culture of much of Southeast Asia was established by workers imported from China during the late 19th century. The preferences for seasoning and cooking techniques in Chinese provinces depend on differences in social class , religion , historical background , and ethnic groups . Geographic features including mountains, rivers, forests, and deserts also have

5015-547: The most common form of dessert consumed after dinner. Dim sum (点心), originally means a small portion of food, can refer to dessert, or pastries. Later to avoid disambiguation, tian dian (甜点) and gao dian (糕点) are used to describe desserts and pastries. Traditionally, Chinese desserts are sweet foods and dishes that are served with tea, usually during the meal, or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine. Besides being served as dim sum along with tea, pastries are used for celebration of traditional festivals. The most famous one

5100-679: The motherland and obey the state, as well as to embrace the state's directive to implement Chinese cultural integration within Catholicism. Churches in Hebei province and the Yibin Diocese of Sichuan province began holding training seminars immediately. Cardinal Parolin , the Vatican secretary of state, in a 2019 interview with the CCP-owned Global Times newspaper, claimed that sinicization

5185-462: The names that Manchus used were also very different from the meanings of Chinese names. The Manchus also gave numbers as personal names. Historical records report that as early as 1776, the Qianlong Emperor was shocked to see a high Manchu official, Guo'ermin , not understand what the emperor was telling him in Manchu, despite coming from the Manchu stronghold of Shengjing (now Shenyang ). By

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5270-530: The native women. The rulers of the Qing dynasty were ethnic Manchus who adopted the norms of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The "orthodox" historical view emphasized the power of Han Chinese to "sinicize" their conquerors, although more recent research such as the New Qing History school revealed Manchu rulers were savvy in their manipulation of their subjects and from the 1630s through at least

5355-481: The practise of Chinese food therapy . Color, scent and taste are the three traditional aspects used to describe Chinese food, as well as the meaning, appearance, and nutrition of the food. Cooking should be appraised with respect to the ingredients used, knife work, cooking time, and seasoning. Chinese society greatly valued gastronomy , and developed an extensive study of the subject based on its traditional medical beliefs . Chinese culture initially centered around

5440-770: The primary goal of extracting the maximum flavour of each ingredient. As noted in his culinary work the Suiyuan shidan , however, the fashions of cuisine at the time were quite varied and in some cases were flamboyantly ostentatious, especially when the display served also a formal ceremonial purpose, as in the case of the Manchu Han Imperial Feast . As the pace of life increases in modern China, fast food like fried noodles , fried rice and gaifan (dish over rice) become more and more popular. Chinese cuisine exhibits and immense amount of regional diversity. A number of different styles contribute to Chinese cuisine but perhaps

5525-537: The principle of independence and self-governance, along with the promotion of sinicization. In March 2018, Archbishop Paul Gallagher , Secretary for Relations with States within the Holy See 's Secretariat of State , said that "two expressions or, more precisely, two principles stand out, which should interact with each other, namely "sinicization" and " inculturation ." I am convinced that an important intellectual and pastoral challenge arises in an almost natural way from

5610-531: The region. There are also a number of immigrant languages, such as Khmer , Portuguese , and English. Before sinicization, non-Chinese indigenous peoples of southern China , collectively termed by the Chinese as Baiyue ( Chinese : 百越 ; lit. 'Hundreds of Yue Peoples' ), inhabited the coastline of China from as far north as the Yangtze River to as far south as the Gulf of Tonkin . As early as

5695-510: The religious and cultural level." In 2015, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping first raised the issue of "sinicization of Islam". In 2018, a confidential directive was issued ordering local officials to "prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions". Yang Faming, leader of the Islamic Association of China , said in a 2018 speech that "We must allow traditional Chinese culture to permeate Islam and jointly guard

5780-425: The renaming of Japanese-named streets with mainland geographical names, the use of Mandarin Chinese in schools and punishments for using other regional Chinese languages, or " dialects " (such as Hakka and Hokkien ), and teaching students to revere traditional ethics, develop pan-Chinese nationalism, and view Taiwan from the perspective of China. Other reasons for the policy were to combat the Japanese influences on

5865-483: The roasted, flat bread shaobing was brought back from the Xiyu (the Western Regions, a name for Central Asia ) by the Han dynasty General Ban Chao , and that it was originally known as hubing ( 胡餅 , lit. "barbarian bread"). The shaobing is believed to be descended from the hubing. Shaobing is believed to be related to the Persian nan and Central Asian nan , as well as the Middle Eastern pita . Foreign westerners made and sold sesame cakes in China during

5950-540: The sinicization of Christianity [and] ensure Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs." In 2019, TSPM chairman Xu Xiaohong made a pledge to eliminate any Western "imprint" from Chinese faith saying "[We] must recognise that Chinese churches are surnamed 'China', not 'the West'" and "No matter how much effort or time it takes, our resolution in upholding

6035-672: The sinicization of most of the Baiyue populations that remained in southern China, be they in the Yangtze Valley or in coastal areas from the mouth of the Yangtze to the Gulf of Tonkin. The remnants of these peoples who were not fully sinicized are now recognized officially as the ethnic minorities of the People's Republic of China . Tuoba Wei of northern China was a sinicized empire of Mongolic-Xianbei origin. Historical Shatuo Turks founded three sinicized dynasties in northern China. Descendants of Buddhist Uyghurs (see also Yugurs , Kingdom of Qocho and Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom ) who migrated to Taoyuan County, Hunan , have assimilated into

