Santa Fe Indian School (SFIS) is a tribal boarding secondary school in Santa Fe, New Mexico . It is affiliated with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE).
58-644: The Federal Government established the Santa Fe Indian School to educate Native American children from tribes throughout the Southwestern United States. Although the school gives its founding date as 1890, The Santa Fe New Mexican reported an enrollment of 40 students in April 1885 and 200 students in April 1887. The school enrolled students from Laguna Pueblo , Santo Domingo Pueblo , San Felipe Pueblo , and Zuni Pueblo . The purpose of creating SFIS
116-588: A New Mexico newspaper is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Meriam Report The Meriam Report (1928) (official title: The Problem of Indian Administration ) was commissioned by the Institute for Government Research (IGR, better known later as the Brookings Institution ) and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation . The IGR appointed Lewis Meriam to be the technical director of
174-481: A contract to retain editorial and managerial control. He sued the company in 1978 after an alleged a breach of contract, eventually winning back the paper in 1989. Pasatiempo is a weekly magazine published by the Santa Fe New Mexican covering arts, entertainment and culture. The name means ' pastime ', as this is what an early critic described the magazine's efforts as amounting to. This article about
232-568: A more sustainable community. She worked with the school's Green Team to teach her peers about more sustainable options. There is a dormitory for middle and high school students. Eight Mile School District (Trenton, ND) was BIE/OIE-funded from 1987 to 2008 See also Template:Department of Defense Education Activity (U.S. military school system) 35°40′18″N 105°58′00″W / 35.67167°N 105.96667°W / 35.67167; -105.96667 The Santa Fe New Mexican The Santa Fe New Mexican or simply The New Mexican
290-455: A new administration took office in Washington." This field work produced a report of 847 pages consisting of the following eight sections: The conclusion of the report reflects the opinions of the survey team. For example, the report states that "any policy for Indians based on the notion that they can or should be kept permanently isolated from other Americans is bound to fail." In the report,
348-485: A trained and experienced white man could scarcely wrest a reasonable living." Not only was the loss of land a factor in reservation poverty found on reservations, but the land they held was largely unsuitable for family farming and agriculture. The report identified the problems with changing political appointees under elected presidential administrations. Elections tended to bring about a change in top political appointees and changes in economic development programs; thus,
406-596: Is a daily newspaper published in Santa Fe, New Mexico . Dubbed "the West's oldest newspaper," its first issue was printed on November 28, 1849. The downtown offices for The New Mexican are located at 150 Washington Ave. in Santa Fe where the advertising, editorial, accounting, and administration departments are located. Its notable writers include New York Times bestselling author Tony Hillerman , who served as executive editor in
464-626: Is one of 26 New York Times national printing sites. The New Mexican is the largest commercial printer in New Mexico, printing several other newspapers and printed products. These are delivered throughout New Mexico and other states. The New Mexican was named 2015 "Daily Newspaper of the Year" (circulation under 30,000 category) by the Local Media Association, a national organization of television, newspaper and radio companies. The New Mexican
522-607: The Santa Fe Thrifty Nickel and took over ownership of the publication. The Thrifty Nickel publishes every Thursday for Northern New Mexico . On March 29, 2012, it was announced that The New Mexican had won first place in the color division of the Inland Press Association's Print Contest. There are over 1,200 newspapers in the IPA group. The New Mexican won the black and white division in 2011. The New Mexican
580-858: The "Meriam Report". His involvement in Indian affairs ended in 1936 because of his skepticism of the New Deal . In 1946 he was appointed as Vice President of the Brookings Institution. He died in Kensington, Maryland , on October 30, 1972. Meriam had difficulty choosing a team because many of the prospective members could not leave their jobs. The IGR required team members to be "persons highly qualified as specialists in their respective fields, scientific in their approach, not sensationalists, and free from preconceived views and opinions that would interfere with their impartiality and fairness in gathering and interpreting
638-555: The AIPC was able to leverage complete control of the school and curriculum. In 2001, with the passing of the SFIS Act, the school took ownership of the land. The school resides on the form of a trust, which is held by the nineteen Pueblo Governors of New Mexico. These acts allow for complete educational sovereignty of the school, by the Pueblo. In 1932, Dorothy Dunn established "The Studio School" at
