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34-561: Fassa was formed as Fassa List ( Lista Fassa ) in August 2008 as a centre-right alternative to the centre-left Ladin Autonomist Union (UAL), which used to garner a large majority of Ladin votes in Fassa Valley. Its first leader was Gino Fontana , mayor of Vigo di Fassa and, formerly, provincial councillor for Daisy Civic List , a centrist party aligned with the centre-left. A year later,

68-599: A prominent political topic. However, the first real breakthrough occurred when Matteo Renzi , the new Secretary of the Democratic Party, was appointed prime minister in February 2014. As part of his government's program, Renzi pledged to implement a number of reforms, including the abolition of the perfectly symmetric bicameralism, with a substantial decrease in the membership and power of the Senate. As well as effectively abolishing

102-405: A similar way to the current legislative procedure, in that bills must be approved in the same text by both houses to be enacted, and will be forwarded from one house to the other until approved by both. This procedure is required for bills regarding the following. Opponents to the referendum argue that the legislative procedures under the reformed Constitution would be much more than two, because of

136-474: Is a consultative assembly of experts of the economic, social, and legal fields, representatives of public and private-sector producers of goods and services, and representatives of social service and voluntary organisations, is abolished. Provinces (the second-level administrative divisions of Italy) are removed from the Constitution, except for the autonomous provinces of Bolzano and Trento . This opens

170-769: The Ladin minority in the Province and especially that living in Fassa Valley . Its main leader is Giuseppe Detomas . The party was formed in 1983 and its founder Ezio Anesi was elected that year provincial deputy for the Italian Republican Party . In the 1992 Anesi was elected to the Italian Senate for the Italian Socialist Party . After the disappearance of the so-called First Republic parties, including

204-511: The Left Democrats , Massimo D'Alema . These attempts were unsuccessful. A reform bill proposed by Silvio Berlusconi 's government was finally approved by the parliament in 2005. This proposal, which would also have considerably strengthened the powers of the prime minister, at the same time weakening the role of the President, was ultimately rejected in the 2006 referendum . In 2011, with

238-603: The financial crisis ensuing and Berlusconi forced to resign from the position of prime minister, the Parliament reprised discussions on constitutional reforms at the urging of president Giorgio Napolitano . However, strong disagreements between the two main parties (the People of Freedom and the Democratic Party ) prevented the Parliament from deciding on a reform. After the 2013 general election , constitutional reform remained

272-511: The Chamber of Deputies, since the constitutional law had not been approved by a qualified majority of two-thirds in each house of parliament in the second vote. 59.11% of voters voted against the constitutional reform, meaning it did not come into effect. This was the third constitutional referendum in the history of the Italian Republic ; the other two were in 2001 (in which the amending law

306-522: The Government. The Senate is not subject to dissolution; instead, when a Regional Council ends its five years term, so do the senators elected by it; new senators will be elected after the Regional Council is renewed. Autonomous province, part of the region of Trentino-South Tyrol . The reform differentiates between two main legislative procedures: a unicameral procedure (in which

340-512: The Italian people's endorsement for October and also indicated that he would resign if his reforms were rejected. Some opposition parties, predominantly Five Star Movement , Lega Nord and Italian Left , and also some newspapers like Il Fatto Quotidiano and Il manifesto , accused Renzi of turning the referendum into a plebiscite on his premiership with those comments. However, after some months, Renzi said that his government will continue until

374-587: The List was institutionalised and became a fully fledged party under the current name. In the 2008 provincial election , the party won 0.6% of the vote (26.6% in Fassa Valley), while the UAL gained 1.2% (54.0%). In March 2012, the party replaced its leadership during an assembly: Elena Testor was elected president and Luca Guglielmi secretary. In September 2013, Riccardo Franceschetti , mayor of Moena and leading member of

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408-576: The No with 57.9% against the UAL supported Yes in Fassa Valley. Results are expressed in %. Before 2003, the UAL usually did not contest the elections as a stand-alone list. 2016 Italian constitutional referendum A constitutional referendum was held in Italy on 4 December 2016. Voters were asked whether they approved a constitutional law that amends the Italian Constitution to reform

