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66-598: This valley was named Vallejo de Santa Ana in 1769 after the Gaspar de Portolà expedition, of which Friar Junípero Serra was a part, as well as Sargeant José Antonio Yorba , and José Manuel Nieto . The mission located closest to the Santa Ana Valley is Mission San Juan Capistrano , which was built east of the San Joaquin Hills , in the present day city of San Juan Capistrano . The historic Ranchos of California in

132-596: A Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas , which was to be independent of the viceroy of New Spain. The new political unit included the Provincias Internas of Nueva Vizcaya , Nuevo Santander , Sonora y Sinaloa , Las Californias , Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas), and Nuevo México . Chihuahua was the capital, and Teodoro de Croix , nephew of the former viceroy, was named the first Commandant General. Gálvez's zeal to more effectively organize

198-701: A day. The expedition recorded an earthquake on July 28 at the Santa Ana River . On July 29 they reached the site of present-day Fullerton, California at Hillcrest Park . On July 30, the expedition crossed the Puente Hills at a pass in La Habra (North Harbor Boulevard). They moved north-west to the San Gabriel River (near El Monte ) where they built a bridge to cross over. This bridge ('La Puente' in Crespi's diary)

264-607: A decree turning all of Baja's missions — except mission Loreto — over fully to the Franciscan friars. He banned card-playing and gambling at mission settlements. Overruling the Franciscans' appeal for clemency for miscreant soldiers, Gálvez punished most of them by assigning them to the upcoming expedition to Alta California — and discharged the rest from military service. Continuing to manage Baja California affairs into 1769, Gálvez sought to balance scarce natural and human resources in

330-520: A great source of revenue for the Spanish crown, the region wound up running an annual deficit during most of its years under Spanish rule. Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean call Gálvez the most effective visitador (inspector general) in the history of New Spain. They attribute Spain's expansion into Alta California to his intense personal ambitions. "…Although he was a brilliant, forceful, and generally successful administrator," write Rawls and Bean, "he

396-578: A joint expedition by land and sea to again search for the bay and establish a colony if they were successful. The San Antonio sailed on April 16, 1770. On board were Serra, Miguel Costansó, military engineer and cartographer, and Doctor Pedro Prat, army surgeon, along with a cargo of supplies for the new mission at Monterey. On April 17, after mustering what forces he could, Portolá's land expedition, which included lieutenant Pedro Fages , 12 Spanish volunteers, seven leather-jacket soldiers, five Baja California Indians, two muleteers , and Juan Crespí serving as

462-658: A large herd of cattle, horses and mules. They arrived in San Diego on May 14, where the San Carlos and San Antonio awaited them. Meanwhile, the second overland party, headed by Portolá , gathered in Loreto , around 900 miles south of San Diego — with instructions to follow the Rivera party to San Diego. The Portolá expedition included Franciscan missionaries headed by Junípero Serra . The expedition founded Mission San Diego de Alcalá and

528-488: A naval base at San Blas and, in 1768–9, organized sea and land expeditions up the California coast to the projected Spanish outpost at the harbor named Monterrey (originally spelled with a double "r") by Sebastián Vizcaíno in 1603. Gaspar de Portolá , governor of Las Californias, commanded the second overland expedition. Closely attending to the logistical details of the expeditions, Gálvez issued thorough instructions to

594-602: A report arrived from the Spanish ambassador in Russia that Catherine the Great planned to establish settlements down the California coast towards Monterey, Gálvez trumpeted the Russian threat. King Carlos gave the go-ahead, and Gálvez prepared a series of expeditions of soldiers, sailors, artisans, Christian Indians and missionaries to push north into unexplored upper California. In 1768, Gálvez sailed from San Blas to Loreto to finish planning

660-478: A second, the San Antonio sailed from Cabo San Lucas on February 15. At the same time, the various elements of the land parties began to move north from Loreto, Baja California Sur . The land expedition was assembled at Velicatá, where Serra established his first new mission . From there, Portolá's plan called for splitting the land expedition in two. The lead group, charged with building a wagon trail and pacifying

726-613: A shepherd, then studied at an elite Catholic seminary in Málaga . After he realized he was not cut out for a priestly vocation, the local bishop sent him to study law at Salamanca . He received his law degree at the University of Alcalá . Practicing law in Madrid, he handled many legal cases involving the Indies. He gained the attention of powerful people in Madrid, including the marqués de Equilache and