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#1732851379561696-648: The American Indians the opportunity to legislate " self-determination through community-based schooling". In 1990, the Native American Languages Act granted language rights to Native Americans. The Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act was established in 2006, which created programs for Native American Language immersion. These changes brought reform the Indian Boarding Schools needed. The Federal Government established
754-744: The Army; he tested his version of the social experiment that was previously attempted on the children. Pratt desired to mold the "savages" into "civilized" people. Pratt taught the Native American prisoners how to speak English and educated the Native Americans on European society and religion. After this educational experience, sixty-two of the Natives went to the Hampton Institute in Virginia. Deciding to extend
812-520: The BIA [Bureau of Indian Affairs], as well as with Indian property rights and economic conditions." The team conducted seven months of field work to gather its information. It conducted field work in 23 states, selected based on a report by the Bureau of Indian Affairs that arranged states in order of number of Native American inhabitants. The report showed 23 states having more than 1,000 Native American inhabitants,
870-404: The BIA supported no long-term development on reservations. The report also states: "Little attempt has been made to formulate a broad constructive program for the service as a whole, extending over a long term of years, and having for its goal the general improvement of economic conditions." The Meriam Report emphasized the need for education but it suggested that such education should be based on
928-649: The Indian New Deal was the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934. This act allowed for the Native Americans to construct their own constitutions and govern themselves. In the same year, the Johnson–O'Malley Act was passed to fund Native American education. In 1966, the Rough Rock Demonstration School was opened. The school was on Navajo land, and was the first boarding school controlled by
986-475: The Indian Survey, including the bureaus of Census and Children's Welfare . In 1926, Interior Secretary Hubert Work chose Meriam to head a survey team to investigate Indian Affairs because of his experience with the technical study of government operations, as well as his expertise in government administration. Meriam spent three years working on this project, which became known as the "Meriam Commission" or
1044-480: The Indian schools." Additionally, Charles J. Rhoads and J. Henry Scattergood (Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, appointed by Hoover), accomplished or initiated many of the recommendations of the Meriam Report. President Hoover appointed Rhoads to put together a reform package which included the closure of unpopular reservation boarding schools and improved medical facilities. However, nothing
1102-719: The Indians. Seeing the success of the Rough Rock Demonstration School, a report was filed in 1969 entitled "Indian Education: A National Tragedy, A National Challenge", which stated that the U.S government's assimilation policy "has had disastrous effects on the education of Indian children". Following this report, the Indian Education Act of 1972 established the Office of Indian Education . The Indian Self Determination and Educational Assistance Act, established in 1975, gave
1160-692: The Institute for Government Research on June 12, 1926, at the request of the Secretary of the Interior , the Meriam Commission was charged with investigating the affairs of Indians in the United States. To maintain unbiased standards for the survey, it was financed by the Rockefeller Foundation , not by any government agency or agent. "The investigation would cover nearly all reservations and would deal with educational, industrial, social, and medical activities of
1218-518: The Santa Fe Indian School (SFIS) in 1890 to educate Native American children from tribes throughout the Southwestern United States. The purpose of creating SFIS was an attempt to assimilate the Native American children into the wider United States culture and economy. In 1975, the All Indian Pueblo Council (AIPC) was formed. It was the first Indian organization to utilize the laws in place to contract an education for their children. Eventually,
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#17328513795611276-458: The Santa Fe Indian School. It was a painting program for Native Americans, which encouraged students to develop a painting style that was derived from their cultural traditions. Dunn left in 1937, and was replaced by Gerónima Cruz Montoya of Ohkay Owingeh , who taught until the program closed in 1962, with the opening of the Institute of American Indian Arts . Tonita Peña had been an instructor at
1334-449: The [Indian Health] Service, despite a few exceptions, must generally be characterized as lacking in personnel, equipment, management, and design." The government, although it had numerous on- and off-reservation health care institutions, did not provide sufficient care for Indian patients. The report noted, "the most important single item affecting health is probably the food supply." A further setback facing healthcare on Indian reservations
