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38-515: The Sella lies between the four Ladin valleys of Badia , Gherdëina , Fascia , and Fodom and is divided between the provinces of South Tyrol , Trentino and Belluno . It can be driven around by car crossing the Campolongo Pass , Pordoi Pass , Sella Pass , and Gardena Pass . In winter it is possible to ski around the entire massif using the Sella Ronda ski lift carousel. Also each winter

76-438: A comparative preceded by the corresponding article: la plu vedla ('the oldest'). There is a negative comparative, too, using manco ('few'): la manco vedla } ('the least oldest' = 'the youngest'). The second person plural beginning in a majuscule Vos is used as a polite form in singular too. Ladin is not a pro-drop language, the unstressed personal pronoun is never omitted (e.g.: al pluev 'it rains'). There

114-617: A minority language: The Nones language in the Non Valley and the related Solandro language found in the Sole Valley are Gallo-Romance languages and often grouped together into a single linguistic unit due to their similarity. They are spoken in 38 municipalities but have no official status. Their more precise classification is uncertain. Both dialects show a strong resemblance to Trentinian dialect and Eastern Lombard , and scholars debate whether they are Ladin dialects or not. About 23% of

152-635: A nosotros tu Reino, hágase tu Voluntad así en la tierra como en el cielo. Pai nosso, que estais no céu, Santificado seja o Vosso nome, Venha a nós o Vosso reino, Seja feita a sua vontade Assim na terra como no céu. Notre Père, qui es aux cieux, Que ton nom soit sanctifié, Que ton règne vienne, Que ta volonté soit faite sur la terre comme au ciel. Tatăl nostru, care ești în ceruri, Sfințească-se numele Tău, Vie împărăția Ta, Facă-se voia Ta, Precum în cer așa și pre pământ. Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it

190-510: A partially official language. Ladin is officially recognised in Trentino and South Tyrol by provincial and national law. Italy signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1991, but it has not ratified it so far. The charter calls for minority rights to be respected and minority languages , to which Ladin belongs, to be appropriately protected and promoted. Starting in

228-503: A varying degree of influence from Venetian. The name derives from Latin , because Ladin is originally a Vulgar Latin language left over from the Romanized Alps. Ladin is often attributed to be a relic of Vulgar Latin dialects associated with Rhaeto-Romance languages . Whether a proto-Rhaeto-Romance language ever existed is controversially discussed amongst linguists and historians, a debate known as Questione Ladina . Starting in

266-538: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article on a location in Veneto is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ladin language Ladin ( / l ə ˈ d iː n / lə- DEEN , UK also / l æ ˈ d iː n / la- DEEN ; autonym: ladin ; Italian : ladino ; German : Ladinisch ) is a Romance language of the Rhaeto-Romance subgroup, mainly spoken in

304-468: Is an officially recognised language, taught in schools and used in public offices (in written as well as spoken forms). The following municipalities of South Tyrol have a majority of Ladin speakers: In the 2011 census, 18,550 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language. It is prevailing in the following municipalities of Trentino in the Fassa Valley , where Ladin is recognized as

342-450: Is an unpersonal pronoun in singular an . The stressed pronouns are used to stress the agent. Ladin uses special enclitic pronouns for questions: E.g. the sentence Tu ciantes ('You sing') changes to Cianteste? ('Do you sing?') Conjungation of regular verbs on -é (lat. -are ) in present tense: The proposed orthographic conventions largely follow the Italian orthography . It

380-475: Is in heaven. An [ ɜ ] vowel, spelled ⟨ë⟩ , as in Urtijëi ( pronunciation ), and two front rounded vowels [ ø , y ], spelled ⟨ö, ü⟩ , occur in some local dialects (such as Val Badia) but are not a part of Standard Ladin. Grave is used to mark stress at the last syllable and circumflex is used to mark long vowels. The IETF language tags register subtags for