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792-581: A uniform excise tax on the importation of African slaves into the Indies. As representative of the King of Spain, José de Gálvez signed the Cedula de Poblacion of 1783 opening the island of Trinidad to immigration from, primarily, the French Caribbean islands. Negotiated by Phillipe Rose Roume de Saint-Laurant, the edict consists of 28 articles governing various forms of land grants to encourage population growth,

858-587: Is close to the spot where the expedition crossed the Santa Ana River, and the school has a 60-foot mural depicting the Portolà Expedition. Portola Parkway running through Irvine and Lake Forest (though not connected as of 2018), was also named after Portolà. It is said that Portolà used the same route Portola Parkway now runs across. Portola Drive, which runs parallel to and near the Monterey Bay shoreline,

924-513: Is remembered in the name of today's nearby city of La Puente . They arrived in what is now Los Angeles on August 2 (where the Los Angeles River and Arroyo Seco river meet). The following day, they marched out the Indian trail that would one day become Wilshire Boulevard to the present site of Santa Monica . Winding around to the area of later Saugus , now part of Santa Clarita , they reached

990-661: Is the main street of the Pleasure Point area of Santa Cruz County . Portola Avenue is also a north-south street located in Palm Desert in the Coachella Valley . In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS Gaspar de Portola was named in his honor. Jos%C3%A9 de G%C3%A1lvez José de Gálvez y Gallardo, 1st Marquess of Sonora (2 January 1720, Macharaviaya , Spain – 17 June 1787, Aranjuez , Spain)

1056-1157: The Los Angeles Central Library's History Room. The city of Portola in Plumas County , the town of Portola Valley in San Mateo County , and the Portola neighborhood of San Francisco were named after Portolà. A number of schools in California were also named after him, including Portola Hills Elementary School in Portola Hills , Portola Elementary School in San Bruno , Gaspar de Portola Middle School in Tierrasanta , Portola Middle School in Tarzana , Portola Middle School in Orange , & Portola High School in Irvine . The school in Orange

1122-905: The Royal Presidio of San Diego in July 1769 in San Diego . Portolá then continued north to explore the Alta California coast and re-establish the port of Monterey visited in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno . In November 1769, the Portolá expedition discovered San Francisco Bay before returning to San Diego. A second trip in 1770 led to the establishment of the Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (Mission Carmel). Although Gálvez — in arguing for his plan to expand into San Diego and Monterey — had projected that Alta California would eventually prove

1188-523: The San Carlos set sail, Gálvez followed in a launch to see the ship round Cabo San Lucas . On February 15, Gálvez dispatched the San Antonio , the second ship of the sea expedition, from Cabo San Lucas. Captain Juan Pérez , a native of Palma de Majorca , commanded the San Antonio . Franciscan friars Juan Vizcaíno and Francisco Gómez served as chaplains. The third ship, the San José , disappeared at sea on

1254-694: The San Carlos , the first ship to leave La Paz, having met with fierce winds and storms on the journey, arrived on April 29. A third vessel was to follow with supplies, but it was probably lost at sea. The land expedition of Portolá arrived on June 29. After their arduous journeys, most of the men aboard ship were ill, chiefly from scurvy , and many had died. Out of a total of 219 who left Baja California, little more than 100 now survived. Eager to press on to Monterey Bay , Portolá and his expedition, consisting of Juan Crespí, 63 leather-jacket soldiers and 100 mules loaded down with provisions, headed north on July 14, 1769, marching two to four leagues (1 league = 2.6 miles)

1320-688: The Túpac Amaru rebellion broke out in Peru and the Comunero Revolt in New Granada (Colombia), Gálvez unleashed ruthless repression. Gálvez was a heavy-handed administrator, implementing major reforms in Spanish America to strengthen royal power, promote efficiency, diminish the role of American-born elites, and increase revenues. One assessment of Gálvez is that "his legacy of a more rational administration

1386-415: The California coastline as far north as Monterey in 1602, but no significant Spanish settlement or even trading station had followed because those earlier explorations had failed to find a good harbor that the Spanish could have used for their long-standing Pacific maritime trade between Asia and Mexico: Monterey Bay, sighted by both Cabrillo and Vizcaíno, was exposed to rough currents and winds. In May 1768,

