The San Joaquin Hills are a low mountain range of the Peninsular Ranges System, located in coastal Orange County, California .
125-809: They extend in a northwest–southeast direction, starting in the northwest in Newport Beach at the southern edge of the Los Angeles Basin , and extending southeast to San Juan Capistrano . Named summits in the San Joaquin Hills include (from north to south) French Hill in Turtle Rock , Irvine ; Signal Peak and Pelican Hill , both of which are near the Newport Coast neighborhood of Newport Beach; Temple Hill in Laguna Beach , more commonly known as " Top of
250-604: A California Senate Bill of 2008 asserted that the US government signed treaties with the Gabrieleño, promising 8.5 million acres (3,400,000 ha) of land for reservations , and that these treaties were never ratified, a paper published in 1972 by Robert Heizer of the University of California at Berkeley , shows that the eighteen treaties made between April 29, 1851, and August 22, 1852, were negotiated with persons who did not represent
375-586: A Justice of the Peace punishable by fine, any white person may, by consent of the Justice, give bond for said Indian, conditioned for the payment of said fine and costs, and in such case the Indian shall be compelled to work for the person so bailing, until he has discharged or cancelled the fine assessed against him. Native men were disproportionately criminalized and swept into this legalized system of indentured servitude . As
500-590: A city which saw an increase in the Native population from 200 in 1820 to 553 in 1836 (out of a total population of 1,088). As stated by scholar Ralph Armbruster-Sandoval, "while they should have been owners, the Tongva became workers, performing strenuous, back-breaking labor just as they had done ever since settler colonialism emerged in Southern California." As described by researcher Heather Valdez Singleton, Los Angeles
625-472: A divide between Mexican Los Angeles and the nearest Native community. However, "Native men, women, and children continued to live (not just work) in the city. On Saturday Nights, they even held parties, danced, and gambled at the removed Yaanga village and also at the plaza at the center of town." In response, the Californios continued to attempt to control Native lives, issuing Alta California governor Pio Pico
750-491: A failed attempt to kill the mission's priests in 1779 and organized eight foothill villages in a revolt in October 1785 with Toypurina , who further organized the villages, which "demonstrated a previously undocumented level of regional political unification both within and well beyond the mission." However, divided loyalties among the natives contributed to the failure of the 1785 attempt as well as mission soldiers being alerted of
875-400: A few miles from the ocean. The Pacific Ocean greatly moderates Newport Beach's climate by warming winter temperatures and cooling summer temperatures. Diurnal temperature variation is stronger during the winter than during the summer. Newport Beach does not receive enough precipitation to qualify as a true Mediterranean climate. The 2010 United States Census reported that Newport Beach had
1000-588: A home was built at the mouth of the entrance of Newport Harbor that came to be known as the China House of China Cove . The home was built using traditional Chinese architecture. It was a landmark in the Newport Beach Harbor until it was demolished in the 1980s. Some of the original roof can be seen on a home located in the China Cove. Upper Newport Bay is an estuary that was formed by a prehistoric flow of
1125-464: A household in the city was $ 64,423, while the median family income was $ 126,976. Males had a median income of $ 73,425 versus $ 45,409 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 63,015. About 2.1% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over. Housing prices in Newport Beach ranked eighth highest in
1250-406: A land base in the Tongva traditional homeland. In 2008, more than 1,700 people identified as Tongva or claimed partial ancestry. In 2013, it was reported that the four Tongva groups that have applied for federal recognition had more than 3,900 members in total. The Tongva Taraxat Paxaavxa Conservancy was established to campaign for the rematriation of Tongva homelands. In 2022, a 1-acre site
1375-531: A long battle with the city of Costa Mesa , Newport Beach annexed West Santa Ana Heights . Newport Beach extends in elevation from sea level to the 1,161 ft (354 m) summit of Signal Peak in the San Joaquin Hills , but the official elevation is 25 ft (7.6 m) above sea level at a location of 33°37′0″N 117°53′51″W / 33.61667°N 117.89750°W / 33.61667; -117.89750 (33.616671, −117.897604). The city
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#17328527455101500-441: A long history of Indigenous belonging in the basin." While in 1848, Los Angeles had been a small town largely of Mexicans and Natives, by 1880 it was home to an Anglo-American majority following waves of white migration in the 1870s from the completion of the transcontinental railroad . As stated by research Heather Valdez Singleton, newcomers "took advantage of the fact that many Gabrieleño families, who had cultivated and lived on