418-727: The County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen . Although the Ladin communities are spread out over three neighbouring regions, the Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites is asking that they be reunited. The Ladin Autonomist Union and the Fassa Association run on a Ladin list and have sought more rights and autonomy for Ladin speakers. Ladins are also guaranteed political representations in

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456-710: The Dachsprache Rumantsch Grischun written language. Schmid accepted this challenge and in 1998 he published for standard Ladin its Guidelines for the Development of a Common Written Language of the Dolomite Ladins ( Wegleitung für den Aufbau einer gemeinsamen Schriftsprache der Dolomitenladiner ), in which the outlines for the new written language were presented. All written forms of Ladin Dolomitan words are carried over from spoken forms already existing in

494-617: The Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in the provinces of South Tyrol , Trentino , and Belluno , by the Ladin people . It exhibits similarities to Romansh , spoken in Switzerland, as well as Friulian , spoken in north-east Italy. The precise extension of the Ladin language area is a subject of scholarly debate. A narrower perspective includes only the dialects of the valleys around

532-571: The Free University of Bozen-Bolzano , use Ladin Dolomitan as the default language in their publications. Example: l pere 'the father', n pere 'a father', la ciasa 'the house', na ciasa 'a house' Ladin dolomitan like other West Romance languages uses the sigmatic plural. Additionally, there are some irregular forms: pe – piesc etc. The comparative is formed using plu ('more') + adjective: vedla ('old') – plu vedla ('older'). Superlatives are formed using

570-655: The Sella group , while wider definitions comprise the dialects of adjacent valleys in the Province of Belluno and even dialects spoken in the northwestern Trentino. A standard variety of Ladin ( Ladin Dolomitan ) has been developed by the Office for Ladin Language Planning as a common communication tool across the whole Ladin-speaking region. Ladin is recognized as a minority language in 54 Italian municipalities belonging to

608-587: The 1990s, the Italian parliament and provincial assembly have passed laws and regulations protecting the Ladin language and culture. A cultural institute was founded to safeguard and educate in the language and culture. School curricula were adapted in order to teach in Ladin, and street signs are being changed to bilingual. Ladin is also recognized as a protected language in the Province of Belluno in Veneto region pursuant to

646-511: The 19th and 20th centuries regarded Ladin as an " Italian dialect ", a notion rejected by various Ladin exponents and associations, despite their having been counted as Italians by the Austrian authorities as well. The programme of Italianization , professed by fascists such as Ettore Tolomei and Benito Mussolini , added further pressure on the Ladin communities to subordinate their identities to Italian. This included changing Ladin place names into

684-472: The 6th century, the Bavarii started moving in from the north, while from the south Gallo-Italic languages started pushing in, which further shrank the original extent of the Ladin area. Only in the more remote mountain valleys did Ladin survive among the isolated populations. Starting in the very early Middle Ages, the area was mostly ruled by the County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen , both belonging to

722-476: The Italian pronunciation according to Tolomei's Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige . Following the end of World War II, the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement of 1946 between Austria and Italy introduced a level of autonomy for Trentino and South Tyrol but did not include any provisions for the Ladin language. Only in the second autonomy statute for South Tyrol in 1972 was Ladin recognized as

760-511: The Ladin language") under the initiative of The Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites ( project owner ) and the Ladin cultural institutes Micurà de Rü , Majon di Fascegn and Istitut Pedagogich Ladin to create a unified standard written language. The contract to work on the project was given in 1988 by representatives from the Dolomite Ladins to the Zurich Professor Heinrich Schmid , who had previously designed

798-576: The South Tyrolean civil service according to their numbers. The recognition of minority languages in Italy has been criticised since the implementation of Act No. 482 (1999), especially due to alleged financial benefits. This applies also to the Ladin language, especially in the province of Belluno. A possible subdivision of Ladin language identifies six major groups. The dialects of the Athesian group (from

