120-626: The United States Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania , generally known as Carlisle Indian Industrial School , was the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from its founding in 1879 through 1918. It was based in the historic Carlisle Barracks , which was transferred to the Department of Interior from the War Department for the purpose of establishing the school. After
240-600: A Confederate invasion up the Shenandoah - Cumberland Valley from Virginia to Pennsylvania. Although many miles from the combat front, the garrison at Carlisle became a central supply center for ordnance stores, horses, and quartermaster supplies under Captain David H. Hastings. Recruits once destined for Indian-fighting units on the western frontier were prepared to replace casualties in Regular Army units. Entire units were sent to
360-453: A US Indian Agent , said that "The parents of these Indian children are ignorant, and know nothing of the value of education... Parental authority is hardly known or exercised among the Indians in this agency. The agent should be endowed with some kind of authority to enforce attendance. The agent here has found that a threat to depose a captain if he does not make the children attend school has had
480-515: A historically black college , and private schools in New York. On 1 September 1918, with World War I underway, the U.S. Army took back Carlisle Barracks from the Department of Interior. It used the facility to respond to a wide set of changing army and security needs. At the end of World War I, the U.S. Army established General Hospital No. 31 as a pioneering rehabilitation center there. For two years,
600-458: A good effect." Ward reiterated the US government's self-appointed position as a patriarchal ward over natives. Government officials treated tribal nations as dependents, and acted as if they could justifiably force a childlike nation to do what was best for them. The US officially legalized the denial of native parental rights in 1891, leading to mass forced removal of native children from their families. It
720-414: A highly structured, quasi-military regime. He was known to use corporal punishment, which was not uncommon in society at the time, on students. Carlisle emerged as the model for 26 off-reservation Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding schools that were ultimately developed in 15 states and territories. Some private boarding schools were sponsored by religious denominations. In addition, the government operated
840-568: A lively interest" in what Pratt had to say. He was a tribal leader and head of a large household with at least ten children. He believed that his children would have to deal with whites, and perhaps live with them, whether they liked it or not. He decided to send two sons and a daughter for the first class at Carlisle in 1879. Pratt was so successful in his correspondence and methods that many Western chiefs, whose people were suffering from cold and hunger on their reservations, begged him to bring more children East. The chiefs also wrote to Washington with
960-577: A local church, but had their choice among those in town. Carlisle students were required to attend a daily service and two services on Sundays. Students were expected to participate in various extracurricular activities. In addition to the YMCA and King's Daughters Circle, the girls could choose between the Mercer Literary Society and the Susan Longstreth Society . The boys had a choice of
1080-424: A remarkable man. [...] You are such an able man that you are the principal chief of these thousands of your people. But Spotted Tail, you cannot read or write. You claim that the government has tricked your people and placed the lines of your reservation a long way inside of where it was agreed that they should be. [...] You signed that paper, knowing only what the interpreter told you it said. If anything happened when
1200-437: A request to educate more of their children. News of the educational experiment spread rapidly, and many whites went to Carlisle to volunteer services and professional talents. Pratt developed a photographic record of the school for publicity and documentation. The institution and the school were photographed during the school's existence by approximately a dozen professional photographers. The first and best known photographer of
1320-434: A slot of wood and set them up for us to shoot at. If we knocked the money from the stick, it was ours. We enjoyed this sport very much, as it brought a real home thrill to us." The Indian club or Pelhwan Meel is an exercise equipment tool of Persian origin introduced from India.. Carlisle, Pennsylvania Carlisle is a borough in and the county seat of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania , United States. Carlisle
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#17328450360951440-408: A talk. "The astronomer explained that there would be an eclipse of the moon the following Wednesday night at twelve o'clock. We did not believe it. When the moon eclipsed, we readily believed our teacher about geography and astronomy." In addition to academic contact, the two institutes had contact in the public venue as well. The best known instances include the regular defeats of Dickinson College by
1560-698: A total of more than 300 schools on reservations, many of which accepted boarding students from other tribes. At Fort Marion , Florida in the 1870s, Pratt was assigned to supervise former warriors, several dozen Native American prisoners selected from among those who had surrendered in the Indian Territory at the end of the Red River War . He gradually introduced them to classes in the English language, art, guard duty, and craftsmanship. The program became well-known. Distinguished visitors began to visit from all over
1680-652: A tributary of the Susquehanna River . Letort Spring Run, a tributary of Conodoguinet Creek, runs north through the eastern part of the borough. Carlisle lies in south-central Pennsylvania, southwest of the intersection of Interstate 76 (the Pennsylvania Turnpike ) and Interstate 81 , roughly 20 miles (32 km) west-southwest of Harrisburg , the state capital. By road, it is approximately 80 mi (130 km) northwest of Baltimore and 124 mi (200 km) west-northwest of Philadelphia . According to
1800-469: A year and dropping below 32 °F (0 °C) an average of 119 days a year. On average, the borough receives 38.8 inches (986 mm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall averages 29.8 inches (757 mm) per year. On average, January is the coolest month, July is the warmest month, and September is the wettest month. The hottest temperature recorded in Carlisle was 102 °F (39 °C) in 1966;