1625-522: A miserable existence by days' work." However, even though Jackson's report would become the impetus for the Mission Indian Relief Act of 1891, the Gabrieleño were "overlooked by the commission charged with setting aside lands for Mission Indians." It is speculated that this may have been attributed to what was perceived as their compliance with the government, which caused them to be neglected, as noted earlier by Indian agent J. Q. Stanley. By
1750-437: A model proposed by archaeologist Mark Q. Sutton, these migrants either absorbed or pushed out the earlier Hokan -speaking inhabitants. By 500 AD, one source estimates the Tongva may have come to occupy all the lands now associated with them, although this is unclear and contested among scholars. In 1811, the priests of Mission San Gabriel recorded at least four languages; Kokomcar, Guiguitamcar, Corbonamga, and Sibanga. During
1875-513: A petition in 1846 stating: "We ask that the Indians be placed under strict police surveillance or the persons for whom the Indians work give [the Indians] quarter at the employer's rancho." In 1847, a law was passed that prohibited Gabrielenos from entering the city without proof of employment. A part of the proclamation read: Indians who have no masters but are self-sustaining, shall be lodged outside of
2000-493: A population of 85,186. The population density was 3,587.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,385.1/km ). The racial makeup of Newport Beach was 74,357 (87.3%) White (82.3% Non-Hispanic White), 616 (0.7%) African American , 223 (0.3%) Native American , 5,982 (7.0%) Asian , 114 (0.1%) Pacific Islander , 1,401 (1.6%) from other races , and 2,493 (2.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6,174 persons (7.2%). The Census reported that 84,784 people (99.5% of
2125-476: A project in 2017 to dedicate wooden statues in local Ganesha Park to the Indigenous people of the area, they disagreed over which name, Tongva or Kizh , should be used on the dedication plaque. Tribal officials tentatively agreed to use the term Gabrieleño. The Act of September 21, 1968, introduced this concept of the affiliation of an applicant's ancestors in order to exclude certain individuals from receiving
2250-554: A requirement for inclusion on, the judgment roll. The act of 1968 stated that the Secretary of the Interior would distribute an equal share of the award to the individuals on the judgment roll “regardless of group affiliation.” Many lines of evidence suggest that the Tongva are descended from Uto-Aztecan -speaking peoples who originated in what is now Nevada , and moved southwest into coastal Southern California 3,500 years ago. According to
2375-469: A reservation for the Gabrieleño in 1907 failed. Soon it began to be perpetuated in the local press that the Gabrieleño were extinct. In February 1921, the Los Angeles Times declared that the death of Jose de los Santos Juncos, an Indigenous man who lived at Mission San Gabriel and was 106 years old at his time of passing, "marked the passing of a vanished race." In 1925, Alfred Kroeber declared that
2500-598: A series of letters for the Los Angeles Star from the center of the Gabrieleño community in San Gabriel township, describing Gabrieleño life and culture. Reid himself was married to a Gabrieleño woman by the name of Bartolomea Cumicrabit, who he renamed "Victoria." Reid wrote the following: "Their chiefs still exist. In San Gabriel remain only four, and those young... They have no jurisdiction more than to appoint times for holding of Feasts and regulating affairs connected with
2625-498: A share of the award to the “Indians of California” who chose to receive a share of any awards to certain tribes in California that had splintered off from the generic group. The members or ancestors of the petitioning group were not affected by the exclusion in the Act. Individuals with lineal or collateral descent from an Indian tribe who resided in California in 1852, would, if not excluded by
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#17328527455102750-491: A third party. According to a March 2018 report by the Sacramento Bee , Newport Beach has the second highest percentage of conservative voters among large cities in California. The Republican candidate exceeded 70% of the vote in Newport Beach in all seven presidential elections from 1964 to 1988 and seven of the nine gubernatorial elections from 1962 to 1994. Although the politics of California have trended in favor of
2875-637: A village, which was the center of Tongva life. The Tongva spoke a language of the Uto-Aztecan family (the remote ancestors of the Tongva probably coalesced as a people in the Sonoran Desert , between perhaps 3,000 and 5,000 years ago). The diversity within the Takic group is "moderately deep"; rough estimates by comparative linguists place the breakup of common Takic into the Luiseño-Juaneño on one hand, and
3000-590: Is bordered on the west by Huntington Beach at the Santa Ana River ; on the north by Costa Mesa , John Wayne Airport , the City of Irvine and UC Irvine ; and on the east by Crystal Cove State Park . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 53.0 square miles (137 km ). 23.8 square miles (62 km ) of it is land and 29.2 square miles (76 km ) of it (55.07%)