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836-695: The Standards for Protection of Historic Language Minorities Act No. 482 (1999). In comparison with South Tyrol and Trentino, the wishes of the Ladins have barely been addressed by the regional government. In a popular referendum in October 2007, the inhabitants of Cortina d'Ampezzo overwhelmingly voted to leave Veneto and return to South Tyrol. The redrawing of the provincial borders would return Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana and Colle Santa Lucia to South Tyrol, to which they traditionally belonged when part of

874-703: The administrative burden of authorities and organization, which are not only linked to a single valley. For example, it allows for the administration of the South Tyrol to use a single Ladin language form for the communities in Val Gardena and Val Badia . Today, some institutions, such as the Union Generela di Ladins dles Dolomites (the umbrella organization of the Sella Ladin), the Comunanza Ladina de Bulsan , and

912-667: The alpine touring ski Sellaronda Skimarathon race is held, which leads around the entire Sella and covers 42 km of mountain trails. The same trails can be mastered by Mountain bike during the summer. Other peaks in the massif are the Piz Pisciadù 2,985 m (9,793 ft), the Boèseekofel 2,910 m (9,550 ft), the four Sellatürme 2,696 m (8,845 ft), Sass Pordoi 2,952 m (9,685 ft), whose summit can be reached by funicular from Pordoi Pass , and Brunecker Turm 2,495 m (8,186 ft). During winter

950-530: The assemblies of Trentino and South Tyrol due to a reserved seats system. In South Tyrol, in order to reach a fair allocation of jobs in public service, a system called "ethnic proportion" was established in the 1970s. Every 10 years, when the general census of population takes place, each citizen has to identify with a linguistic group. The results determine how many potential positions in public service are allocated for each linguistic group. This has theoretically enabled Ladins to receive guaranteed representation in

988-484: The average temperature in summer lies around +3 °C and +5 °C, while in winter it ranges between -8 and -10 °C. Each year the course of the annual single-day seven mountain passes crossing Maratona dles Dolomites Bicycle Race goes around the Sella group. 46°30′N 11°50′E  /  46.500°N 11.833°E  / 46.500; 11.833 This Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol location article

1026-961: The communes of Cortina d'Ampezzo (15.6% Ladin), Colle Santa Lucia (50.6% Ladin) and Livinallongo del Col di Lana (54.3% Ladin). The provincial administration of Belluno has enacted to identify Ladin as a minority language in additional municipalities. Those are: Agordo , Alleghe , Auronzo di Cadore , Borca di Cadore , Calalzo di Cadore , Canale d'Agordo , Cencenighe Agordino , Cibiana di Cadore , Comelico Superiore , Danta di Cadore , Domegge di Cadore , Falcade , Forno di Zoldo , Gosaldo , La Valle Agordina , Lozzo di Cadore , Ospitale di Cadore , Perarolo di Cadore , Pieve di Cadore , Rivamonte Agordino , Rocca Pietore , San Nicolò di Comelico , San Pietro di Cadore , San Tomaso Agordino , San Vito di Cadore , Santo Stefano di Cadore , Selva di Cadore , Taibon Agordino , Vallada Agordina , Valle di Cadore , Vigo di Cadore , Vodo di Cadore , Voltago Agordino , Zoldo Alto , Zoppè di Cadore . Ladinity in

1064-477: The different standards: Ladin Dolomitan Ladin Dolomitan or standard Ladin is the standard written constructed language ( Dachsprache ) based on the similarities of the five main dialect -groups of Ladin . It is the desired outcome of the project called SPELL ( Servisc per la Planificazion y Elaborazion dl Lingaz Ladin – "service for the planning and preparation of