1920-465: A year. In 1905, a survey of 296 Carlisle graduates showed that 124 had entered government service (often with reservation agencies), and 47 were employed off the reservations. Anniversaries and other school events attracted whites of distinction. US senators, Indian commissioners, secretaries of the Interior, college presidents, and noted clergymen were among those invited to present the diplomas or address
2040-503: Is a United States Army facility located in Pennsylvania, with a Carlisle post office address and with a portion in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The site of the U.S. Army War College , it is the nation's second-oldest active military base. The first structures were built in 1757, during the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France in the colonies. From 1879 to 1918, the property
2160-411: Is given variously as Hartman and Leininger, had been taken captive when small, and had forgotten her mother. With tears coursing down her cheeks the mother then sang a song she once had used as a lullaby : Allein, und doch nicht ganz allein, Bin ich in meiner Einsamkeit.[Alone, yet not alone am I, in thismy solitude] and the long lost daughter rushed into her mother's arms. The settlement of Carlisle
2280-806: Is located within the Cumberland Valley , a highly productive agricultural region. As of the 2020 census , the borough population was 20,118; including suburbs in the neighboring townships, 37,695 live in the Carlisle urban cluster. Carlisle is the smaller principal city of the Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area , which includes Cumberland and Dauphin and Perry counties in South Central Pennsylvania . The U.S. Army War College , located at Carlisle Barracks , prepares high-level military personnel and civilians for strategic leadership responsibilities. Carlisle Barracks ranks among
2400-604: Is the gun shop of Thomas Butler Sr., an Irish immigrant , who manufactured long rifles during the French and Indian War. He later became Chief Armorer for The First Continental Congress. He and his five sons served in the Revolutionary War and were known as "The Fighting Butlers. His eldest son was Richard Butler (general) . Carlisle also served as a munitions depot during the American Revolutionary War. The depot
2520-685: Is the oldest building in Carlisle, and was where the Rev. John Steel (known as "The Fighting Parson") gave sermons in support of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution. The church was also where Pennsylvania settlers met on July 12, 1774, to sign a document protesting the Boston Port Act . A year later Carlisle supplied a contingent for a line infantry regiment of the Continental Army . Steel
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#17328450360952640-915: The Adjutant General's School for army personnel managers. The next year brought the Chaplain School and the Military Police School. Finally, the Army Security Agency School began highly classified operations in 1949 and stayed for two years before being displaced. In the spring of 1951, the United States Army War College, senior educational institution of the U.S. Army, relocated to Carlisle Barracks in central Pennsylvania. The college, established in 1903 and formerly located in Washington, D.C., had functioned as part of
2760-790: The American Civil War , Carlisle served as a stop on the Underground Railroad . During the war, an army of the Confederate States of America , under General Fitzhugh Lee , attacked and shelled the borough during the Battle of Carlisle on July 1, 1863, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign . A cannonball dent can still be seen on one of the columns of the historic county courthouse. United States Army Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt founded Carlisle Indian Industrial School in 1879 as
2880-463: The Giant and Martin's brands is headquartered in Carlisle. Leading industries in Carlisle's past have included Carlisle Tire and Rubber Company (founded 1917), Masland Carpets (founded 1866), and The Frog, Switch and Manufacturing. Carlisle Tire and Rubber and Masland Carpets have since gone out of business, and both plants were demolished in 2013. Amazon.com is one of several warehouse facilities in
3000-557: The National Register of Historic Places . Carlisle is located slightly northeast of the center of Cumberland County at 40°12′9″N 77°11′42″W / 40.20250°N 77.19500°W / 40.20250; -77.19500 (40.202553, −77.195016) at an elevation of 479 feet (146 m). The borough lies in the Cumberland Valley , a section of the Great Appalachian Valley , to the south of Conodoguinet Creek ,
3120-554: The Standard Literary Society or the Invincible Debating Society. A summer camp was established in the mountains at Pine Grove Furnace State Park , near a place called Tagg's Run. Students lived in tents and picked berries, hunted and fished. Luther Standing Bear recalled: "In 1881, after the school closed for the summer vacation, some of the boys and girls were placed out in farmers' homes to work throughout
3240-414: The U.S. Army War College , [1901], and U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center , [1967]) were vacant and available for use. The military site was less than two miles from an already well established educational institution, Dickinson College (founded 1773, chartered 1783). When the first Indian School students arrived in Carlisle on October 6, 1879, they were in tribal dress. "For the people of Carlisle it
3360-523: The United States Census Bureau , Carlisle has a total area of 5.54 square miles (14.35 km ), of which 5.53 square miles (14.33 km ) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.02 km ), or 0.14%, is water. Carlisle has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa ) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. The average temperature in Carlisle is 51.3 °F (10.7 °C) with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 16 days
3480-473: The 15th U.S. president, James Buchanan , graduated in 1809. The Dickinson School of Law , founded in 1834 and affiliated then with Dickinson College, ranks as the fifth-oldest law school in the United States and the oldest law school in Pennsylvania. On June 2, 1847, Carlisle was the site of the McClintock Slave Riot, which that broke out after a fugitive slave hearing at the courthouse; several of
3600-699: The 1950–51 academic year. The new commandant, Lieutenant General Joseph M. Swing , relocated with the college to Pennsylvania in July 1951 and turned over command to his successor, Lieutenant General Edward M. Almond , in time for the arrival of the first Carlisle-based class. At Carlisle, the Army War College expanded steadily, adding new programs and specialties. The college outgrew its main academic building (the current Upton Hall). In 1967 it transferred to Root Hall, newly constructed to accommodate current requirements. Two specialized agencies evolved into integral parts of