1392-438: The assimilationist policies of Indian education, dependent on such boarding schools, continued for another 40 years. The schools reached their peak student enrollment of 60,000 in the 1970s. The Meriam Report can be seen to have affected several aspects of government policy: "Acting upon the emergency recommendations of the Meriam Report, President Hoover requested additional funds to supply adequate food and clothing for pupils in
1450-588: The buildings being torn down contained asbestos . They did not have the funds to repair the buildings and maintain them. The demolition of these historic buildings, in turn, had many benefits for the Tribes. "A Pueblo governor reportedly called the demolition of the buildings "a spiritual cleansing" for his people". "Spiritual cleansing" was desired by the Pueblo Tribes after years of attending Indian Boarding Schools and assimilating to different ideals. The restoration of
1508-455: The clothes of the White Man". The students were stripped of all traces of what their culture was, such as: their long hair, their clothing, and their native language. The same student went on to say, "This is when the loneliness set in, for it was when we knew that we were all alone. Many boys ran away from the school because the treatment was so bad, but most of them were caught and brought back by
1566-487: The communal Indian land by allocating allotments to individual Indian households, encouraging families to undertake subsistence farming, the model of European-American culture. The immediate result of the report's attack on [land] allotment was a decline in the issuance of allotted lands. In the four fiscal years prior to the initiation of the study, 1922–1926, approximately 10,000 Native Americans were allotted over 3 million acres from their Reservations. In comparison, during
1624-588: The conditions of Indian Boarding Schools; the group reported their findings in the Meriam Report that highlighted the failures of the boarding school system. In the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt , a shift in Federal Native American policy began when President Roosevelt established the Indian New Deal with the purpose of protecting the Native population residing within the United States. The cornerstone of
1682-568: The design and management of sustainable agriculture systems. Another branch of CBE is the Senior Honors Project (SHP). The SHP is designed to teach seniors necessary project skills in a way that helps their community address current problems. Victoria Atencio's SHP is a particularly relevant example. For her project, Honoring Mother Earth, she explored ways of reducing our impact on Earth by going back to traditional ways and focusing on renewable/alternative energy sources, enabling us to become
1740-415: The dropout rate. Today there are 624 students enrolled at SFIS in grades 7-12. Out of 624 students, 155 commute and 469 live in the dorms. The school is currently 54% girls and 46% boys. The Nineteen Pueblo Tribes were the most influential in the construction of the school; they made sure the architecture reflected their traditions and contained elements of typical Pueblo architecture . "A crucial factor in
1798-520: The early 1950s. The New Mexican built a new 65,000 sq. ft. production building which was completed in November 2004, located at One New Mexican Plaza in Santa Fe. The first Santa Fe New Mexican newspaper was printed on the new KBA Comet press on November 1, 2004. The New Mexican also prints the Albuquerque Journal at this facility. On May 20, 2011, The New Mexican purchased the assets of
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1856-464: The educational experience and developing a new style of teaching, SFIS is looking to capitalize on the opportunities at hand and incorporate more technology into their plans. One important initiative is a branch of CBE called Agriscience, which works closely with several Pueblo communities to engage students in all aspects of farming and agricultural practices through regular community visits. They learn about their culture and science while also practicing
1914-530: The experiment further, Pratt was able to convince Native American families to allow their children to attend his boarding school. Richard H. Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in 1879; the difference being, unlike day schools, Carlisle was located over a thousand miles away from the reservation. The Carlisle Indian Industrial School was the first boarding school specifically for Native Americans. The reasoning behind positioning
1972-474: The facts." He finally gathered a team composed of several specialists in a variety of disciplines: Ray A. Brown (legal aspects), Henry Roe Cloud (Indian adviser), Edward Everett Dale (economic conditions), Emma Duke (Indian migration to urban areas), Dr. Herbert Edwards (physician) (health), Fayette Avery McKenzie (source materials), Mary Louise Mark (family life), W. Carson Ryan, Jr. (education), and William J. Spillman (agriculture). Authorized by
2030-632: The federal government was failing at its goals of protecting Native Americans, their land, and their resources, both personal and cultural. Lewis Meriam was born in Salem, Massachusetts , in 1883. He received degrees in English and government from Harvard University , law degrees from the National Law School and George Washington University , and a Ph.D. from the Brookings Institution . He worked for several government bureaus both before and after his work on
