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32-824: The refuge lies within the Atlantic Coastal Plain province of South Carolina. One of the features of the refuge is Dingle Pond, which is a Carolina Bay. The refuge contains the Santee Native American mound , which is the farthest eastern known representation of the Mississippian culture . Later built upon this same mound was the Revolutionary British Fort Watson , which was taken by Marion's Brigade in April 1781. The site has been an important site of archeological investigations. The refuge

64-596: A state-recognized tribe within South Carolina claim descent from the historic Santee people but are not presently federally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs . While few words of the Santee language have been preserved, scholars like John R. Swanton , have historically maintained that there is little doubt that the tribe once spoke a Siouan-Catawban language . Frank Speck , a prominent anthropologist and professor at

96-558: A high degree of certainty can be traced back to the early seventeenth century, specifically through the accounts of Captain Francisco Fernandez de Eçija. Eçija, a Spaniard dispatched from St. Augustine, Florida , on two separate occasions in 1605 and 1609 searched for an English colony rumored to be in the Carolinas but failed in both instances to find any evidence of English settlement. During his missions, Eçija did, however, document

128-559: A historic tribe of Native Americans that once lived in South Carolina within the counties of Clarendon and Orangeburg , along the Santee River . The Santee were a small tribe even during the early eighteenth century and were primarily centered in the area of the present-day town of Santee, South Carolina . Their settlement along the Santee River has since been dammed and is now called Lake Marion . The Santee Indian Organization ,

160-424: A roof supported by poles sheltering their graves from the elements. Upon the death of other tribe members, a different tradition was observed. Their remains were left exposed on a platform for several days, during which a close relative with a blackened face would recite a eulogy. Eventually, the bones of these individuals were wrapped in possum fur cloth and annually cleaned and oiled. Some Santee families retained

192-538: Is a large diversity of wildlife, including bald eagles , and even the peregrine falcon . More common are deer , raccoons , bobcats , alligators , teal , wood ducks , Canada geese , mallards , pintails , red-tailed hawks , red-shouldered hawks , and wild turkeys . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . The refuge consists of four units, Bluff with

224-637: The Tuscarora War the Santee furnished Anglo-Irish soldier, John Barnwell with a contingent of their warriors for his Tuscarora campaign between 1711 and 1712, but just a few years later during the Yamasee War fought against the colonists. In late 1716, the English along with the Etiwan and Cusabo , tribes that had remained allied with colonists, captured the entirety of the Santee tribe, lodging them in jail within

256-828: The United States , the Mdewakanton are counted among other Dakota and Yankton-Yanktonai bands as the Dakota : Some Mdewakanton in Minnesota live among Ojibwe people on the Mille Lacs Reservation as Mille Lacs Band of Mdewakanton Dakota , forming one of the historical bands that were amalgamated to become the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe . In Canada , the Mdewakanton live with members of other Dakota and Yanktonai band governments as Dakota peoples: Some may live also within

288-587: The University of Pennsylvania during the early twentieth century, suggested that the name Santee derived from iswan'ti , Catawban for 'the river' or 'the river is there'. The tribe has sometimes been confused with the Santee , another Siouan speaking people primarily situated within the Dakotas , Minnesota , and Manitoba, Canada , due to the similarity of their names. The Santee people's earliest documented presence with

320-453: The "great village of the Nadouecioux, called Izatys". It was described as being on the southwestern shore of the eponymous Mde Wakan [ Lake Mystery/Holy ], now called Mille Lacs Lake , in north central Minnesota . Originally the term Santee was applied only to the Mdewakanton and later also to the closely related and allied Wahpekute. (As it was a nomadic group, it was not identified by

352-686: The Etiwan tribe as slaves. In 1715, just prior to hostilities, a census recorded the Santee population as consisting of two villages with forty-three men. Traditionally, it was widely believed that the tribe had been completely annihilated as a result of the Yamasee War, influenced by a statement from the British Public Record Office suggesting their extinction before 1716. However, 20th-century historians, notably Chapman J. Milling, provided evidence that some Santee individuals had indeed survived