3720-628: The 27 acres (110,000 m ) which it had been renting from William Penn 's heirs. In 1838 the US School of Cavalry Practice was established at Carlisle Barracks. It was the army's small mounted force of U.S. Dragoons , the forerunner of the Armor School at Fort Knox , Kentucky, and now at Fort Benning, Georgia . Captain E. V. Sumner found most of the barracks buildings in disrepair, the maneuver area less than adequate, and horses in short supply. Overcoming these problems included drilling his recruits at
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3840-655: The Army War College: the Strategic Studies Institute , first formed in 1954; and the Military History Institute , established in 1967. The Center for Strategic Leadership, a state-of-the-art war gaming complex, opened in 1994, incorporating increasingly sophisticated technology. In 2005 the Carlisle Barracks was listed as a candidate for closure under the realignment process and hearings of
3960-754: The Base Realignment and Closure Commission , but was subsequently removed from the list. In 2006, ground was broken on a major project across the road from Carlisle Barracks: to construct new military housing, work that had been postponed pending BRAC review. It was part of the Residential Community Initiative, a public-private venture of the Army. In Carlisle, the development project included renovation of some historic housing, and construction of nearly 200 new units of housing with 3-4 bedrooms each, and more than 2000-2500 square feet of space. A portion of
4080-574: The Captain exclaimed. "I wish all my boys would run away!" In November 1878, Pratt was ordered by the War Department to report to the Secretary of the Interior for 'Indian education' duty. He traveled to Dakota Territory to recruit Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota students for the new school. These tribes were selected by Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ezra Hayt, because they had resisted ceding more territory to
4200-586: The Carlisle Indian School and his notable lectures on electricity ("Why Does It Burn"), "Lightning" and "Gunpowder" received a favorable reaction from parents and students. Himes lectured to Chiefs Red Cloud , Roman Nose and Yellow Tail, and brought Indian students to the Dickinson laboratory to give lectures. Himes also promoted Carlisle's success in national academic circles. Luther Standing Bear recalled that one day an astronomer came to Carlisle and gave
4320-503: The Carlisle Indian School football team and other athletic competitions. Carlisle curricula included subjects such as English, math, history, drawing and composition. Students also learned trade and work skills such as farming and manufacturing. Older students used their skills to help build new classrooms and dormitories. Carlisle students produced a variety of weekly and monthly newspapers and other publications that were considered part of their "industrial training," or preparing for work in
4440-458: The Carlisle Indian School was John Nicolas Choate . After Indian dress was replaced with military uniforms and the children's hair was cut in Anglo fashion, the Indians' physical appearance was transformed. In an effort to convince doubters of the transformation possible, Pratt hired photographers to present this evidence. Before and after "contrast" photos were sent to officials in Washington, friends of
4560-808: The GM Nationals, the Ford Nationals, the Chrysler Nationals, the Truck Nationals, Corvettes at Carlisle, and the Import/Kit Car Nationals. Partly because of its location at the intersection of two major trucking routes ( I-81 and I-76 ), air pollution within the borough often falls within the range considered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" [i.e., children,
4680-460: The General Staff during its early years. It chiefly prepared selected officers for high command. Distinguished graduates of that period included John J. Pershing (Class of 1905), Dwight D. Eisenhower (1927), and Omar N. Bradley (1934). Classes were suspended in 1940 during the preparedness mobilization for World War II , and not resumed until a decade later at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas , for
4800-543: The Hampton Institute would be useful for educating and assimilating Native Americans. Give me three hundred young Indians and a place in one of our best communities, and let me prove it! Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania, has been abandoned for a number of years. It is in the heart of fine agricultural country. The people are kindly disposed, and long free from the universal border prejudice against Indians. Pratt and his supporters successfully lobbied Congress to establish
4920-534: The Indian School, and college students volunteered services, observed teaching methods and participated in events. Dickinson College also provided Carlisle Indian School students with access to the Dickinson Preparatory School ("Conway Hall") and college level education. Thomas P. Marshall, a Sioux from Pine Ridge agency , South Dakota , was one of the first Native American students at Dickinson (he
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5040-497: The Indian children could not be civilized while wearing moccasins and blankets. Their hair was cut because in some mysterious way long hair stood in the path of our development. They were issued the clothes of white men. High collar stiff-bosomed shirts and suspenders fully three inches in width were uncomfortable. White leather boots caused actual suffering. Standing Bear said that red flannel underwear caused "actual torture." He remembered
5160-624: The Indian wars on the western frontier. But, as army operations moved west, the War Department moved this function to the St. Louis Arsenal in Missouri . There it had access to transportation on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. On 20 April 1871, Carlisle Barracks was officially "discontinued as a sub-Depot for the Mounted Recruit Service." The installation was available for new uses. In 1879,
5280-519: The Indian, save the man." The US applied this principle to the cultural assimilation efforts of the larger American Indian boarding school system, by requiring children to speak only English, practice Christianity, take on new names and wear European-American style clothing. Pratt wrote that he believed that Native Americans were 'equal' to European Americans, and that the school worked to immerse students into mainstream Euro-American culture. He believed that this would enable them to advance and thrive in
5400-452: The Natives were disadvantaged by being unable to speak and write English and, if they had that knowledge, they might have been able to protect themselves. Pratt used this speech to convince chief Spotted Tail to send his children to the school. At first he had been reluctant to relinquish his children to the government that had stolen native land and violated their treaties. Spotted Tail, you are
