Misplaced Pages

#377622

103-920: Both the Syriac Sinaiticus (designated syr ) [Sinai, Syr 30] and the Curetonian Gospels (designated syr ) [British Library, Add 14451; Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, Orient Quad 528] known as the Old Syriac version contain similar renderings of the Gospel text; its conformity with the Greek and the Latin has been debated. Additional passages of the Old Syriac version were discovered among the New Finds (1975) of Saint Catherine's Monastery (Sinai, Syr. NF 37, 39). Even so, syr retains some readings from even earlier lost Syriac Gospels and from

206-520: A device to his soldiers' shields, but unlike Lactantius and subsequent Christian tradition, Eusebius does not date the events to October 312 and does not connect Constantine's vision and dream-vision with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Before he compiled his church history, Eusebius edited a collection of martyrdoms of the earlier period and a biography of Pamphilus. The martyrology has not survived as

309-644: A central document in tracing the history of the New Testament. The palimpsest's importance lies especially in making the Greek New Testament manuscripts understandable to Aramaic speaking communities during that period. The palimpsest lacks the last 12 verses of Mark , Christ's agony ( Luke 22:43–44 ), the Pericope Adulteræ ( John 7:53–8:11 ), and the reconciliation of Pilate with Herod ( Luke 23:10–12 ). In Matthew 1:16 , it contains "Joseph, to whom

412-603: A collection of supplementary books of the Kartlis Cxovreba , dating from the 9th century. The most important manuscripts have since been filmed or digitized, and so are accessible to scholars. With planning assistance from Ligatus, a research center of the University of the Arts London , the library was extensively renovated, reopening at the end of 2017. Since 2011, a team of imaging scientists and experienced scholars in

515-463: A different sort had to be prepared. Lastly, Eusebius wrote eulogies in praise of Constantine. To all this activity must be added numerous writings of a miscellaneous nature, addresses, letters, and the like, and exegetical works that extended over the whole of his life and that include both commentaries and an important treatise on the location of biblical place names and the distances between these cities. Pamphilus and Eusebius occupied themselves with

618-780: A feast day on February 29 according to the official calendar of Saints created by Corbishop Rajan Achen. Eusebius was long venerated in the Roman Catholic Church. Bishop J. B. Lightfoot writes in his entry for St. Eusebius in Henry Wace 's Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century AD, with an Account of Principal Sects and Heresies (1911) that "in the Martyrologium Romanum itself he held his place for centuries" and in "Gallican service-books

721-798: A gift from Tsar Alexander II of Russia . The Codex was sold by Stalin in 1933 to the British Museum and is now in the British Library , London, where it is on public display. Prior to September 1, 2009, a previously unseen fragment of Codex Sinaiticus was discovered in the monastery's library, as well as among the New Finds of 1975. On other visits (1855, 1857) Constantin von Tischendorf also amassed their more valuable manuscripts ( Greek , Christian Palestinian Aramaic , Georgian , Syriac ) and took them with him to St. Petersburg and Leipzig, where they are stored today. In February 1892, Agnes S. Lewis discovered an early palimpsest manuscript of

824-483: A great deal of which Origen knew of firsthand from his extensive travels, from the library and writings of Origen. On his deathbed, Origen had made a bequest of his private library to the Christian community in the city. Together with the books of his patron Ambrosius , Origen's library (including the original manuscripts of his works ) formed the core of the collection that Pamphilus established. Pamphilus also managed

927-464: A phrase often rendered into Latin as " in hoc signo vinces ". In a dream that night "the Christ of God appeared to him with the sign which had appeared in the sky, and urged him to make himself a copy of the sign which had appeared in the sky, and to use this as a protection against the attacks of the enemy." Eusebius relates that this happened "on a campaign he [Constantine] was conducting somewhere". It

1030-465: A revelatory dream on the eve of battle. Eusebius's work of that time, his Church History , also makes no mention of the vision. The Arch of Constantine, constructed in AD 315, neither depicts a vision nor any Christian insignia in its depiction of the battle. In his posthumous biography of Constantine, Eusebius agrees with Lactantius that Constantine received instructions in a dream to apply a Christian symbol as

1133-405: A school that was similar to (or perhaps a re-establishment of ) that of Origen. He was compared to Demetrius of Phalerum —as well as to another (evidently, learnèd) scholar by the name of "Pisistratus" —for Pamphilus had gathered Bibles "from all parts of the world". Like his model Origen, Pamphilus maintained close contact with his students. Eusebius, in his history of the persecutions, alludes to

SECTION 10

#1732848742378

1236-580: A secluded storage area of the St George Tower in 1975. Highlights include "108 pages of previously unknown Greek poems and the oldest-known recipe attributed to the Greek physician Hippocrates ;" additional folios for the transmission of the Old Syriac Gospels; two unattested witnesses of an early Christian apocryphal text the Dormition of Mary ( Transitus Mariae ) of which most of the Greek text