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384-561: The Governor and Council before accepting the position. On January 15, 1675, Mathews submitted a report to the Council, indicating that the Santee people had approached him with a request for guidance in selecting a location to establish a town. Mathews subsequently directed them to establish their settlement on the banks of Wadboo Creek, situated directly across the Cooper River . Mathews served as

416-535: The President may direct." This discretionary fund worth $ 5,000 a year proved to be one of the most controversial parts of the treaty, as the government insisted that it had been allocated for educational programs for the Mdewakanton, but spent very little of the money over a period of fifteen years. The Mdewakantonwan traditionally consisted of decentralized villages led by different leaders and today, they maintain separate reservations with their own tribal government. In

448-454: The Santee River. Explorer John Lawson noted a distinct governance system among the Santee, setting them apart from neighboring tribes. Their nation was characterized by a form of despotism , where the chief held absolute authority, including the power of life and death over his people. This authoritative practice was inherited hereditarily from the previous chief. Distinguished members of

480-525: The Santee River. At the time of Lawson's visit their warriors were at war with the Winyaw near the coast. Lawson describe the tribe's main settlement as being near several burial mounds, including the Fort Watson Mound . Lawson described encountering King of the Santee as well as the chief doctor of the tribe, in addition to other tribal members, including a hunter and his wife. Later, he and his party spent

512-409: The Santee adorned themselves with robes crafted from feathers, while other garments and sashes were often woven from animal hair. The tribe utilized provision houses, raised on posts and coated with clay, for storing their corn, a practice shared with several other Southeastern tribes . Notably, Santee rulers were interred atop mounds constructed in accordance with their status within the tribe, with

544-533: The Santee as centering on the adoration of the sun and moon, noting that at the appearance of the new moon he witnessed tribal members "with open extended arms, then folded, with inclined bodies, to make their adoration with much ardency and passion". It has been traditionally thought that the remainder of the Santee people incorporated with the Catawba Nation following the Yamasee War; however, in 1981, between 750 and 1,000 individuals claimed Santee heritage within

576-573: The United States, and First Nations in Manitoba, Canada. Tradition has it that the Mdewakanton were the leading tribe of Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. Their Siouan -speaking ancestors may have migrated to the upper Midwest from further south and east. Over the years they migrated up through present-day Ohio and into Wisconsin . Seven Sioux tribes formed an alliance, which they called Oceti Sakowin or Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ("The Seven Council Fires"), consisting of

608-491: The Visitor Center, Pine Island, Dingle Pond with a Carolina Bay, and Cuddo the largest unit. The visitor center is open Tuesday through Friday, 8am to 4pm, but may be closed due to volunteer availability. Call ahead to be certain. The Cuddo unit is closed on Mondays. This article related to a protected area in South Carolina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Santee tribe The Santee were

640-856: The White Oak Indian Community, about a mile and half north of Holly Hill, South Carolina . This community is state-recognized as the Santee Indian Organization by the South Carolina Commission of Minority Affairs but is not presently recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Namesakes of the tribe include: This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mdewakanton The Mdewakanton or Mdewakantonwan (also spelled Mdewákhaŋthuŋwaŋ and currently pronounced Bdewákhaŋthuŋwaŋ ) are one of

672-572: The bones of their ancestors for multiple generations, a practice also common among the Choctaw , Nanticoke , and several other indigenous tribes. The Santee Indian Mound near Summerton, South Carolina was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Thomas Ashe, who published a report on South Carolina in 1682 under commission of the King of England, described the religious beliefs of

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704-464: The city of Charleston, South Carolina . It was discovered that some among them were Congaree and that three were Etiwan wives of Santee men with children who were considered to be Etiwan by matriarchal descent . Eventually, the Santee men captured at two Santee villages on Santee River were shipped to the West Indies to be sold as slaves, with the women and children of the village being delivered to