5520-643: The Old Town Pump, which provided fresh spring water to Carlisle and "eventually became the source of a legend that claimed anyone who drank from the pump would return to Carlisle no matter how far they roamed". A portion of the Carlisle Barracks property is within Carlisle Borough. As reported by the National Center for Educational Statistics Carlisle has one daily newspaper, The Sentinel . AM FM Carlisle Barracks Carlisle Barracks
5640-454: The U.S. government urgently sought a 'progressive' educational model to quickly assimilate Indians into white culture. Whether this could be achieved and how rapidly it could be done was unknown. Pratt believed he could make use of the Carlisle facility. He thought its proximity to officials in Washington, D.C. would help him educate officials about the Indian capacity for learning. As part of Pratt's curriculum in cultural and language immersion,
5760-519: The U.S. government. Choctaw Academy in Scott County, Kentucky , was the first such boarding school, but was initiated by Choctaw leaders and then funded by the U.S. government through the 1819 Civilization Fund Act . Pratt had earlier supervised Native American prisoners of war, and supported some of them in gaining education at Hampton College. He became convinced that education was the key to assimilation. In his own words, Pratt's motto was, "Kill
5880-457: The US would have leverage against the tribes in their continuing attempt to acquire tribal land. Pratt said that, "The children would be hostages for the good behavior of the people." Pratt persuaded tribal elders and chiefs that the reason the " Washichu " (Lakota word for white man, loosely translates to Takes the Fat) had been able to take their land was that the Indians were uneducated. He said that
6000-445: The United States entered World War I , however, the school was closed, and the property on which it was located was transferred back for use by the U.S. Department of Defense . The property is now part of the U.S. Army War College . Founded in 1879 by Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt under U.S. government authorization, Carlisle Indian Industrial School was an early federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school initiated by
6120-529: The United States government. It was less than three years after Lakota warriors and their allies had defeated Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Little Big Horn . The War Department ordered Pratt to go to Red Cloud (Oglala) and Spotted Tail (Sicangu), to compel the chiefs to surrender their children. The government believed that by removing the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota children from their homes,
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#17328450360956240-571: The United States was founded. The French -born fur trader James Le Tort may have built a cabin in the area as early as 1720. During the colonial era , Scots-Irish settlers began to settle in the Cumberland Valley beginning in the early 1730s. The settlement of Carlisle, at the intersection of several Indigenous trails, was designated by the Pennsylvania assembly and the Penn family in 1751 as
6360-665: The War Department transferred control of the post to the Department of the Interior . The US Congress had authorized the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to found the first off-reservation Indian boarding school for the education of Native American children. During and at the end of the Indian Wars, the US government sought a way to assimilate and integrate the children into European-American culture: teaching them English, trades, and Christianity. The Carlisle Indian Industrial School officially opened on 1 November 1879 and operated until 1918. Among
6480-567: The War Department. Developed at the intersection of Indian trails along Letort Creek, in the eighteenth century the town of Carlisle became the jumping-off point for traders and settlers heading over the Alleghenies on their way west. A brief 1756 encampment at Carlisle preceded the more permanent settlement that started in May 1757, during the French and Indian War on the North American front between
6600-433: The Writers' Program of the WPA in 1940, described the early history of Carlisle's public square and the physical changes that had occurred by the first half of the 20th century, noting that the square, located at the intersection of Hanover and High Sts., is now hardly recognizable as such, for the market house, courthouse, and church have encroached on it. But in the early days its limits were clearly defined. The square
6720-417: The alcohol more easily transported east over the Alleghenies and more profitable to sell than was corn as grain. President Washington recommended the barracks as the site for a Federal military academy. But the state of New York won this prize, and West Point was developed on the west side of the Hudson River . The government decided to clear up ownership of the post; in 1801, the government paid $ 664.20 for
6840-410: The average family size was 2.81. In the borough, the population was spread out, with 18.6% under the age of 18, 17.2% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough
6960-599: The barracks for a model Indian school. The goal was for children to learn English and European-American ways, to gain an education apart from the reservations, and live among European-American men and women. Pratt believed Native Americans needed such education to be able to protect their lands and societies. He became the school's founder and first superintendent. He based the school's program on his experience since 1875 in supervising and educating Indian prisoners-of-war at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida . Twenty young Indian men gained further education at Hampton Institute ,
7080-417: The barracks property is in the Carlisle Barracks census-designated place , located in North Middleton Township, Pennsylvania . Much of the property is in the township, including territory that is not in the CDP. Another portion of the barracks is in Middlesex Township . Small portions of the barracks property are in Carlisle borough . Carlisle Barracks CDP is a census-designated place (CDP) covering
7200-400: The barracks to refit before specific deployment. In June 1863, "the Rebels are coming!" was a cry with substance. In spite of a small defensive Pennsylvania militia and home guard force, Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins ' Confederate cavalry entered Carlisle on 27 June. Jenkins led his mounted brigade east along the Trindle Road, where they bivouacked while they took rations by wagon from
7320-399: The center of intense federal military activity with the outbreak of the Whiskey Rebellion in the Pennsylvania backcountry. President George Washington journeyed to the barracks to review the troops—perhaps as many as 10,000 men. The crisis was posed by farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania, who refused to pay a tax on the commercial whiskey they distilled from their corn crops. They had found