3125-524: Is commonly believed to be San Pedro Bay , near present-day San Pedro . The Gaspar de Portolá land expedition in 1769 resulted in the founding of Mission San Gabriel by Catholic missionary Junipero Serra in 1771. Under the mission system, the Spanish initiated an era of forced relocation and virtual enslavement of the peoples to secure their labor. In addition, the Native Americans were exposed to
3250-629: Is commonly called Lower Newport Bay, or Newport Harbor. However the Back Bay also has harbor facilities, especially the marina and launch ramp at Newport Dunes Marina. The north end of the Newport Harbor channels surrounding Lido Isle has several small business centers and was at one time used as a home by the fishing fleets. On the North East side of the channel, the Lido Marina Village now acts as
3375-508: Is constant communication with ancestors. On October 7, 1542, an exploratory expedition led by Spanish explorer Juan Cabrillo reached Santa Catalina in the Channel Islands, where his ships were greeted by Tongva in a canoe. The following day, Cabrillo and his men, the first Europeans known to have interacted with the Gabrieleño people, entered a large bay on the mainland, which they named "Baya de los Fumos" ("Bay of Smokes") on account of
3500-521: Is drained by Bonita Creek, Sand Canyon Wash , San Joaquin Wash, and La Cañada Wash. Cities bordering the range include Newport Beach, Irvine , Laguna Hills , Aliso Viejo , Laguna Beach, Laguna Niguel , Dana Point , San Juan Capistrano , and San Clemente . Because of erosion phenomena during the previous Ice Age , the San Joaquin Hills are not one continuous mountain range, but instead are bisected by numerous water gaps cut by rivers flowing southwest from
3625-476: Is in Newport Beach and responsible for the exterior design of the 2nd, 5th, and 7th generation Celica , as well as some Lexus and Scion models. According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report here are the top employers in the city. Beachgoers have flocked to Newport Beach since the Pacific Electric Railway began bringing them in 1905. Attractions include the city beaches from
3750-486: Is known for its sandy beaches. The city's harbor once supported maritime industries. Today it is used mostly for recreation. Balboa Island draws visitors with a waterfront path and easy access from the ferry to the shops and restaurants. The Upper Bay of Newport is a canyon carved by a stream in the Pleistocene period. The Lower Bay of Newport was formed much later by sand brought along by ocean currents, which constructed
3875-653: Is now northern Orange County on July 28, 1769, by Gaspar de Portolá . Two neighborhoods within the San Joaquin Hills take the name of the hills for their own: San Joaquin Hills, Newport Beach, California , a former census-designated place annexed to the city of Newport Beach , and San Joaquin Hills, Laguna Niguel, California , a master-planned community located in the city of Laguna Niguel . Other neighborhoods set in and named after hills in this range include University Hills and Turtle Rock in Irvine . State Route 73 , also called
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4000-455: Is possible there were as many as half a dozen dialects rather than the two which the existence of the missions has lent the appearance of being standard. The demarcation of the Fernandeño and the Gabrieleño territories is mostly conjectural and there is no known point in which the two groups differed markedly in customs. The wider Gabrieleño group occupied what is now Los Angeles County south of
4125-659: Is the largest sailboat race in the world. Boating activities are organized by five private yacht clubs , along with Orange Coast College, UC Irvine, and the Sea Scouts, all of which have sailing, rowing, and water activity bases on the harbor. The Newport Aquatic Center allows public participation in competitive rowing, canoeing, kayaking, and outrigger canoe racing. The Orange Coast College School of Sailing and Seamanship offers recreational and professional sailing and mariners' courses and certifications, including United States Coast Guard licensing. Weekly races take place during
4250-399: Is the largest Mercedes-Benz dealership in the world. At one time Edwards Theatres had its headquarters in Newport Beach. Before its dissolution Air California was headquartered in Newport Beach. The city's largest law firm is Stradling Yocca Carlson & Rauth , with approximately 75 attorneys at its Fashion Island location. Toyota has a design center, Calty Design Research which
4375-533: Is the most widely circulated endonym among the people, used by Narcisa Higuera in 1905 to refer to inhabitants in the vicinity of Mission San Gabriel. Some people who identify as direct lineal descendants of the people advocate the use of their ancestral name Kizh as an endonym . Along with the neighboring Chumash , the Tongva were the most influential people at the time of European encounter. They had developed an extensive trade network through te'aats (plank-built boats). Their food and material culture
4500-414: Is used mostly for recreation. Its shores are occupied mostly by private homes and private docks . Newport Harbor has approximately 9,000 boats and is one of the largest recreational boat harbors on the U.S. west coast. It is a popular destination for all boating activities, including sailing , fishing , rowing , canoeing , kayaking , and paddleboarding . Commercial maritime operations today include