1339-497: A store of almonds and other fruits." The olives were used to produce oil for lighting lamps and as a relish in the kitchen. For most of the time of the Mamluk Sultanate the monastery was able to prosper, but as the sultanate started to decline, it went through a crisis. While there had been several hundred monks in the mid-14th century, a hundred years later there were only several dozens. Local Bedouin tribes started harassing

1442-576: A synoptical table so that it might be easier to find the pericopes that belong together. These canon tables or "Eusebian canons" remained in use throughout the Middle Ages, and illuminated manuscript versions are important for the study of early medieval art, as they are the most elaborately decorated pages of many Gospel books . Eusebius detailed in Epistula ad Carpianum how to use his canons. The Chronicle ( Παντοδαπὴ Ἱστορία ( Pantodape historia ))

1545-678: A team of scholars in 1893 that included J. Rendel Harris , F. C. Burkitt , and R. L. Bensly to photograph and transcribe the work in its entirety. It is still kept by the Saint Catherine’s Monastery (Sinai, Syr. 30). The German theologian Adalbert Merx devoted much of his later research to the elucidation of the Sinaitic Palimpsest, the results being embodied in Die vier kanonischen Evangelien nach dem ältesten bekannten Texte (1897–1905). The Sinaitic Palimpsest immediately became

1648-570: A time labored in behalf of the Arian heresy, coming to the council of Nicæa, inspired by the Holy Spirit, followed the decision of the Fathers, and thereafter up to the time of his death lived in a most holy manner in the orthodox faith. Lesson 2 . He was, moreover, very zealous in the study of the sacred Scriptures, and along with Pamphilus the martyr was a most diligent investigator of sacred literature. At

1751-585: A universal calendar of events from the Creation to, again, Eusebius's own time. He completed the first editions of the Ecclesiastical History and Chronicle before 300. Eusebius succeeded Agapius as Bishop of Caesarea soon after 313 and was called on by Arius who had been excommunicated by his bishop Alexander of Alexandria . An episcopal council in Caesarea pronounced Arius blameless. Eusebius enjoyed

1854-415: A whole, but it has been preserved almost completely in parts. It contained: Of the life of Pamphilus, only a fragment survives. A work on the martyrs of Palestine in the time of Diocletian was composed after 311; numerous fragments are scattered in legendaries which have yet to be collected. The life of Constantine was compiled after the death of the emperor and the election of his sons as Augusti (337). It

1957-588: A work ' Quaestiones ad Stephanum et Marinum , On the Differences of the Gospels (including solutions). This was written for the purpose of harmonizing the contradictions in the reports of the different Evangelists. This work was recently (2011) translated into the English language by David J. Miller and Adam C. McCollum and was published under the name Eusebius of Caesarea: Gospel Problems and Solutions . The original work

2060-641: Is ambiguous: by some, including the church itself, it is considered autocephalous , by others an autonomous church under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem . The archbishop is traditionally consecrated by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem ; in recent centuries he has usually resided in Cairo . During the period of the Crusades which was marked by bitterness between

2163-465: Is considered sacred by the three major Abrahamic religions : Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Centuries after its foundation, the body of Saint Catherine of Alexandria was said to be found in a cave in the area. Catherine was a popular saint in Europe during the Middle Ages; her story says that, for defending Christianity, she was sentenced to death on a spiked breaking wheel , but, at her touch,

SECTION 20

#1732848742378

2266-512: Is divided into two parts. The first part, the Chronography ( Χρονογραφία ( Chronographia )), gives an epitome of universal history from the sources, arranged according to nations. The second part, the Canons ( Χρονικοὶ Κανόνες ( Chronikoi kanones )), furnishes a synchronism of the historical material in parallel columns, the equivalent of a parallel timeline. The work as a whole has been lost in

2369-579: Is emphasized by the revision of the Peshitta that was made about 508, ordered by bishop Philoxenus of Mabbog . His revision, it is said, skilfully moved the Peshitta nearer to the Greek text; "it is very remarkable that his own frequent Gospel quotations preserved in his writings show that he used an Old Syriac set of the four Gospels". The palimpsest was identified in the library at Saint Catherine's Monastery in February 1892 by Agnes Smith Lewis , who returned with

2472-459: Is good which is according to nature. Every rational soul has naturally a good free-will, formed for the choice of what is good. But when a man acts wrongly, nature is not to be blamed; for what is wrong, takes place not according to nature, but contrary to nature, it being the work of choice, and not of nature. A letter Eusebius is supposed to have written to Constantine 's daughter Constantina , refusing to fulfill her request for images of Christ,

2575-479: Is lost; a previously unknown martyrdom of Patriklos of Caesarea Maritima ( Israel ), one of the eleven followers of Pamphilus of Caesarea ; some of the earliest known Georgian manuscripts; as well as insight into dead languages such as the previously hardly attested Caucasian Albanian and Christian Palestinian Aramaic , the local dialect of the early Byzantine period, with many unparalleled text witnesses. The complex houses irreplaceable works of art: mosaics,