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#17328450360957440-448: The city. In 2013, Apple opened an AppleCare device repair facility southeast of the Interstate 81 overpass over the Pennsylvania Turnpike to cover American customers east of the Mississippi River . Carlisle is famous to many people for its car shows, put on regularly by Carlisle Events throughout the spring, summer, and fall at the Carlisle Fairgrounds . In addition to the regularly scheduled shows there are specialty shows, including
7560-613: The coldest temperature recorded was −19 °F (−28 °C) in 1994. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,970 people, 7,426 households, and 4,010 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,308.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,277.6/km ). There were 8,032 housing units at an average density of 1,479.0 per square mile (571.0/km ). The racial makeup of the borough was 88.93% White , 6.92% African American , 0.14% Native American , 1.60% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.71% from other races , and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96% of
7680-513: The colonies of Britain and France. Colonel John Stanwix marched upstream with British regulars and provincials against the backdrop of the international Seven Years' War . After the American Revolutionary War , from 1783 to 1837, the town of Carlisle was significant as the frontier gateway, as a greatly increased wave of land-hungry migrants moved west. During the Revolutionary War, numerous substantial brick buildings were erected at Carlisle Barracks for military stores and to accommodate workmen of
7800-399: The country, especially as St. Augustine had become a winter resort for the wealthy. The U.S. Commissioner of Education came to see firsthand what Pratt was doing, as did the president of Amherst College . Pratt's Fort Marion program convinced him that "distant education" was the only way to totally assimilate the Indian. He wrote, the Indian "is born a blank, like all the rest of us. Transfer
7920-398: The county) to resemble the Carlisle Citadel . As a result of conflicts on the frontier with Native American tribes , a stockade was constructed in the settlement to protect against potential attacks in 1753. In 1755, the stockade was transformed into a fort, known as Fort Carlisle or Fort Lowther. In 1757, colonel-commandant John Stanwix , for whom Fort Stanwix in Upstate New York
8040-431: The dominant society, and be leaders to their people. After the government assessed the initial success of older Indian students at Hampton Normal and Agricultural School and some in Upstate New York , who were former prisoners of war, Lieutenant Pratt was authorized to establish the first all-Indian school, and founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School at the historic Carlisle Barracks in central Pennsylvania , and
8160-412: The double time on foot to simulate the trotting of the missing horses. Another mounted organization, horse-drawn light artillery, also established its school at Carlisle Barracks. In 1839, Captain Samuel Ringgold arrived to begin training recruits and testing equipment for the "flying artillery," as it was sometimes called. From the early Civil War days, south-central Pennsylvania was rife with rumors of
8280-504: The elderly, and people with respiratory or heart disease]. The pollutant typically involved is PM2.5, particulate matter composed of particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. The Central Pennsylvania Youth Ballet (CPYB), a ballet school and performing company known internationally for their alumni, is based in Carlisle. Students from across the country, and even across the world, come to live with host families to participate in CPYB's rigorous training. Carlisle's Dickinson College
8400-413: The equal of whites, and founded Carlisle to immerse their children in white culture and teach them English, new skills and customs, in order to help them survive. After the end of Great Sioux War in 1877, the Lakota people were impoverished, harassed and confined to reservations ... many believed that Native Americans were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation. Thus
8520-454: The fall of 1920, the Medical Field Service School was established under Colonel Percy M. Ashburn 's command. Drawing on the lessons of World War I, the school developed medical equipment and doctrine suitable for the battlefield. More than 30,000 officers and NCOs passed through the school during its 26-year tenure at Carlisle Barracks. They applied classroom instruction and field exercises to train in care of casualties and disease prevention,
8640-482: The first batch of students were groups of children from Sioux (Lakota) bands that had rebelled against the US. The Indian Bureau sent the children to the school to be educated and essentially kept as political hostages , to ensure compliant behavior on the part of the bands from which they had been taken. Commanding General of the Army William T. Sherman had acceded to the petitions of Richard Henry Pratt to use
8760-413: The first federally supported school for American Indians off a reservation. The United States government maintained the school, housed at Carlisle Barracks as an experiment in educating Native Americans and teaching them to reject tribal culture and to adapt to white society. Pratt retired from the Army in 1903 and from supervising the school as its superintendent in 1904. Athletic hero Jim Thorpe entered
8880-431: The first worship service at the Indian School in 1879. It was Mrs. Pratt who had initiated the contact between the Indian School and Dickinson. Upon Pratt's absence one Sunday, Mrs. Pratt wrote to President McCauley and requested his aid as a minister which he graciously accepted. The relationship did not stop there with Richard Pratt noting that, "from that time forward Dr. McCauley became an advisor and most valued friend to
9000-427: The fugitive slaves were able to escape during the fray with the help of Carlisle's black residents, while one of the slave catchers later died of his wounds. A Dickinson College professor, John McClintock, was tried and acquitted for his role in the riot. A general borough law of 1851 (amended in 1852) authorized a burgess and a borough council to administer the government of the borough of Carlisle. Leading up to
9120-517: The graduating class upon these occasions. The gymnasium held 3,000 persons and was generally filled with an audience of townspeople and distinguished visitors showing their support for aspiring Carlisle students. In 1880, Carlisle, Pennsylvania , was a thriving town as a borough and county seat of Cumberland County , west of the Susquehanna River , with a population of 6,209 people. The shoe factory in town employed over 800 residents. There were two railroads, three banks and ten hotels in Carlisle by