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1452-830: The East Coast of North America, had also sent explorers into the Pacific. Russian fur hunters were pressing east from Siberia across the Bering Strait into the Aleutian Islands and beyond. Dispatches of January 23, 1768, exchanged between King Carlos and the viceroy, set the wheels in motion to extend Spain's control up the Pacific Coast and establish colonies and missions at San Diego Bay and Monterey Bay , which had been discovered and described in reports by earlier explorers Juan Cabrillo and Sebastián Vizcaíno . Vizcaíno had mapped

1518-479: The Franciscan president of the Baja missions, Junípero Serra , in his projects to improve the lives of the natives, whom he called "the poor Israelites." Yet he insisted that Baja Indians pay the royal tax, standing by his order despite Serra's efforts to persuade him that collecting such a tax would prove impractical. Ambitious to reinvigorate the imperial fortunes of New Spain, Gálvez proposed consolidating and developing

1584-544: The Golden Gate, and thus it was not exposed to rough ocean currents as was Monterey Bay, which had been known to the Spanish since Cabrillo's exploration in the sixteenth century. Despite the earlier explorations of Cabrillo and Vizcaíno, and despite two centuries of Spanish sailing the Pacific for trade between Asia and Mexico, the San Francisco Bay had been missed because of the fog that frequently shrouded its entrance. If

1650-529: The Indies he was able to secure the appointment of his brother Matías as governor-captain general of Guatemala . Matías went on to serve as viceroy of New Spain. In 1780, he sent a royal dispatch to Teodoro de Croix , Commandant General of the Internal Provinces of New Spain , asking all subjects to donate money to help the American Revolution. Millions of pesos were given. In 1784 he established

1716-642: The Jesuits throughout his empire. In Mexico, this decree led to riots and other disturbances. Gálvez suppressed these by summary trials and sentences of life imprisonment, mainly in San Luis Potosí , Guanajuato and parts of Michoacán . With the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Baja California peninsula , Gálvez engaged the Franciscan Order to take over the spiritual affairs of the missions there. Even after

1782-913: The Jesuits from the Spanish Empire , Portolá was tasked with removing the Jesuits from Spanish missions in Baja California . He then ensured the missions were turned over to the Franciscans and later to the Dominicans . Spain was driven to establish missions and other outposts on the Pacific Coast north of the Baja California Peninsula by fears that the territory would be claimed by foreign powers, in addition to its Catholic proselytizing mission and insatiable need for additional sources of income. The British , who had established several colonies on

1848-459: The San Francisco Bay had been discovered earlier, the region surrounding would have been settled by the Spanish earlier since it would have provided a safe, convenient harbor for Spain's Pacific maritime trade. Portolá's party then headed back to San Diego, exploring and naming many localities in the region south of what eventually became known as the Golden Gate . Surviving on mule meat for most of

1914-482: The Santa Ana Valley area: 34°25′29″N 119°20′41″W  /  34.4247°N 119.3448°W  / 34.4247; -119.3448 This Orange County, California –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gaspar de Portol%C3%A0 Captain Gaspar de Portolá y Rovira (January 1, 1716 – October 10, 1786) was a Spanish Army officer and colonial administrator who served as

1980-596: The Spanish Visitor General, José de Gálvez , began to organize an expedition , by sea and by land. Portolá was created "Governor of the Californias" and given overall command. Junípero Serra , leader of the expedition's Franciscan missionaries, took command of spiritual matters. Sea and land detachments were to meet at San Diego Bay. The first ship, the San Carlos , sailed from La Paz on January 10, 1769 and

2046-533: The Viceroyalty of New Spain) he exercised sweeping powers; the most in Spanish North America. The visitador served as the king's special deputy, with special powers overlapping and sometimes exceeding those of the viceroy . Gálvez was given the task of reforming the finances of New Spain to increase its revenues for the crown — part of the energetic attempts to reorganize King Carlos III 's government after

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2112-672: The area to become Santa Barbara on August 19, and the present-day San Simeon area on September 13. Unable to remain on the coast due to the steep, difficult terrain, the party turned inland. They marched through the San Antonio Valley and on October 1, Portolá's party emerged from the Santa Lucia Mountains and reached the mouth of the Salinas River . After a march of some 400 miles (640 km) from San Diego and about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Velicatá, they had reached