2678-583: Is more a rhetorical eulogy on the emperor than a history but is of great value on account of numerous documents incorporated into it. To the class of apologetic and dogmatic works belong: A number of writings, belonging in this category, have been entirely lost. All of the exegetical works of Eusebius have suffered damage in transmission. The majority of them are known to us only from long portions quoted in Byzantine catena-commentaries. However these portions are very extensive. Extant are: Eusebius also wrote

2781-458: Is omitted, as in 𝔓 , D, 33, it, ff, ff, r, Irenaeus , Origen , Eusebius In Matthew 27:9 , text reflecting Ιερεμιου ('Jeremiah') is omitted, as in Φ 33 it it syr cop In Matthew 27:16 , it reflects Ἰησοῦν τὸν Βαραββᾶν ('Jesus the Barabbas') with Θ f 700* arm geo In Mark 2:26 , the phrase when Abiathar was high priest is omitted, as in D, W, 1009, 1546, it In Mark 10:2 ,

2884-519: Is omitted, as in D it (syr) In Luke 24:53 , it reflects εὐλογοῦντες ('blessing') with 𝔓 א B C* L In John 1:34 , it reflects ὁ ἐκλεκτός ('the Elect One') with 𝔓 𝔓 א* it syr In John 6:23 , the phrase the Lord having given thanks is omitted, as in D 091 it syr In John 6:42 , the phrase and his mother is omitted, as in א* W it syr In John 6:46 , it contains a singular reading reflecting

2987-534: Is omitted, as in 𝔓 In John 18:13–24 , the verse order is 13, 24, 14–15, 19–23, 16–18 Saint Catherine%27s Monastery Saint Catherine's Monastery ( Arabic : دير القدّيسة كاترين Dayr al-Qiddīsa Katrīn ; Greek : Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης ), officially the Sacred Autonomous Royal Monastery of Saint Catherine of the Holy and God-Trodden Mount Sinai , is a Christian monastery located in

3090-476: Is surrounded by the massive fortifications that have preserved it. Until the twentieth century, access was through a door high in the outer walls. The monastery, along with several dependencies in the area, constitute the entire Church of Sinai , which is headed by an archbishop , who is also the abbot of the monastery. The exact administrative status of the church within the Eastern Orthodox Church

3193-620: Is that homoousios came straight from Constantine's Hermetic background. As can be clearly seen in the Poimandres , and even more clearly in an inscription mentioned exclusively in the Theosophia , in the theological language of Egyptian paganism the word homoousios meant that the Nous-Father and the Logos-Son, who are two distinct beings, share the same perfection of the divine nature. However,

Syriac Sinaiticus - Misplaced Pages Continue

3296-496: Is the cause of all beings. But he is not merely a cause; in him everything good is included, from him all life originates, and he is the source of all virtue. God sent Christ into the world that it may partake of the blessings included in the essence of God. Eusebius expressly distinguishes the Son as distinct from Father as a ray is also distinct from its source the sun. Eusebius held that men were sinners by their own free choice and not by

3399-553: Is the oldest known surviving roof truss in the world. From the time of the First Crusade , the presence of Crusaders in the Sinai until 1270 spurred the interest of European Christians and increased the number of intrepid pilgrims who visited the monastery. The monastery was supported by its dependencies in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Crete, Cyprus and Constantinople. Throughout the Middle Ages,

3502-448: Is there any evidence of a normal, well-established Christian use of the term homoousios in its strictly Trinitarian meaning. Having once excluded any relationship of the Nicene homoousios with the Christian tradition, it becomes legitimate to propose a new explanation, based on an analysis of two pagan documents which have so far never been taken into account. The main thesis of this paper

3605-419: Is unclear from Eusebius's description whether the shields were marked with a Christian cross or with a chi-rho , a staurogram , or another similar symbol. The Latin text De mortibus persecutorum contains an early account of the 28 October 312 Battle of the Milvian Bridge written by Lactantius probably in 313, the year following the battle. Lactantius does not mention a vision in the sky but describes

3708-464: Is worst, deserving of blame and punishment, because he has by his own motion neglected the natural law, and becoming the origin and fountain of wickedness, and misusing himself, not from any extraneous necessity, but from free will and judgment. The fault is in him who chooses, not in God. For God has not made nature or the substance of the soul bad; for he who is good can make nothing but what is good. Everything

3811-647: The Codex Sinaiticus and the Syriac Sinaiticus , as well as a collection of early Christian icons , including the earliest known depiction of Jesus as Christ Pantocrator . Saint Catherine's has as its backdrop the three mountains it lies near: Ras Sufsafeh (possibly the Biblical Mount Horeb , peak c.1 km (0.62 mi) west); Jebel Arrenziyeb, peak c.   1km south; and Mount Sinai (locally, Jabal Musa , by tradition identified with

3914-543: The Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171), which was in regular use until the era of the Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century and is still in use today on special occasions. During the Ottoman Empire , the mosque was in desolate condition; it was restored in the early 20th century. During the seventh century, the isolated Christian anchorites of the Sinai were eliminated: only the fortified monastery remained. The monastery