9240-593: The hospital provided medical treatment, mental reconditioning and vocational training for more than 4,000 afflicted soldiers returned from service with the American Expeditionary Forces in France. Carlisle Barracks' equipment laboratory designed and tested new products, including improved lighting for field hospitals, a field dental dispensary, first aid kits for arctic rescue, and the "First-aid Packet, U.S. Government Carlisle Model" bandage field dressing In
9360-566: The larger economy. Marianne Moore was a teacher at Carlisle before she became one of America's leading poets. Music was a part of the program, and many students studied classical instruments. The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation. Native American teachers eventually joined the faculty, such as Ho-Chunk artist Angel DeCora , taught students about Native American art and heritage and fought harsh assimilation methods. Students were instructed in Christianity and expected to attend
9480-627: The latter a major problem for the military until improvements in sanitation and antibiotics. When the Medical Field Service School departed in 1946 for Fort Sam Houston at San Antonio , Texas after World War II , educational innovation continued. From 1946 until 1951, six U.S. Army schools were located at Carlisle Barracks. First was the Army Information School , followed shortly by the School for Government of Occupied Areas, and
9600-598: The leadership of President George Washington . While in Carlisle, the president worshiped in the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Hanover Street and High Street. Benjamin Rush , a signer of the Declaration of Independence , developed Carlisle Grammar School in 1773 and chartered it as Dickinson College—the first new college founded in the newly recognized United States. One of the college's more famous alumni,
9720-459: The new school, and back to reservations to recruit new students. The minimum age for students was fourteen, and all students were required to be at least one-fourth Indian. The Carlisle term was five years, and the consent forms which the parents signed before the agent so stated. Pratt refused to return pupils earlier unless they were ill, unsuitable mentally, or a menace to others. Between 1899 and 1904, Carlisle issued thirty to forty-five degrees
9840-581: The off-reservation boarding school for Native Americans at the historic Carlisle Barracks in Carlisle, Pennsylvania . By October 1879, Lieutenant Pratt had recruited the first students for the Carlisle Indian Industrial School; 82 boys and girls arrived one night at midnight at the railroad station. They were met by hundreds of local residents who escorted them to the "Old Barracks". The Carlisle Indian School formally opened on November 1, 1879, with an enrollment of 147 students. The youngest
9960-558: The oldest U.S. Army installations and the most senior military educational institution in the United States Army . Carlisle Barracks is home of the United States Army Heritage and Education Center , an archives and museum complex open to the public. Carlisle is also home to Penn State Dickinson School of Law and Dickinson College . Dickinson College is also noted as it was the first college or university chartered after
10080-418: The one hundred and twenty-eighth commencement of Dickinson College, where he presented an Honorary Degree of Master of Arts to Pratt's successor, Superintendent Moses Friedman , for his work at the Carlisle Indian School. Prof. Charles Francis Himes was a professor of natural science at Dickinson College for three decades and instrumental in expanding the science curriculum. Professor Hines took an interest in
10200-652: The paper was being made up that changed its order, if you had been educated and could read and write, you could have known about it and refused to put your name on it. Do you intend to let your children remain in the same condition of ignorance in which you have lived, which will compel them always to meet the whiter man at a great disadvantage through an interpreter, as you have to do? [...] As your friend, Spotted Tail, I urge you to send your children with me to this Carlisle School and I will do everything I can to advance them in intelligence and industry in order that they may come back and help you. Consent to send students to Carlisle
10320-450: The plaudits of government officials for allowing their children to participate in the Carlisle experiment. Some tribes initially consented to sending their children to off-reservation boarding schools, but many were skeptical of the school system and its intentions. Many tribes did not believe the promises of the schools, as they were scarred by the genocidal tactics of the U.S. government. Once students were in school, communication with home
10440-407: The population. There were 7,426 households, out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and
10560-426: The position of President of Dickinson College and continued the close relationship between the Indian School and Dickinson College through Pratt's departure in 1904. Reed told an audience at the Indian School that "we who live in Carlisle, who come in constant contact with the Indian School, and who know of its work, have occasion to be agreeably surprised with the advance we are able to see." In June 1911, Reed addressed
10680-412: The property was transferred from the War Department to the U.S. Department of the Interior for this purpose. As at Hampton, arriving students were shorn of their long hair, and even their names were changed. However, "unlike Hampton, whose purpose was to return assimilated educated Indians to their people, Carlisle meant to turn the school into the ultimate Americanizer". At Carlisle, Pratt established
10800-420: The red flannel underwear as "the worst thing about life at Carlisle." Some children arrived at Carlisle able to speak some English; they were used by school officials as translators for other students. Officials sometimes took advantage of the children's traditional respect for elders to get them to inform on peers' misbehaviors. This was consistent with accepted practice in the large European-American families of
10920-472: The revolutionary government's dedicated managing body for the Army, the Ordnance Department . While the facility might have been used to store ammunition and explosives, its lack of access to water transportation made it impractical because of the difficulty of overland travel at the time. The Hessian Powder Magazine , now Hessian Guardhouse Museum, was built in 1777. In 1794, Carlisle Barracks became