2088-545: The fiscal years 1929-1932, the 4 years immediately following the publication of 'The Problem of Indian Administration,' a little over 2,800 Native Americans were allotted less than 500,000 acres. Within five years of the Report, the policy of allotment was abandoned altogether. On June 18, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Indian Reorganization Act into law. Although the Meriam report had condemned allotment and affected
2146-480: The imminent health, safety, and security threats to protect the students and staff of SFIS, including the general public". There was questioning of whether or not SFIS had the right to raze the buildings. After reviewing the different laws and regulations, the sovereignty overruled the Historic Preservation Acts; the Pueblo were able to demolish the historic buildings without retribution. The Pueblo stated
2204-441: The integration of Indian children into the majority culture, rather than educating Indian children in separate institutions, as previous education policies had stressed. The first line in the education section states, "The most fundamental need in Indian education is a change in point of view." The report was particularly critical of Indian boarding schools: "The survey staff finds itself obligated to say frankly and unequivocally that
2262-514: The ones from their homes. SFIS has round rooms, to stimulate spirituality. These aspects tie together to produce the SFIS of today. With further construction and planning in the future, SFIS has a need to develop a reliable planning system. There are 19 indigenous pueblos in the State of New Mexico. These pueblos elect a board of seven members, and this board governs the school. The goals of SFIS are to educate
2320-470: The police". Having to deal with the oppression of the school and lack of contact from their families, the students were struck with a feeling of loneliness. Changes to the system of the Indian Boarding School took place over the 20th and 21st century. The school system reformed to its current iteration. In the 1920s, Hubert Work , the U.S. Secretary of the Interior , authorized an investigation on
2378-547: The project goals increasing the project difficulty, but enhancing the project's outcome. Joseph Abeyta, the Director of the SFIS at the time, believed that these new renovations were their chance to take back ownership of the school and what it represents. They would ensure the school "would reflect and sustain their culture". These desires were fulfilled through the design of the project. The buildings were built in adobe style. The dorms and some classrooms contained fireplaces similar to
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2436-492: The project's success was sighting the school buildings to replicate a pueblo village while preserving views with religious significance… The buildings radiate out from a central plaza that is the focus of the site design". The design was constructed with the intention of facilitating student comfort. The project had nineteen owners, each a governor of one of the Nineteen Pueblo Tribes. These owners had conflicting views of
2494-433: The provisions for the care of the Indian children in boarding schools are grossly inadequate." The survey team concluded that the boarding schools provided poor diet, were overcrowded, did not provide sufficient medical services, were supported by student labor, and relied on a uniform curriculum rather than raising teacher standards. While the report drew attention to the gross deficiencies of Indian boarding school education,
2552-423: The school a great distance from the reservations was that Pratt believed distance would help break the ties to Native American culture. He has been quoted as saying, "In Indian civilization I am a Baptist, because I believe in immersing the Indian in our civilization and when we get them under, holding them there until they are thoroughly soaked.". Pratt desired to remove the children from their Native roots, and he
2610-438: The school contributed to enhancing and reviving the overall cultural experience of the school. The rebuilding of the school was a collaborative design build project between Albuquerque offices of Flintco Construction and ASCG. To create a welcoming, home-like environment, SFIS included fireplaces in the dorms and classrooms. SFIS believes creating a familiar environment will prevent students from becoming homesick and possibly reduce
2668-510: The school in the 1930s. Notable alumni include: Since officially taking control of SFIS, the nineteen Pueblo Tribes began to take action in demolishing and renovating SFIS in the early 2000s. In 2008, the SFIS razed eighteen buildings. Some preservationists were upset by the demolition. School officials stated: "After completing various assessments over the past five years, the Santa Fe Indian School exercised its sovereign authority and due diligence to take action by demolishing buildings to remove