442-574: The Parliament on matters that are not reserved to the State, when this is required to protect the juridical or economic unity of Italy, or to protect national interests. Such laws are adopted according to the unicameral legislative procedure: however, when modifications are proposed by an absolute majority of the members of the Senate, the Chamber of Deputies can override the proposals only by voting against them with an absolute majority of its members. The National Council for Economics and Labour (CNEL), which

476-463: The Republic ) with the following characteristics: The first concrete attempts at reforming the Senate took place in the 1980s, when the first bicameral committee for constitutional reform headed by Aldo Bozzi was created (1983). A second bicameral committee (headed by Ciriaco De Mita , later replaced by Nilde Iotti ) operated in 1992–1994, followed in 1997 by the third committee headed by the leader of

510-404: The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, the bill received its first approval on 13 October 2015 (Senate) and 11 January 2016 (Chamber), and, eventually, its second and final approval on 20 January 2016 (Senate) and 12 April 2016 (Chamber). In accordance with Article 138 of the Constitution, a referendum was called after the formal request of more than one fifth of the members of both the Senate and

544-411: The Senate is only required to enact laws regarding specific matters. For all other laws, the vote of the Senate is optional and can be overruled by a second vote of the Chamber of Deputies. Senators enjoy the same immunities as the deputies, but receive no remuneration. The Government does not need to have the confidence of the new Senate, and the Senate cannot pass a motion of no confidence against

578-691: The Socialists, the UAL formed an alliance with the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT) at the provincial level and with The Olive Tree ( l'Ulivo ) at the national level. Under these agreements, Anesi was elected to the Provincial Council in 1993 from the PATT slate, while Detomas represented UAL in the Chamber of Deputies from 1996 to 2006. That was the highest point for the party. Since

612-630: The UAL supported Yes in Fassa Valley. In the 2018 general election , Testor, affiliated to Forza Italia , was elected to the Italian Senate from the single-seat constituency of Pergine Valsugana . Results are expressed in %. Ladin Autonomist Union The Ladin Autonomist Union ( Ladin : Union Autonomista Ladina ; Italian : Unione Autonomista Ladina ; UAL ) is a minor progressive - centrist political party in Trentino , Italy , that seeks to represent

646-472: The UAL, left that party in order to join Fassa. In the 2013 provincial election , the party won 0.8% of the vote (31.9% in Fassa Valley), but still lost to the UAL, which gained 1.1% (51.8%). However, in 2015, the party prevailed over the UAL in the first Fassa community election and Testor was elected Attorney General. In the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum won Fassa supported the No with 57.9% against

680-496: The adopted text is badly written. In April 2016, a paper called " Appello dei costituzionalisti " ("A Plea from Constitutional Scholars") was written by 56 law scholars (mainly constitutional law scholars), showing criticism of the proposed reform and their numerous concerns: among them are Francesco Amirante, Paolo Caretti, Lorenza Carlassare, Ugo De Siervo, Giovanni Maria Flick , Paolo Maddalena, Valerio Onida, Alfonso Quaranta and Gustavo Zagrebelsky . The main points of criticism

714-490: The bill, claiming that it was poorly written and would have made the government too powerful. Following the clear victory of the "No" vote, Renzi tendered his resignation as prime minister. Paolo Gentiloni was selected as his replacement on 11 December. The Italian Parliament is described as a perfectly symmetric bicameral legislature, in that it has a lower house (the Chamber of Deputies ) and an upper house (the Senate of

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748-456: The composition and powers of the Parliament of Italy , as well as the division of powers between the State, the regions, and administrative entities. The bill, put forward by the then Prime Minister of Italy , Matteo Renzi , and his centre-left Democratic Party , was first introduced by the government in the Senate on 8 April 2014. After several amendments were made to the proposed law by both

782-414: The current Senate, the package also included a new electoral law , aimed at giving the party that won the most votes in elections for the Chamber of Deputies a great many additional seats, allowing the formation of a stronger government. After the proposals passed both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate twice, as required by Article 138 of the Italian constitution, Renzi scheduled a referendum to secure