11040-601: The same Carlisle provisions. Stuart sent a demand for surrender of the Federal forces under the command of Brigadier General William Farrar Smith . When his demand was refused, Stuart initiated a short bombardment. When a second demand was refused, Stuart ordered his troops to shell the town and, later, to torch the barracks. See Battle of Carlisle . After the Civil War ended, the barracks returned to its pre-war mission of receiving, training and forwarding cavalry recruits destined for
11160-485: The savage born infant to the surroundings of a civilization and he will grow to possess a civilized language and habit." Pratt wrote: If all men are created equal, then why were blacks segregated in separate regiments and Indians segregated on separate tribal reservations? Why weren't all men given equal opportunities and allowed to assume their rightful place in society? Race became a meaningless abstraction in his mind. Pratt believed an industrial school model similar to
11280-456: The school in 1907 and joined its football team under coach Glenn "Pop" Warner in 1908. Playing halfback, Jim Thorpe led the team to startling upset victories over powerhouses Harvard , Army , and the University of Pennsylvania in 1911–12, bringing nationwide attention to the school. Marianne Moore taught there from 1911 to 1914. Carlisle Indian School closed in 1918. Dickinson School of Law
11400-399: The school's students were expected to learn English. School officials also required students to take new English names, either by choice or assignment. This was confusing, as the names from which they had to choose had no meaning for them. Luther Standing Bear ( Sicangu - Oglala ) was one of the first students when Carlisle began operations in 1879. He was asked to choose a name from a list on
11520-420: The school.". The collaborative effort between Dickinson College and the Carlisle Indian School lasted almost four decades, from the opening day to the closing of the school. Dr. McCauley helped Pratt to develop a board of trustees and a Board of Visitors composed of different heads of leading national educational institutions and wealthy donors. Dickinson College professors served as chaplains and special faculty to
11640-611: The seat of Cumberland County (named for the county of the same name in England). American engineer John Armstrong Sr. , a surveyor for the Penn family, laid the plan for the settlement of Carlisle in 1751. Armstrong Sr. settled there and fathered John Armstrong Jr. in 1758. They named the settlement after its sister town of the same name in Cumberland , England, and even designed its former jailhouse (which now serve as general government offices in
11760-527: The streets of Carlisle and on to the school on the edge of town." Residents of Carlisle stood on their doorsteps and cheered as the Carlisle Band led a snake dance from one end of town to the other. Carlisle was also home to Dickinson College , less than two miles from the Carlisle Indian School, America's 16th oldest college. Dickinson College and the Carlisle Indian School collaboration began when Dr. James Andrew McCauley , President of Dickinson College, led
11880-467: The summer. Those who remained at school were sent to the mountains for a vacation trip. I was among the number. When we reached our camping place, we pitched out tents like soldiers all in a row. Captain Pratt brought along a lot of feathers and some sinew, and we made bows and arrows. Many white people came to visit the Indian camp, and seeing us shooting with the bow and arrow, they would put nickels and dimes in
12000-433: The time Pratt established his school. By the late 19th century, there were 1,117 "colored residents" in Carlisle. Carlisle boasted a low unemployment rate and a high literacy rate at the time of the census. It was considered a good location, as it was not in a big city. It was not so far West that the students would be able to run away back to their families. The historic Carlisle Barracks (established 1757, afterwards site of
12120-656: The time, where older children were often required to care for and discipline their younger siblings. School discipline was strict and consistent, according to the military tradition. Students faced 'courts-martial' for serious cases. Elaine Goodale Eastman , who had supervised government Indian education on reservations west of the Missouri River, later wrote of Carlisle that organizing Indian boys into squads and companies appealed to their warrior traditions. She believed they complied because they wanted to earn officers' ranks, recognition, and privileges. She also observed that there
12240-521: The town. He had levied a demand for food for his 1,500 men and forage for their horses. Three North Carolina brigades occupied Carlisle Barracks; the troops camped on the parade grounds. Major General J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry division approached Carlisle from the east on the afternoon of Wednesday, 1 July. Depleted by a sweeping march around the Union Army , Stuart hoped to find needed provisions; he did not know that other Confederate units had already sought
12360-668: The wall. He randomly pointed at the symbols on a wall, and was renamed as Luther. The school assigned his father's name, Standing Bear, as his surname. The children were forced to change their manner of dress and to give up their traditional tribal ways. The boys all had long hair, which was a strong tradition in their cultures: it was cut short in Euro-American style. Students were required to wear school uniforms of American-style clothing, and girls were provided with uniform dresses. Standing Bear later wrote of this period: The civilizing process at Carlisle began with clothes. Whites believed
12480-528: The war on April 13, 1782. Carlisle continued to play a part in the early development in the United States through the end of the century: In response to a planned march in favor of the United States Constitution in 1787, Anti-Federalists instigated a riot in Carlisle. A decade later, during the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, the troops of Pennsylvania and New Jersey assembled in Carlisle under
12600-457: Was $ 33,969, and the median income for a family was $ 46,588. Males had a median income of $ 34,519 versus $ 25,646 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 21,394. About 8.6% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.7% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over. The Giant Company , a regional supermarket chain operating stores in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia under
12720-420: Was 'genuine affection' between the Captain and the students. Children who could not adjust at Carlisle eventually returned to their families and homes. Some ran away because of being homesick and unhappy. According to Eastman, several years after one young man ran away, he approached Pratt in the lobby of a New York hotel. He said that he had found a good job, was working hard, and had saved some money. "Hurrah!"