2178-403: The arrival of Junípero Serra and his fellow Franciscan friars, the Spanish military — having evicted the Jesuits from the missions they had established — continued running the missions' practical business. In 1768, Gálvez toured the Baja chain of missions. Angered over the sloppy administration he found there, he reprimanded the soldier commissioners stationed at the missions. In August, he signed

2244-399: The bay they were seeking. But they failed to discern the coastline's semi-circular shape, described by Vizcaíno as round like an "O", even though members of the party had twice marched along its beach. Having failed to find their goal, they marched on north and reached the area at the north end of the bay, where Crespí named a creek Santa Cruz on October 18. Pushing on, they reached a creek in

2310-643: The bay, a Mass was conducted near the oak tree that the Carmelite missionaries with Vizcaíno had worshiped under in 1603, and possession was officially taken. On June 3, 1770, they laid the beginnings of the Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo and founded the Presidio of Monterey . Governor Portolá's task was finished. He then left Captain Pedro Fages in charge, and on June 9 he sailed for San Blas , never to return to Upper California. In 1776, Portolá

2376-515: The birth of the United States. Both these new governments were intended to expand areas of settlement and stimulate the economy. He also established the Real Compañía de Filipinas and in 1778 founded the Archivo General de Indias , bringing together documents about the Indies from Simancas , Seville and Cádiz . Also in 1778 he established limited free trade among the colonies. As Minister of

2442-542: The coming year's expeditions. To free the Franciscan missionaries from their posts in Baja California, Gálvez called upon friars of the Dominican Order to take charge of the Baja missions. Gálvez assigned Junípero Serra to head the missionary team in the Alta California expedition — without bothering to ask padre Serra if he agreed to his new mission. As it turned out, Serra, eager to pioneer in evangelizing Indians in Alta California, readily joined in. Gálvez established

2508-717: The costly Seven Years' War , which had in 1762 seen the British capture both Havana , Spain's main Caribbean port, and Manila , Spain's governmental and commercial center in the Philippines and also resulted in Spain ceding Florida to Britain. As visitador , Gálvez instituted quick and decisive changes in tax collection, accounting, and jailed corrupt officials. He created a state monopoly of tobacco and imposed new taxes on pulque and flour. He also took measures to combat contraband and reformed

2574-425: The expedition members to demonstrate to the Indians the advantages they would gain by living under the sovereign protection of the Spanish king. The commander of the first overland expedition, Fernando Rivera y Moncada , was waiting at Velicatá, 350 miles south of San Diego. Gálvez had ordered captain Rivera to requisition horses and mules from local Baja California missions without endangering their survival, giving

2640-428: The expedition's chaplain, again marched north. The expedition followed the same route they had the previous winter while returning to San Diego. After 36 days on the road, with only two days of rest, Portolá arrived at his second cross on May 24, 1770. He then saw that on a clear day and from a certain point of view the round harbor assumed the proportions described by the earlier enthusiastic explorers. Having recognized

2706-476: The expedition: San Diego de Alcalá on July 16, 1769 and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo on June 3, 1770. Rivera reached the site of present-day San Diego in May, established a camp in the area that is now Old Town and awaited the arrival of the others. Because of an error by Vizcaíno in determining the latitude of the San Diego Harbor, the ships passed by it and landed too far north before finding their way back. The San Antonio arrived on April 11 and

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2772-442: The far northwest under a huge governmental unit to embrace the regions of Sinaloa, Sonora, Chihuahua, and the Californias — including claimed but unsettled upper (Alta) California. Playing on long-standing fears in Spain's ruling circles that rival powers would muscle in on territories Spain claimed along the Pacific coast, Gálvez spread rumors of schemes by the British and Dutch rulers to add California to their own empires. Then, when

2838-418: The first governor of the Californias from 1767 to 1770. Born in Catalonia into an aristocratic family , he is best known for leading the Portolá expedition into California , which laid the foundations of Spanish rule in the region Californian cities like San Diego and Monterey , and bestowed names to geographic features throughout California, many of which are still in use. Gaspar de Portolá y Rovira