736-687: The four tribes of the Eastern Dakota, two tribes of the Western Dakota, as well as the largest group, the Lakota (often referred to as Teton, derived from Thítȟuŋwaŋ – "Dwellers of the Plains"). Facing competition from the Ojibwe and other Great Lakes Native American Algonquian-speaking tribes in the 1600s, the Santee moved further west into present-day Minnesota. In 1687 Greysolon du Lhut recorded his visit to

768-526: The mid eighteenth century. This speculation is based on an October 26, 1766 notice in the South Carolina Gazette . A notice describes a man named Simon Flowers as an American Indian or Mustee , aged thirty-six, born at Santee River. He had distinctive facial tattoos, which he mentioned were also applied to his siblings by their father during their childhood. Flowers indicated that he was a free person of color and that his family still resided along

800-514: The night in three cabins at the village of Hickerau , or Black House, near modern Summerton, South Carolina . The following day the party traveled to a temporary hunting encampment located between this village and the High Hills of Santee , where they met and hired a guide referred to as Santee Jack. Jack and his wife escorted Lawson and his party to a town of Congaree people , thought to be located near present-day Camden, South Carolina . During

832-659: The overseer of Mepkin Plantation, a substantial estate spanning 3,000 acres situated along the Western Branch of the Cooper River, directly opposite the present-day location of Moncks Corner, South Carolina . This plantation is thought to have either encompassed or was in immediate proximity to the location of the Santee town. In 1700, the Santee were visited by English explorer, John Lawson who found their towns, which he referred to as plantations, extending for many miles along

864-484: The presence of the Santee people living along the modern-day Santee River , providing the earliest known documentation on the tribe's geographic location. On June 20, 1672, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury , wrote to the prominent Englishman, Captain Maurice Mathews, acknowledging that the Santee people had recently chosen Mathews as their cassique and approved his decision to first seek approval from

896-529: The river. Dwindling populations of game due to the American fur trade and the threat of starvation were motivators to the Mdewakanton to sign the treaty. Payment for the land was not received in one lump sum. Instead, the treaty stated that US$ 300,000 would be invested by the government and that the Mdewakanton would receive "annually, forever, an income of not less than five percent...a portion of said interest, not exceeding one third, to be applied in such manner as

928-663: The sub-tribes of the Isanti (Santee) Dakota ( Sioux ). Their historic home is Mille Lacs Lake ( Dakota : Mde Wákhaŋ/Bde Wákhaŋ , Spirit/Mystic Lake) in central Minnesota . Together with the Wahpekute ( Waȟpékhute – "Shooters Among the Trees"), they form the so-called Upper Council of the Dakota or Santee Sioux ( Isáŋyáthi – "Knife Makers"). Today their descendants are members of federally recognized tribes in Minnesota, South Dakota and Nebraska of

960-516: The suffixes of thuŋwaŋ – "settlers," or towan – "village"). Soon European settlers applied the name to all the tribes of the Eastern Dakota. In the fall of 1837, the Mdewakantonwan negotiated a deal with the U.S. government under an " Indian Removal " treaty, whereby they were promised nearly one million dollars for all their lands east of the Mississippi River , including all islands in

992-445: The war. This evidence was corroborated by a December 10, 1716 record documenting a violent encounter in which a few Santee were involved in the murder of colonists, leading to their capture and subsequent confession to the additional murder of two Catawba individuals, indicating the survival of at least small Santee population. Some historians have speculated that there may have been families of mixed Santee heritage still living during

Santee National Wildlife Refuge - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-523: Was established in 1941. The refuge was formerly much larger, but was reduced greatly in size in 1976 when the Lake Moultrie section in Berkeley County was discontinued due to lease termination. The refuge is especially important because its many wetlands support migratory birds . Within the refuge, which consists of mixed hardwoods and pines , marsh , old croplands , impoundments and open water,

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