12840-586: Was a gala day and a great crowd gathered around the railroad. The older Indian boys sang songs aloud in order to keep their spirits up and remain courageous, even though they were frightened." "For years, it was a common event for the people of Carlisle to greet the Carlisle Indian football victors on their homecoming. Led by the Indian School Band, the Carlisle Indians paraded in their nightshirts down
12960-570: Was chartered as an independent institution in 1890. Dickinson School of Law merged into the Pennsylvania State University in 1997 as Penn State Dickinson School of Law . Carlisle was the original eastern terminus of the Pennsylvania Turnpike when it opened in October 1940. The Carlisle Historic District , Carlisle Indian Industrial School , Hessian Powder Magazine , Carlisle Armory , and Old West, Dickinson College are listed on
13080-489: Was laid to rest at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School /CIIS/ cemetery). Carlisle is also home to the Dickinson School of Law , (1834) - now part of The Pennsylvania State University , and in the early 1900s a few Carlisle Indian School graduates attended the law school: Albert A. Exendine , Ernest Robitaille , Hastings M. Robertson , Victor M. Kelley, and William J. Gardner . In 1889, Dr. George Edward Reed assumed
13200-699: Was largely supportive of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution , and numerous individuals from the settlement served in the Revolutionary War . Carlisle contains the home of lawyer James Wilson , who served as a representative to the Continental Congress ; Wilson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence in addition to being one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution . The First Presbyterian Church, begun in 1757 and completed in 1770,
13320-598: Was later developed into the United States Army War College at Carlisle Barracks. Revolutionary War legend Molly Pitcher died in the borough in 1832, and her body lies buried in the Old Public Graveyard. A hotel was built in her honor, called the Molly Pitcher Hotel; it has since been renovated to house apartments for senior citizens. Carlisle was incorporated as a borough a few years after
13440-470: Was named commander of the leading company of this group when they marched from Carlisle. No longer standing but marked by a historical marker is the home of Ephraim Blaine , Commissary General of Revolutionary Army. Also, no longer standing but commemorated, is the home of Gen. John Armstrong Sr. , "Hero of Kittanning ," Revolutionary officer, and member of the Continental Congress. Still standing
13560-476: Was named, established his headquarters in Carlisle, and was promoted to brigadier general on December 27. During the French and Indian War , the North American theater of the Seven Years' War , the largely successful Forbes Expedition was organized in Carlisle in 1758; Henry Bouquet also organized a military expedition from the settlement in 1763 during Pontiac's War . The Pennsylvania guide , compiled by
13680-402: Was not until the 1976 Indian Child Welfare Act that this practice was ended. Oglala Lakota Chief American Horse was one of the earliest advocates of 'western' (Euro-immigrant) education for Native Americans. While recruiting at Pine Ridge Reservation , Pratt had met strong opposition from Chief Red Cloud. He distrusted white education but had no school-age children. American Horse "took
13800-452: Was often gained with concessions, such as the promise to allow tribal leaders inspect the school soon after it opened. The first group of inspectors, some 40 Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota chiefs representing nine Missouri River agencies, visited Carlisle in June 1880. Other tribal leaders followed. Before tribal delegations returned home, they usually spent a few days in Washington where they received
13920-502: Was six and the eldest twenty-five, but the majority were teenagers. Two-thirds were children of leaders of the Plains Indian tribes, with whom the U.S. had recently been at war. The first class was made up of 84 Lakota, 52 Cheyenne, Kiowa and Pawnee, and 11 Apache. The class included a group of students, former prisoners from Fort Marion, who wanted to continue their education with Pratt at Carlisle. Pratt believed Native Americans were
14040-480: Was the camping ground of Indian delegations in the tense days when the French were invading the Ohio Valley , the gathering place of Revolutionary mass meetings, and the nucleus of a compact little settlement. Here occurred the touching reunion of the Indian captive, Regina, and her mother, after Colonel Bouquet had forced the conquered tribes to surrender their prisoners in 1764. Regina, a German girl whose family name
14160-524: Was the site of Washington Redskins preseason training camp from 1963 to 1994 and 2001 to 2002. In 1986, cornerback Darrell Green ran the 40-yard dash in 4.09 seconds. Although the result was unofficial, it is the fastest "legitimate" time ever recorded in the 40-yard dash. Two privately funded historical markers are located in Carlisle: one for the Hamilton Restaurant's Hot-Chee Dog and another for
14280-490: Was transferred to the Department of Interior to operate the Carlisle Indian Industrial School . This was the first off-reservation boarding school established to educate and assimilate Native American children into European-American culture. In 1891 Congress passed legislation to expand this program. After the United States entered World War I, the school was closed and the property was transferred back to
14400-599: Was virtually cut off. Letters from parents were left unsent by Indian Agents, and parents were not notified promptly when their children were ill or even after they died. Although the Civilization Fund Act of 1819 required parental consent for children to be sent to off-reservation boarding schools, in practice children were regularly forcibly removed. US officials justified the practice of forceful removal because they believed that native parenting practices were seen as inferior to mainstream white parenting. John S. Ward,
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