2726-699: The school took ownership of the land. The school resides on the form of a trust, which is held by the nineteen Pueblo Governors of New Mexico. These acts allow for complete educational sovereignty of the school, by the Pueblo. The original concept of the Indian Boarding School began as a social experiment predating the Civil War. Around the 1860s, the United States Federal Government created "day schools" to educate children about Western civilisation. They were ineffective in this process because
2784-420: The students by clarifying what they must accomplish, supported by an education of Native American culture as the foundation. "The Santa Fe Indian School remains a pivotal institution and educational training ground for the development of Indian students and their communities". The strong relationship the school has with its tribal communities and parents is a fundamental aspect of the SFIS experience. With enhancing
2842-409: The students did not retain the knowledge acquired at school. A factor in knowledge retention was the students returning home. After discovering this method of education was ineffective, a different approach was taken. In the 1870s, the concept of Indian Boarding Schools came into fruition. Army Lt. Richard Henry Pratt was charged with overseeing seventy-two Native American prisoners who fought against
2900-448: The survey team included extensive recommendations for the correction of deficiencies, notably in health, education, and government cooperation for legal and social issues. The report states, "the health of the Indians compared with that of the general population is bad." In its section on health care services provided by the government to Native Americans, the report states: "The hospitals, salutatorian, and sanatorium schools maintained by
2958-543: The survey team to compile information and report on the conditions of American Indians across the country. Meriam submitted the 847-page report to the Secretary of the Interior , Hubert Work , on February 21, 1928. The report combined narrative with statistics to criticize the Department of Interior 's (DOI) implementation of the Dawes Act and overall conditions on reservations and in Indian boarding schools. The Meriam Report
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#17328513795613016-473: The top three being Oklahoma, Arizona, and South Dakota. The team visited a total of 95 reservations, agencies, hospitals, and schools. At least one member of the survey team visited each of these 95 locations; often members of the team were forced to work independently in order to complete the required work in the shortest possible amount of time. "[Interior Secretary] Work insisted that the survey be completed within one year, so that he might effect changes before
3074-466: Was a general lack of knowledge of the Indian languages by healthcare providers. The report concluded that "The income of the typical Indian family is low and the earned income extremely low." The report addressed the poverty thought to have resulted from the individual allotment policy of the Dawes Act. It found: "In justice to the Indians it should be said that many of them are living on lands from which
3132-477: Was an attempt to assimilate the Native American children into the wider United States culture and economy. In 1975, the All Indian Pueblo Council (AIPC) was formed. It was the first Indian organization to utilize the laws in place to contract an education for their children. Eventually, the AIPC was able to leverage complete control of the school and curriculum. In 2001, with the passing of the SFIS Act,
3190-548: Was cited for "detailed reporting, evocative writing and strong photography that give a powerful sense of place to its coverage," by judges from the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York . The paper was first published by Charles B. Hayward in 1885. It was purchased by Robert M. McKinney, the late father of its current owner, in 1949. He sold it to Gannett in 1976 with
3248-500: Was harsh in the actions he took. Being that Pratt was from the Armed Forces, his background dictated how he operated the school. The students were forced to cut their hair, a symbol of their pride. One boarding school student was quoted as saying, "[Long hair] was the pride of all Indians. The boys, one by one, would break down and cry when they saw their braids thrown on the floor. All of the buckskin clothes had to go and we had to put on
3306-483: Was immediately done to change the allotted land situation, which caused disappointment among Native Americans. They would have to wait until 1934 for the policy of allotment to come to an end. The most significant and influential effect of the Meriam Report was its strong criticism of the Dawes Act and analysis of its failings. Also known as the General Allotment Act, the Dawes Act of 1887 had sought to break up
3364-519: Was the first general study of Indian conditions since the 1850s, when the ethnologist and former US Indian Agent Henry R. Schoolcraft had completed a six-volume work for the US Congress. The Meriam Report provided much of the data used to reform American Indian policy through new legislation: the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. It strongly influenced succeeding policies in land allotment, education, and health care. The report found generally that
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