4017-570: The Gospel in St Catherine Monastery's library that became known as the Syriac Sinaiticus and it remains in the monastery's possession. Agnes and her sister Margaret D. Gibson returned in 1893 with the Cambridge team of the two scholars that included their wives, and also J. Rendel Harris to photograph and transcribe the manuscript in its entirety, as well as to prepare the first catalogues of

4120-462: The Gospel of Matthew ; and many of Origen's own writings. Marginal comments in extant manuscripts note that Pamphilus and his friends and pupils, including Eusebius, corrected and revised much of the biblical text in their library. Their efforts made the hexaplaric Septuagint text increasingly popular in Syria and Palestine. Soon after joining Pamphilus's school, Eusebius started helping his master expand

4223-869: The Islamic State group at a checkpoint near the Monastery killed one policeman and injured three police officers. The monastery's library, founded sometime between 527 and 565, is recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's oldest continuously operating library. It preserves the world's second-largest collection of early codices and manuscripts , outnumbered only by the Vatican Library . It contains Greek , Christian Palestinian Aramaic , Syriac , Georgian , Arabic , Ethiopic/Ge‘ez , Latin , Armenian , and Church Slavonic manuscripts and books, along with very rare Hebrew and Coptic books. In May 1844 and February 1859, Constantin von Tischendorf visited

Syriac Sinaiticus - Misplaced Pages Continue

4326-556: The Sinai Peninsula of Egypt . Located at the foot of Mount Sinai , it was built between 548 and 565, and is the world's oldest continuously inhabited Christian monastery. The monastery was built by the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I , enclosing what is claimed to be the burning bush seen by Moses . Centuries later, the purported body of Saint Catherine of Alexandria , said to have been found in

4429-565: The Syriac and Arabic manuscripts. Only among the New Finds two additional palimpsest manuscripts came to light containing additional passages of the Old Syriac Gospels. The Monastery also has a copy of the Ashtiname of Muhammad , in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad is claimed to have bestowed his protection upon the monastery. Additionally, the monastery houses a copy of Mok'c'evay K'art'lisay,

4532-489: The biblical Mount Sinai ; peak c.  2 km (1.2 mi) south). The monastery was built around the location of what is traditionally considered to be the place of the burning bush seen by the Hebrew prophet Moses . Saint Catherine's monastery also encloses the "Well of Moses", where Moses is said to have met his future wife, Zipporah . The well is still today one of the monastery's main sources of water. The site

4635-636: The textual criticism of the Septuagint text of the Old Testament and especially of the New Testament . An edition of the Septuagint seems to have been already prepared by Origen , which, according to Jerome , was revised and circulated by Eusebius and Pamphilus. For an easier survey of the material of the four Evangelists, Eusebius divided his edition of the New Testament into paragraphs and provided it with

4738-733: The 2nd-century Septuagint manuscripts , which brought the four Gospels into harmony with one another through selective readings and emendations. It had been ascertained that the Diatessaron , or Harmony of the Four Gospels , composed by Tatian in the second century, had to be supplanted in the Syrian churches. There was a promulgation by Bishop Rabbula of Edessa in between AD 411 and 435, that four separate Gospels come into being in use in Syriac churches. The importance of such early, least conforming texts

4841-676: The Gospel , Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels , studies of the biblical text. His work Onomasticon is an early geographical lexicon of places in the Holy Land mentioned in the Bible. As "Father of Church History " (not to be confused with the title of Church Father ), he produced the Ecclesiastical History , On the Life of Pamphilus , the Chronicle and On

4944-419: The Greek θεον πατερα ('God the Father'). In John 6:47 , it reflects ὁ πιστεύων εις θεον ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον ('he who is believing in God has life everlasting') in agreement only with syr. In John 6:51 , it reflects του εμου ἄρτου ('my bread') with א it In John 6:64 , the text who they are who are not believing, and is omitted, as in 𝔓 it syr In John 7:32 , the phrase the chief priests and

5047-454: The Martyrs . He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great , the first Christian Roman emperor , who was Augustus between AD 306 and AD 337. Little is known about the life of Eusebius. His successor at the See of Caesarea, Acacius , wrote a Life of Eusebius , a work that has since been lost. Eusebius's own surviving works probably only represent a small portion of his total output. Beyond notices in his extant writings,

5150-498: The Orthodox and Catholic churches, the monastery was patronized by both the Byzantine emperors and the rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , and their respective courts. Dominican theologian Felix Fabri visited the monastery in the 15th century and provided a detailed account of it. He also described the monastery's gardens, noting the presence of "tall fruit trees, salad herbs, grass, and grain," and mentioning "more than three thousand olive trees, many fig-trees and pomegranates, and

5253-415: The Pharisees is omitted, as in 118 it In John 8:16 , text reflecting πατήρ ('father') is omitted, as in א* D 1655* it syr In John 8:53 , the phrase our father is omitted, as in D W it cop In John 9:18 , the phrase had been blind and had received sight is omitted, as in 𝔓 f 565 it cop In John 9:35 , it reflects υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ('Son of Man') with 𝔓 𝔓 א B D W cop In John 11:25 ,