2904-485: The fragile chain of missions: Some missions lacked enough land and water to sustain all their Indian converts; other missions, endowed with ample land and water, lacked enough workers to cultivate their fields. Gálvez ordered Indians moved from one mission to another — despite the Indians' reluctance to leave their home villages — to correct such imbalances. He also had some young Indian orphans sent to Loreto for training in handling coastal boats and ships. Gálvez worked with

2970-415: The frontier on, so that the Indians will be well treated. The soldiers are to be punished as in the case of an irremissible crime if they offer any affront or violence to the women because, besides being offenses against God, such excesses committed by them could also bring disaster to the entire expedition. Gálvez then cautioned Portolá to travel slowly, to reduce the chances of Indian resistance. He wanted

3036-418: The indigenous in Sonora; although he recovered, "the end of the visita was clouded." He returned to take up his position on the Council of the Indies to which he had been appointed in 1767. José de Gálvez returned to Spain in 1772, where he was a member of the General Council on Commerce, Coinage and Mining, a governor in the Council of the Indies, and a councilor of state. Instead he was authorized to set up

3102-430: The journey, they arrived on January 24, 1770. On their way past Monterey Bay, they again failed to recognize it as the same bay that Vizcaíno had described in 1602. One of Portolá's officers, Captain Vicente Vila, convinced him that he had actually been exactly on the Bay of Monterey when he placed his second cross at what later became Pacific Grove . After replenishing supplies at San Diego, Portolá and Serra decided on

3168-570: The key officers and technicians. He ordered Miguel Costansó , the young engineer and cartographer, to make observations of the ports of San Diego and Monterey, compare his findings with the older sailing charts, draw new maps, and examine the countryside around both ports. Gálvez issued further instructions for building a proper fortification at Monterey; reconnoitering the ports of Monterey and San Francisco; and preparing detailed accounts destined for top officials in Mexico and Spain. On January 9, 1769, Gálvez, padre Serra and town dwellers gathered on

3234-439: The marqués de Grimaldi, ministers of Charles III . Gálvez married María Magdalena de Grimaldo, who died a year later. He then married Lucía Romet y Pichelín, an elite woman of French origin, well connected at the royal court. Lucía's connections enabled Gálvez to work as legal adviser at the French embassy in Madrid. Climbing the social and political ladder, he secured a job as personal secretary to Jerónimo Grimaldi , minister to

3300-411: The mission furniture aboard with his own hands. In his speech on the shore, Gálvez proclaimed that the ship's crew, including Franciscan friar Fernando Parrón, had the mission of planting the holy cross among the Indians at Monterey. In the name of king Carlos and viceroy Carlos Francisco de Croix , Gálvez urged the explorers to keep peace among themselves and respect their chaplain, padre Parrón. When

3366-463: The missionaries receipts for the exact number of animals taken. Those missions would later get restocked with animals shipped from Mexico across the Gulf of California . Franciscan friar Juan Crespí , chosen as chaplain and diarist for the Rivera party, left his post at Mission La Purísima to join Rivera at Velicatá. On March 24, 1769, Rivera, Crespí, 25 leather-jacketed soldiers, 42 Baja Christian Indians, and 3 muleteers began their journey, driving

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3432-457: The natives, was led by Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada , and departed from Velicatá on March 24. With Rivera was the priest Juan Crespí , diarist for the Franciscans. The expedition led by Portolá, which included Junípero Serra (the President of the Missions), along with a combination of missionaries, settlers, and leather-jacket soldiers, including José Raimundo Carrillo , left Velicatá on May 15. Junípero Serra founded two more missions during

3498-402: The naturalization of inhabitants, taxation, the arming of slave owners, the duty and function of a militia to protect the island, and trade and mercantile issues. In 1786 he undertook another major reorganizing of the Spanish American administration with the introduction of the intendencia (intendancy) administered by an Intendente (Intendant) throughout most of the Americas. When in 1781

3564-464: The newly ascended king Carlos III . In 1762, Gálvez secured a position as attorney to prince Carlos, the future king Carlos IV . In 1765, he was appointed visitador (inspector) of New Spain , where he both gathered information and implemented royal policy to increase crown revenues. In 1765 at the age of 45, Gálvez arrived in New Spain , which included all of Spanish North America. As visitador del virreinato de Nueva España (inspector general for