6120-412: The size of mosques, requiring a Communist Party member on mosque management committees, forbidding the use of Arabic words on food stalls (such as " halal "), and banning the hijab in schools and government offices. Chinese cuisine Chinese cuisine comprises cuisines originating from China , as well as from Chinese people from other parts of the world. Because of the Chinese diaspora and

6205-502: The spiritual homeland of the Chinese people." He encouraged Chinese characteristics to be present in religious ceremony, culture, and architecture. In 2018, over one million Chinese government workers began forcibly living in the homes of Uyghur Muslim families to monitor and assess resistance to assimilation, and to watch for frowned-upon religious or cultural practices. These government workers were trained to call themselves "relatives" and have been described in Chinese state media as being

6290-542: The term Han ( 漢人 ) to refer to the Vietnamese people, and the name Trung Quốc (中國, the same Chinese characters as for 'China') to refer to Vietnam. Likewise, the lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu had referred to Vietnamese as Han people in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams. Chinese clothing was also adopted by the Vietnamese people. Variations of them are still being used today. Hui Muslim General Ma Fuxiang created an assimilationist group and encouraged

6375-1172: The type of sufu it is. This kind of tofu is usually eaten alongside breakfast rice. Soybean milk is soybean-based milk. It is a morning beverage, and it has many benefits to human health. Apart from vegetables that can be commonly seen, some unique vegetables used in Chinese cuisine include baby corn , bok choy , snow peas , Chinese eggplant , Chinese broccoli , and straw mushrooms . Other vegetables, including bean sprouts , pea vine tips, watercress , lotus roots , chestnuts, water chestnuts, and bamboo shoots , are also used in different cuisines of China. Because of different climate and soil conditions, cultivars of green beans, peas, and mushrooms can be found in rich variety. A variety of dried or pickled vegetables are also processed, especially in drier or colder regions where fresh vegetables were hard to get out of season. Seasonings such as fresh ginger root, garlic , scallion , cilantro and sesame are widely used in many regional cuisines. Sichuan peppercorns , star anise , cinnamon , fennel , cloves and white peppers and smart weed are also used in different regions. To add extra flavor to

6460-451: The unification of all of China proper by Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty . During this period, the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Han arrivals in the north and among the indigenous people in the south. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism ( introduced into China in the first century ) and Daoism in both northern and southern China . During

6545-501: Was a form of 'inculturation', which is a Catholic missionary term that refers to adopting local culture to proclaim the gospel. He cited Matteo Ricci as an example and pointed out that the Chinese leadership had promised not to undermine the doctrine and nature of each religion. He stated in the interview: "These two terms, "inculturation" and "sinicization," refer to each other without confusion and without opposition: in some ways, they can be complementary and can open avenues for dialogue on

6630-540: Was a period in the history of China that lasted from 386 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Though an age of civil war and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spread of Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism . The period saw large-scale migration of Han Chinese to the lands south of the Yangtze . The period came to an end with

6715-540: Was heavily populated by Muslims during the Yuan dynasty, with Rashid naming a city with all Muslim inhabitants as the "great city of Yachi." It has been suggested that Yachi was Dali City ( Ta-li ), which had many Hui people. Sayyid Ajall's son Nasir al-Din became Governor of Yunnan in 1279 after his death. Historian Jacqueline Armijo-Hussein has written on Sayyid Ajall's confucianization and sinicization policies in various papers, including in her dissertation "Sayyid 'Ajall Shams al-Din: A Muslim from Central Asia, serving

6800-736: Was inconsistent and error-ridden. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Manchu royal family stopped using Manchu names. The Niohuru family of the Manchu changed their family name to Lang , which sounded like "wolf" in Chinese, since wolf in Manchu was Niohuru; thus forming a translation. Although the Manchus replaced their Manchu names with Chinese personal names, the Manchu bannermen followed their traditional practice in typically used their first/personal name to address themselves and not their last name, while Han Chinese bannermen used their last name and first in normal Chinese style. Usage of surnames

6885-407: Was not cooked right, man would not eat. When it was cooked bad, man would not eat. When the meat was not cut properly, man would not eat. When the food was not prepared with the right sauce, man would not eat. Although there are plenty of meats, they should not be cooked more than staple food. There is no limit for alcohol, before a man gets drunk. The Lüshi chunqiu notes: "Only if one is chosen as

6970-567: Was not traditional to the Manchu while it was to the Han Chinese. The Vietnamese Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng sinicized ethnic minorities such as Khmers , Chams and Montagnards , claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China's Han dynasty for Vietnam. Directing his policies at the Khmers and hill tribes , Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs." Moreover, he would use

7055-550: Was praised and described as making "the orangutans and butcherbirds become unicorns and phoenixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps" by He Hongzuo , the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies. Sayyid Ajall would also be the first to bring Islam to the area, and thus the widespread presence of Islam in Yunnan is credited to his work. Both Marco Polo and Rashid al-Din Vatvat recorded that Yunnan

7140-445: Was stored against famine and flood and meat was preserved with salt, vinegar, curing, and fermenting. The flavor of the meat was enhanced by cooking it in animal fats though this practice was mostly restricted to the wealthy. By the time of Confucius in the late Zhou , gastronomy had become a high art. Confucius discussed the principles of dining: The rice would never be too white, the meat would never be too finely cut... When it

7225-555: Was used as a preservative from early times, but in cooking was added in the form of soy sauce, and not at the table. By the Later Han period (2nd century), writers frequently complained of lazy aristocrats who did nothing but sit around all day eating smoked meats and roasts. During the Han dynasty , the Chinese developed methods of food preservation for military rations during campaigns such as drying meat into jerky and cooking, roasting, and drying grain. Chinese legends claim that

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