SECTION 50

#1732848742378

5356-505: The area, was taken to the monastery; Saint Catherine's relics turned it into an important pilgrimage site , and the monastery was eventually renamed after the saint. Controlled by the autonomous Church of Sinai , which is part of the wider Greek Orthodox Church , the monastery became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002 for its unique importance to the three major Abrahamic religions : Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . The monastery library holds unique and rare works, such as

5459-443: The best collection of early icons in the world, many in encaustic , as well as liturgical objects, chalices and reliquaries, and church buildings. The large icon collection begins with a few dating to the 5th (possibly) and 6th centuries, which are unique survivals; the monastery having been untouched by Byzantine iconoclasm , and never sacked. The oldest icon on an Old Testament theme is also preserved there. A project to catalogue

5562-401: The birth of Eusebius to some point between AD 260 and 265. He was most likely born in or around Caesarea Maritima . Nothing is known about his parents. He was baptized and instructed in the city, and lived in Syria Palaestina in 296, when Diocletian 's army passed through the region (in the Life of Constantine , Eusebius recalls seeing Constantine traveling with the army). Eusebius

5665-504: The collections has been ongoing since the 1960s. The monastery was an important centre for the development of the hybrid style of Crusader art , and retains over 120 icons created in the style, by far the largest collection in existence. Many were evidently created by Latins, probably monks, based in or around the monastery in the 13th century. Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Caesarea ( c.  AD 260/265  – 30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius ,

5768-417: The community, robbing their property of the Christian coastal village of Al-Tur and in 1505, the monastery was captured and sacked. Though the sultan demanded that the property be returned to the monks, the Mamluk government was unable to subdue the Bedouin nomads and preserve order. The German explorer Martin Baumgarten visited the monastery in 1507 and noticed its decline. On April 18, 2017, an attack by

5871-399: The contention. Through the activities of the theologian Origen (185/6–254) and the school of his follower Pamphilus (later 3rd century – 309), Caesarea became a center of Christian learning. Origen was largely responsible for the collection of usage information, or which churches were using which gospels, regarding the texts which became the New Testament . The information used to create

5974-456: The council evidently did not force the insertion of the word and instead adopted a text related to the confession of Jerusalem. The role of Constantine remained uncertain during the council. Alternate views have suggested that Gibbon's dismissal of Eusebius is inappropriate: While many have shared Burckhardt's assessment, particularly with reference to the Life of Constantine , others, while not pretending to extol his merits, have acknowledged

6077-403: The days of the prophets of old, would take place at the coming of the Christ, which I will presently shew to have been fulfilled as never before in accordance with the predictions" ( Demonstratio Evangelica VIII). From a dogmatic point of view, Eusebius is related in his views to Origen . Like Origen, he started from the fundamental thought of the absolute sovereignty ( monarchia ) of God. God

6180-456: The decipherment of palimpsest manuscripts from the U.S. and Europe have photographed, digitized, and studied the library's collection of palimpsests during the international Sinai palimpsests project. Palimpsests are notable for having been reused one or more times over the centuries. Since parchment was expensive and time-consuming to produce, monks would erase certain texts with orange juice or scrape them off and write over them. Though

6283-440: The early church due to Eusebius's access to materials now lost. Eusebius's Life of Constantine ( Vita Constantini ) is a eulogy or panegyric , and therefore its style and selection of facts are affected by its purpose, rendering it inadequate as a continuation of the Church History. As the historian Socrates Scholasticus said, at the opening of his history which was designed as a continuation of Eusebius, "Also in writing

SECTION 60

#1732848742378

6386-456: The emperor himself had recounted to him that some time between the death of his father – the augustus Constantius – and his final battle against his rival Maxentius as augustus in the West, Constantine experienced a vision in which he and his soldiers beheld a Christian symbol, "a cross-shaped trophy formed from light", above the sun at midday. Attached to the symbol was the phrase "by this conquer" ( ἐν τούτῳ νίκα , en toútōi níka ),

6489-410: The fact that many of the Caesarean martyrs lived together, presumably under Pamphilus. Soon after Pamphilus settled in Caesarea ( c. 280s), he began teaching Eusebius, who was then somewhere between twenty and twenty-five. Because of his close relationship with his schoolmaster, Eusebius was sometimes called Eusebius Pamphili : "Eusebius, son of Pamphilus". The name may also indicate that Eusebius

6592-438: The favor of the Emperor Constantine . Because of this he was called upon to present the creed of his own church to the 318 attendees of the Council of Nicaea in 325. However, the anti-Arian creed from Palestine prevailed, becoming the basis for the Nicene Creed . The theological views of Arius, that taught the subordination of the Son to the Father , continued to be controversial. Eustathius of Antioch strongly opposed