816-436: The door for ordinary laws to abolish or radically reform them. In 2014–15 fourteen provinces were already replaced by " metropolitan cities " (that still exist in the reformed Constitution). Prime Minister Renzi was accused by some law scholars and politicians, such as Stefano Rodotà and Fausto Bertinotti , of being authoritarian and anti-democratic for proposing this reform. Others, like Gianfranco Pasquino , argue that

850-405: The end of the legislature. On 15 January 2016, La Repubblica reported that Renzi had hired American political adviser Jim Messina – who had worked with Barack Obama and David Cameron and would later work for Mariano Rajoy – to oversee the campaign for "Yes". The Senate represents territorial institutions. It shares the legislative power with the Chamber of Deputies, but the vote of

884-505: The highest percentage of No and Yes votes respectively. After the first exit polls, Prime Minister Matteo Renzi stated in a midnight press conference that he would resign the next day. In his speech, Renzi assumed full responsibility for the referendum defeat. The President of the Italian Republic Sergio Mattarella asked Matteo Renzi to briefly postpone his resignation, to complete the parliamentary approval of

918-570: The introduction in 2003 of a seat for the Ladin minority, the UAL has always prevailed. In the 2013 provincial election it won 1.1% of the vote (51.8% in Fassa Falley). However, in 2015, the party was defeated by the Fassa Association in the Fassa community elections, the first after the introduction of valley communities in 2006. In the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum won Fassa supported

952-621: The next year's budget law. After the budget was passed on 7 December, Renzi resigned that night. Financial markets were not particularly affected by the defeat of the constitutional reform: the Milan stock exchange closed the Monday session relatively stable (−0.2% on respect of previous Friday closing, before the vote), while on Tuesday 6 December the stock index jumped at +4.15% (best result since 11 March 2016). To assure Italy stability, on 11 December 2016 President Sergio Mattarella gave Paolo Gentiloni

986-495: The paper raises are the following: Later, in May 2016, other 184 law scholars and professors of various disciplines (among whom Franco Bassanini , Massimo Bordignon, Stefano Ceccanti, Francesco Clementi, Carlo Fusaro, Claudia Mancina, Stefano Mannoni, Angelo Panebianco, Pasquale Pasquino, Francesco Pizzetti, Michele Salvati, Tiziano Treu) signed, instead, an appeal in favour of the constitutional reform. "Almost 19,500,000 voters rejected

1020-467: The reform (59.11%), while nearly 13,500,000 voters approved it (40.88%). The turnout (65.47%) was by far the highest compared to Italy's other constitutional referendums: in 2001 , the voter turnout was extremely low (34.10%); in 2006 it was higher, but barely exceeded half of the total number of eligible voters (52.46%)". Sardinia and South Tyrol , both constituent entities of the Italian Republic with special conditions of autonomy , reported overall

1054-488: The role of the Senate is mostly consultative) and a bicameral procedure (in which a bill must be approved by both Chambers). Under the unicameral procedure (which is used every time the Constitution does not require a special procedure), bills can be adopted by a vote of the Chamber of Deputies. At that point, the approved bill is sent to the Senate, which has 10 days to decide whether to examine it to propose changes, or let it be enacted without modification. If one-third of

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1088-435: The senators ask to review the bill, the Senate has 30 days to formulate amendments and send the bill back to the Chamber of Deputies. Then the deputies will take the final decision on the Senate's proposals and on the bill as a whole. No further approval of the Senate is needed, but a qualified majority might be required to overcome the Senate's veto for laws adopted under the supremacy clause . The bicameral procedure works in

1122-435: The several articles that introduce exceptions. The reform draws a different partition of matters reserved to the State and to the regions. The so-called "concurrent competence", according to which State law legislates the principles that are later to be implemented by regional laws, is abolished. All concurrent matters are reassigned to either the State's or the regions' competence. The Government can propose legislation to

1156-484: Was approved) and in 2006 (in which it was rejected). Had the voters approved the constitutional law, it would have achieved the most extensive constitutional reform in Italy since the end of the monarchy , not only influencing the organization of the Parliament, but also improving, according to its proponents, on the poor government stability of the country. Opposition parties and well-known jurists (such as Gustavo Zagrebelsky and Stefano Rodotà ) harshly criticised

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