1102-886: The dolomitic area, dialects are spoken that are often considered to be part of the Ladin language (Anaunic Ladin), but have strong influences from Trentinian and Eastern Lombard dialects. The first part of the 'Lord's Prayer' in Standard Ladin, Latin, and Italian for comparison, as well as other Romance languages and English: Pere nost, che t'ies en ciel, al sie santifiché ti inom, al vegne ti regn, sia fata tia volonté, coche en ciel enscì en tera. Pater noster, qui es in caelis: sanctificetur nomen tuum; adveniat regnum tuum; fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra. Padre nostro che sei nei cieli, sia santificato il tuo Nome, venga il tuo Regno, sia fatta la tua Volontà come in cielo così in terra. Padre nuestro que estás en los cielos, santificado sea tu Nombre, venga

1140-691: The following dialects are considered as part of the Agordino group: Spoken in Cortina d'Ampezzo ( Anpezo ), similar to Cadorino dialect . Even in Valle di Zoldo (from Forno-Fôr upwards) there are elements of the Ampezzan Group. Spoken in Cadore and Comelico and best known as Cadorino dialect . In Western Trentino, in Non Valley , Val di Sole , Val di Peio , Val di Rabbi , and part of Val Rendena , detached from

1178-500: The inhabitants from Val di Non and 1.5% from Val di Sole declared Ladin as their native language at the 2011 census. The number of Ladin speakers in those valleys amounts to 8,730, outnumbering the native speakers in the Fassa Valley . In order to stress the difference between the dialects in Non and Fassa valleys, it has been proposed to distinguish between ladins dolomitiches (Dolomitic Ladinians) and ladins nonejes (Non Valley Ladinians) at

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1216-459: The next census. There is no linguistic census in the Province of Belluno , but the number of Ladin speakers has been estimated using a 2006 survey. In this area, there are about 1,166 people who speak the standard Ladin and 865 who speak the dialect of Ladin, so out of 8,495 inhabitants they are the 23.9%. They live in the part of the province that was part of the County of Tyrol until 1918, comprising

1254-404: The province of Belluno is more ethnic than linguistic. The varieties spoken by Ladin municipalities are Venetian alpine dialects, which are grammatically no different to those spoken in municipalities that did not declare themselves as Ladin. Their language is called Ladino Bellunese . All Ladin dialects spoken in the province of Belluno, including those in the former Tyrolean territories, enjoy

1292-413: The provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino and Belluno. It is not possible to assess the exact number of Ladin speakers, because only in the provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino are the inhabitants asked to identify their native language in the general census of the population, which takes place every 10 years. In the 2011 census, 20,548 inhabitants of South Tyrol declared Ladin as their native language. Ladin

1330-697: The realms of the Austrian Habsburg rulers. The area of Cadore was under the rule of the Republic of Venice . During the period of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and, after 1804, the Austrian Empire, the Ladins underwent a process of Germanization . After the end of World War I in 1918, Italy annexed the southern part of Tyrol, including the Ladin areas. The Italian nationalist movement of

1368-527: The river Adige Basin) of the Sella are spoken in South Tyrol: The South Tyrolean dialects are most similar to the original Ladin. The names of the Ladin dialects spoken in the Fassa Valley in Trentino are Moenat, Brach, and Cazet. 82.8% of the inhabitants of Fassa Valley are native Ladin speakers; the Ladin language in Fassa is influenced by Trentinian dialects. In the Province of Belluno

1406-439: The spoken dialects based on a principle of the lowest common denominator in language formation. Its popularity within the Ladin community varies by valley and dialect spoken. The goal of Ladin Dolomitan is not to replace or displace the existing Ladin languages of the different valleys but rather to serve as a Dachsprache and standard language for communication between speakers of the different dialects. This may also reduce

1444-594: The summit is the starting point for many alpine ski tours, of which the most famous are the descent through the Val Mesdì and the descent from the Pordoischarte. The plateau of the Sella Group is characterized by a tundra climate with average temperatures above 0 °C only during the summer months. Average data at the weather station on Piz Pisciadù at 2,985 m (9,793 ft) measured between 2004 and 2020 shows that

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