6695-406: The first part of Eusebius's Chronicle , of which only a few fragments exist in Greek, has been preserved entirely in Armenian , though with lacunae. The Chronicle as preserved extends to the year 325. In his Church History or Ecclesiastical History , Eusebius wrote the first surviving history of the Christian Church as a chronologically ordered account, based on earlier sources, complete from

6798-408: The following year, he was again summoned before a synod in Tyre at which Eusebius of Caesarea presided. Athanasius, foreseeing the result, went to Constantinople to bring his cause before the Emperor. Constantine called the bishops to his court, among them Eusebius. Athanasius was condemned and exiled at the end of 335. Eusebius remained in the Emperor's favour throughout this time and more than once

6901-471: The former category he includes evidence of Eusebius in several martyrologies and being entitled "Blessed" dating back to Victorius of Aquitaine . Valois includes both Usuardus and Notker , who list his feast as June 21 in the Roman Martyrology, and a Gallican breviary is included for June 21 that reads as follows: Of the holy Eusebius, bishop and confessor. Lesson 1 . Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine, on account of his friendship with Pamphilus

7004-402: The growing influence of Origen 's theology as the root of Arianism . Eusebius, an admirer of Origen, was reproached by Eustathius for deviating from the Nicene faith. Eusebius prevailed and Eustathius was deposed at a synod in Antioch . However, Athanasius of Alexandria became a more powerful opponent and in 334 he was summoned before a synod in Caesarea (which he refused to attend). In

7107-445: The historian is commemorated as a saint." However, Lightfoot notes that in "the revision of this Martyrology under Gregory XIII his name was struck out, and Eusebius of Samosata was substituted, under the mistaken idea that Caesarea had been substituted for Samosata by a mistake." The Roman Catholic author Henri Valois includes in his translations on Eusebius's writings testimonies of ancient authors in favor and against Eusebius; in

7210-445: The irreplaceable value of his works which may principally reside in the copious quotations that they contain from other sources, often lost. The earliest recorded feast day of Eusebius is found in the earliest known Syrian Martyrology dating to the year 411 translated by William Wright . The Martyrology lists his feast day as May 30. Eusebius continues to be venerated as a Saint by the modern-day Syrian Orthodox Church as well, with

7313-409: The late-fourth-century Easter Letter , which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the Ecclesiastical History [HE] of Eusebius of Caesarea, wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3:25 and Origen's list at HE 6:25. Eusebius got his information about what texts were accepted by the third-century churches throughout the known world,

7416-544: The library's collections and broaden access to its resources. At about this time Eusebius compiled a Collection of Ancient Martyrdoms , presumably for use as a general reference tool. In the 290s, Eusebius began work on his most important work, the Ecclesiastical History , a narrative history of the Church and Christian community from the Apostolic Age to Eusebius's own time. At about the same time, he worked on his Chronicle ,

7519-456: The life of Constantine, this same author has but slightly treated of matters regarding Arius , being more intent on the rhetorical finish of his composition and the praises of the emperor than on an accurate statement of facts." The work was unfinished at Eusebius's death. Some scholars have questioned the Eusebian authorship of this work. Writing after Constantine had died, Eusebius claimed that

7622-411: The major sources are the 5th-century ecclesiastical historians Socrates , Sozomen , and Theodoret , and the 4th-century Christian author Jerome . There are assorted notices of his activities in the writings of his contemporaries Athanasius , Arius , Eusebius of Nicomedia , and Alexander of Alexandria . Eusebius's pupil, Eusebius of Emesa , provides some incidental information. Most scholars date

7725-406: The martyr, took from him the surname of Pamphili; inasmuch as along with this same Pamphilus he was a most diligent investigator of sacred literature. The man indeed is very worthy of being remembered in these times, both for his skill in many things, and for his wonderful genius, and by both Gentiles and Christians he was held distinguished and most noble among philosophers. This man, after having for

7828-450: The martyrs of his own time and the past, and this led him to the history of the whole Church and finally to the history of the world, which, to him, was only a preparation for ecclesiastical history. Then followed the time of the Arian controversies, and dogmatic questions came into the foreground. Christianity at last found recognition by the State; and this brought new problems – apologies of

7931-525: The monastery for research and discovered the Codex Sinaiticus , dating from the 4th century, at the time the oldest almost completely preserved manuscript of the Bible. The finding from 1859 left the monastery for Russia , in circumstances that had been long disputed. But in 2003 Russian scholars discovered the donation act for the manuscript signed by the Council of Cairo Metochion and Archbishop Callistratus on 13 November 1869. The monastery received 9000 rubles as

8034-532: The monastery had a multiethnic profile, with monks of Arab, Greek, Syrian, Slavonic and Georgian origin. However, in the Ottoman period the monastic community became almost exclusively Greek, possibly due to the decline and depopulation of Transjordanian Christian towns. From the 1480s onwards, the Wallachian princes started sending out alms to the monastery. A mosque was created by converting an existing chapel during