3630-440: The next time he will leave his nephew, Bernardo de Gálvez as interim governor From Spanish Louisiana, replacing Unzaga, that same year he became brothers-in-law, when Bernardo married the little sister of Unzaga's wife; In this way, Minister José de Gálvez appointed Luis de Unzaga as the first Captain General of Venezuela in 1777 by bringing together various territories and creating a defense plan there that would also help achieve

3696-493: The overseas administration led him to also establish the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (1776) from territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru , and the Captaincy General of Venezuela (1777) from parts of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . He also created the Captaincy General of Venezuela in order to promote the population and economy of the area; For this purpose, in 1776 he named his fellow Malaga native Luis de Unzaga for his diplomatic skills, Unzaga, known as "le Conciliateur"

3762-421: The present-day town of Pacifica on October 31. On November 4, having crossed the low coastal mountain range above the creek, the party was stunned to catch a glimpse of the enormous San Francisco Bay from the mountain range, as the bay was previously unknown to the Spanish. This sighting was crucial to the later settlement of California because unlike Monterey Bay, it was surrounded by land on all sides except

3828-421: The shore of La Paz to bless and send off the San Carlos , the expedition's flagship captained by Vicente Vila, a native of Andalusia . The hastily built galleon San Carlos , along with the two ships to follow — the San Antonio and San José — had arrived from San Blas leaking, requiring repairs at La Paz bay. Gálvez personally superintended the repairs and loading of the San Carlos , carrying some of

3894-482: The system of customs collection in Veracruz and Acapulco . (He ended the farming of customs.) He also established general accounting offices in the municipal governments. Government revenues rose from 6 million pesos in 1763 to 8 million in 1767 and 12 million in 1773. In 1765 Gálvez assisted in reorganizing the army, a project of viceroy Joaquín de Montserrat, marqués de Cruillas under the direction of general Juan de Villalva. When Cuillas opposed Gálvez's actions, he

3960-413: The way to San Diego. While Gaspar de Portolá prepared his overland expedition to San Diego, Gálvez issued him strict instructions: ...To prevent difficulties and disaster in the outcome, the most prudent supervision must be exercised. Therefore, I charge you with zeal and vigilance to maintain the most exact discipline over the soldiers of the expedition as well as over the muleteers , especially from

4026-415: Was a Spanish lawyer and Visitador general ( inspector general ) in New Spain (1764–1772); later appointed to the Council of the Indies (1775–1787). He was one of the prime figures behind the Bourbon Reforms . He belonged to an important political family that included his brother Matías de Gálvez and nephew Bernardo de Gálvez . Following the death of his noble but impoverished father, Gálvez became

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4092-406: Was also unusually vain, selfish, ruthless, deceitful and unstable. It was, indeed, because of Gálvez's possession of this very combination of qualities that the occupation of San Diego and Monterey, long considered and periodically given up as hopeless, actually materialized." Gálvez returned to Spain in 1771. In 1769 he collapsed mentally and physically, attributed to overwork and the conflict with

4158-403: Was appointed the governor of Puebla . After the appointment of his successor in 1784, he was advanced money for expenses and returned to Spain, where he served as commander of the Numancia cavalry dragoon regiment. On February 7, 1786 he was appointed King's Lieutenant for the strongholds and castles of Lleida. He died that same year, in October. A 9 foot (2.7 m) statue in Pacifica, California

4224-410: Was born on January 1, 1716 in Os de Balaguer , Catalonia, into a family of minor Spanish nobility . After he came of age, Portolá joined the Spanish Army , being commissioned as an ensign in 1734 and a lieutenant in 1743. He saw service in Italy during the War of the Austrian Succession and participated in the Spanish invasion of Portugal during the Fantastic War . Following the expulsion of

4290-401: Was sculpted by the Catalan sculptor Josep Maria Subirachs and his associate, Francesc Carulla. It was given to the people of California by the Catalan government in 1988. The statue was taken down on January 18, 2024, after years of complaint that the statue was honoring European colonization in the area. A ten-foot high oil-on-canvas portrait of Portolá by Albert Herter in 1929 hangs in

4356-405: Was soon replaced by a new viceroy, Carlos Francisco de Croix . Gálvez privileged peninsular-born Spanish merchants over American born, which had the effect of funneling capital into mining. He boosted the mining industry further by reducing the price of mercury , a crown monopoly, which allowed a greater volume of silver ore to be refined. In 1767, Spain's king Carlos III decreed expulsion for

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