8137-565: The nation famous, firstly the kingship, secondly that of prophet, and lastly the high priesthood. The prophecies said that the abolition and complete destruction of all these three together would be the sign of the presence of the Christ. And that the proofs that the times had come, would lie in the ceasing of the Mosaic worship, the desolation of Jerusalem and its Temple, and the subjection of the whole Jewish race to its enemies. ...The holy oracles foretold that all these changes, which had not been made in

8240-485: The necessity of their natures. Eusebius said: The Creator of all things has impressed a natural law upon the soul of every man, as an assistant and ally in his conduct, pointing out to him the right way by this law; but, by the free liberty with which he is endowed, making the choice of what is best worthy of praise and acceptance, he has acted rightly, not by force, but from his own free-will, when he had it in his power to act otherwise, As, again, making him who chooses what

8343-465: The original Greek, but it may be reconstructed from later chronographists of the Byzantine school who made excerpts from the work, especially George Syncellus . The tables of the second part have been completely preserved in a Latin translation by Jerome, and both parts are still extant in an Armenian translation. The loss of the Greek originals has given the Armenian translation a special importance; thus,

8446-596: The original texts were once assumed to be lost, imaging scientists used narrowband multispectral imaging techniques and technologies to reveal features that were difficult to see with the human eye, including ink residues and small grooves in the parchment. These images have subsequently been digitized and are now freely available for research at the UCLA Library for scholarly use. As of June 2018, at least more than 160 palimpsests were identified, with over 6,800 pages of texts recovered. The newer finds were discovered in

8549-517: The painstaking labor of original research. Hence, much has been preserved, quoted by Eusebius, which otherwise would have been lost. The literary productions of Eusebius reflect on the whole the course of his life. At first, he occupied himself with works on biblical criticism under the influence of Pamphilus and probably of Dorotheus of Tyre of the School of Antioch . Afterward, the persecutions under Diocletian and Galerius directed his attention to

8652-555: The period of the Apostles to his own epoch. The time scheme correlated the history with the reigns of the Roman Emperors, and the scope was broad. Included were the bishops and other teachers of the Church, Christian relations with the Jews and those deemed heretical, and the Christian martyrs through 324. Although its accuracy and biases have been questioned, it remains an important source on

8755-451: The phrase And he said to his disciples starts the passage, as in D it John 14:14 is omitted, as in X Λ * 0141 f 565 it vg arm John 16:3 is omitted. In John 16:28 , the phrase I came forth from the Father is omitted, as in D W it ac cop In John 17:14 , the phrase just as I am not of the world is omitted, as in 𝔓 D f it In John 18:5 , the phrase the one betraying him

8858-409: The phrase and the life is omitted, as in 𝔓 it Diatessaron Cyprian In John 11:39 , the phrase the sister of the deceased is omitted, as in Θ it ac In John 11:51 , the phrase of that year is omitted, as in 𝔓 it John 12:8 is omitted, as in D it In John 13:32 , the phrase If God has been glorified in him is omitted, as in 𝔓 א* B C* D L W X 579 it vg syr ac mf co In John 14:1 ,

8961-486: The phrase the Pharisees came is omitted, as in D, it, (syr) In Mark 10:7 , the phrase and be joined to his wife is omitted, as in א , B , Ψ , 892 *, 2427 , ℓ 48 , goth. In Luke 4:17 , it reflects ἀνοίξας ('opened') with A, B, L, W, Ξ, 33, 579, 892, 1195, 1241, ℓ 547 , syr, cop In Luke 9:35 , it reflects ἐκλελεγμένος ('Elect One') with 𝔓 𝔓 א B L Ξ 892 1241 it vgst cop In Luke 10:41b–42a ,

9064-411: The phrase you are worried and being troubled about many things, but only one thing is needed is omitted, as in it Ambrose In Luke 23:34 , the phrase And Jesus said: Father forgive them, they know not what they do is omitted, agreeing with 𝔓 , א , B , D* , W , Θ , 0124 , 1241, a , Bezae, cop, cop. Luke 24:40 is omitted, as in D it, syr In Luke 24:52 , the phrase after worshiping him

9167-609: The reign of Constantine (336). Most of Eusebius's letters are lost. His letters to Carpianus and Flacillus exist complete. Fragments of a letter to the empress Constantia also exists. Eusebius is fairly unusual in his preterist , or fulfilled, eschatological view. Saying "the Holy Scriptures foretell that there will be unmistakable signs of the Coming of Christ. Now there were among the Hebrews three outstanding offices of dignity, which made

9270-696: The same time he has written many things, but especially the following books: The Præparatio Evangelica, the Ecclesiastical History, Against Porphyry, a very bitter enemy of the Christians; he has also composed Six Apologies in Behalf of Origen, a Life of Pamphilus the Martyr, from whom on account of friendship he took his surname, in three books; likewise very learned Commentaries on the hundred and fifty Psalms. Lesson 3 . Moreover, as we read, after having ascertained

9373-477: The sufferings of many holy martyrs in all the provinces, and the lives of confessors and virgins, he has written concerning these saints twenty books; while on account of these books therefore, and especially on account of his Præparatio Evangelica, he was held most distinguished among the Gentiles, because of his love of truth he contemned the ancestral worship of the gods. He has written also a Chronicle, extending from

9476-573: The wheel shattered. It was then ordered that she be beheaded . The relics of Saint Catherine, kept to this day inside the monastery, have made it a favourite site of pilgrimage . The patronal feast of the monastery is the Feast of the Transfiguration . The oldest record of monastic life at Mount Sinai comes from the travel journal written in Latin by a pilgrim woman named Egeria (Etheria; Saint Sylvia of Aquitaine ) about 381/2–386. The monastery

9579-483: The word homoousios ( consubstantial ) "was inserted in the Nicene Creed solely by the personal order of Constantine." According to Eusebius of Caesarea, the word homoousios was inserted in the Nicene Creed solely by the personal order of Constantine. But this statement is highly problematic. It is very difficult to explain the seeming paradoxical fact that this word, along with the explanation given by Constantine,

9682-407: The works of Plato and to an extensive range of later philosophic works, largely from Middle Platonists from Philo to the late 2nd century. Whatever its secular contents, the primary aim of Origen and Pamphilus's school was to promote sacred learning. The library's biblical and theological contents were more impressive: Origen's Hexapla and Tetrapla ; a copy of the original Aramaic version of

9785-504: Was a Greek Syro-Palestinian historian of Christianity , exegete , and Christian polemicist . In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima in the Roman province of Syria Palaestina . Together with Pamphilus , Eusebius was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity . He wrote the Demonstrations of

9888-401: Was accepted by the "Arian" Eusebius, whereas it has left no traces at all in the works of his opponents, the leaders of the anti-Arian party such as Alexander of Alexandria , Ossius of Cordova , Marcellus of Ancyra , and Eustathius of Antioch , who are usually considered Constantine's theological advisers and the strongest supporters of the council. Neither before nor during Constantine's time

9991-517: Was also translated into Syriac , and lengthy quotations exist in a catena in that language, and also in Arabic catenas. Eusebius also wrote treatises on the biblical past; these three treatises have been lost. They were: The addresses and sermons of Eusebius are mostly lost, but some have been preserved, e.g., a sermon on the consecration of the church in Tyre and an address on the thirtieth anniversary of

10094-588: Was betrothed Mary the Virgin, begat Jesus, who is called the Christ" In Matthew 4:10 , it contains a singular reading reflecting the Greek ὕπαγε ὀπίσω σου ('get you behind' or 'get behind you'). Matthew 12:47 is omitted, as in א*, B, L , Γ , 1009, ℓ 12 , ff, k, syr, cop. In Matthew 14:12 , it reflects πτωμα ('corpse') with א B C D L Θ f f 33 565 700 892 1241 1424 e k ℓ 844 ℓ 2211 syr cop In Matthew 16:12 , it reflects της ζυμης ('leaven') with D, Θ, f , 565, a, b, ff Matthew 21:44

10197-565: Was built by order of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565), enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush (also known as "Saint Helen's Chapel") ordered to be built by Empress Consort Helena , mother of Constantine the Great , at the site where Moses is supposed to have seen the burning bush . The living bush on the grounds is purportedly the one seen by Moses. Structurally the monastery's king post truss

10300-708: Was exonerated with the explicit approval of the Emperor Constantine. After the Emperor's death ( c.  337 ), Eusebius wrote the Life of Constantine , an important historical work because of eyewitness accounts and the use of primary sources. Of the extensive literary activity of Eusebius, a relatively large portion has been preserved. Although posterity suspected him of Arianism , Eusebius had made himself indispensable by his method of authorship; his comprehensive and careful excerpts from original sources saved his successors

10403-517: Was made presbyter by Agapius of Caesarea . Some, like theologian and ecclesiastical historian John Henry Newman , understand Eusebius's statement that he had heard Dorotheus of Tyre "expound the Scriptures wisely in the Church" to indicate that Eusebius was Dorotheus's pupil while the priest was resident in Antioch; others, like the scholar D. S. Wallace-Hadrill, deem the phrase too ambiguous to support

10506-502: Was made Pamphilus' heir. Pamphilus gave Eusebius a strong admiration for the thought of Origen. Neither Pamphilus nor Eusebius knew Origen personally; Pamphilus probably picked up Origenist ideas during his studies under Pierius (nicknamed "Origen Junior" ) in Alexandria. Eusebius's Preparation for the Gospel bears witness to the literary tastes of Origen: Eusebius quotes no comedy, tragedy, or lyric poetry, but makes reference to all

10609-696: Was quoted in the decrees (now lost) of the Iconoclast Council of Hieria in 754, and later quoted in part in the rebuttal of the Hieria decrees in the Second Council of Nicaea of 787, now the only source from which some of the text is known. The authenticity or authorship of the letter remains uncertain. In the June 2002 issue of the Church History journal, Pier Franco Beatrice reports that Eusebius testified that

#377622