4625-684: Is water. Areas of Newport Beach include Corona del Mar , Balboa Island , Balboa Peninsula (also known as Balboa ), Lido Peninsula, Newport Coast , San Joaquin Hills , Santa Ana Heights , and West Newport. Newport Harbor is a semi-artificial harbor that was formed by dredging Newport Bay estuary during the early 1900s. Several artificial islands were built, which are now covered with private homes: Newport Island, Balboa Island , Little Balboa Island, Collins Island , Bay Island , Harbor Island , Lido Isle , and Linda Isle . Newport Harbor once supported maritime industries such as boatbuilding , shipbuilding , and commercial fishing , but today it
4750-519: The Catalina Flyer ferry to Catalina Island , harbor tours, sport fishing , whale watching day trips, and charters as well as a few small commercial fishing boats. Newport Bay is divided by the Pacific Coast Highway bridge, which is too low for most sailboats and very large boats to pass under. North of the bridge is referred to as Upper Newport Bay , or the Back Bay. South of the bridge
4875-546: The Democratic Party , Newport Beach has remained Republican but has become less Republican over time. In 2016 , as Donald Trump became the first GOP presidential candidate to lose Orange County since Alf Landon in 1936, Trump won Newport Beach by a margin of 14 points. Trump also won Newport Beach by a margin of nearly ten points in the 2020 election. Tongva The Tongva ( / ˈ t ɒ ŋ v ə / TONG -və ) are an Indigenous people of California from
5000-476: The Gabrieleño . This was not their autonym, or their name for themselves. Because of historical uses, the term is part of every official tribe's name in this area, spelled either as "Gabrieleño" or "Gabrielino." Because tribal groups have disagreed about appropriate use of the term Tongva , they have adopted Gabrieleño as a mediating term. For example, when Debra Martin, a city council member from Pomona , led
5125-630: The Los Angeles Basin and the Southern Channel Islands , an area covering approximately 4,000 square miles (10,000 km ). In the precolonial era, the people lived in as many as 100 villages and primarily identified by their village rather than by a pan-tribal name. During colonization , the Spanish referred to these people as Gabrieleño and Fernandeño , names derived from the Spanish missions built on their land: Mission San Gabriel Arcángel and Mission San Fernando Rey de España . Tongva
San Joaquin Hills - Misplaced Pages Continue
5250-490: The Old World diseases endemic among the colonists. As they lacked any acquired immunity, the Native Americans suffered epidemics with high mortality, leading to the rapid collapse of Tongva society and lifeways . They retaliated by way of resistance and rebellions, including an unsuccessful rebellion in 1785 by Nicolás José and female chief Toypurina . In 1821, Mexico gained its independence from Spain and secularized
5375-571: The San Gabriel township , which became "the cultural and geographic center of the Gabrieleño community." Yaanga also diversified and increased in size, with peoples of various Native backgrounds coming to live together shortly following secularization. However, the government had instituted a system dependent on Native labor and servitude and increasingly eliminated any alternatives within the Los Angeles area. As explained by Kelly Lytle Hernández, "there
5500-510: The Santa Ana Mountains . In the north, Newport Bay was formed by the Santa Ana River switching its course to the south, cutting across the northern part of the range. Laguna Canyon was formed by San Diego Creek , but eventually the larger creek changed course and left a wind gap through the hills. The largest canyon by far is Aliso Canyon , cut by Aliso Creek . Further south, the hills dissipate into smaller ridges and are bisected by
5625-661: The Santa Ana River to the tip of the Balboa Peninsula , Corona del Mar State Beach , and the beaches at Crystal Cove State Park . Newport Beach is known for good surfing , especially between Newport Pier and the Santa Ana River . At the tip of the Balboa Peninsula , The Wedge offers world-class bodyboarding and bodysurfing . Newport Pier and Balboa Pier draw fishermen and sightseers. A boardwalk runs 2.9 miles (4.7 km) from 36th Street in West Newport, past Newport Pier and Balboa Pier, to between E and F Streets on
5750-621: The Santa Ana River . Today it is fed by a small stream from San Diego Creek . Much of Upper Newport Bay is a protected natural area known as the Upper Newport Bay Ecological Reserve , established in 1975. Newport Beach has a mid-latitude semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSk ) with characteristics of a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb ). Like many Los Angeles and Orange coastal cities, Newport Beach exhibits weak temperature variation, diurnally and seasonally, compared to inland cities even
5875-555: The Sierra Madre and half of Orange County , as well as the islands of Santa Catalina and San Clemente . The Spanish oversaw the construction of Mission San Gabriel in 1771. The Spanish colonizers used slave labor from local villages to construct the Missions. Following the destruction of the original mission, probably due to El Niño flooding, the Spanish ordered the mission relocated five miles north in 1774 and began referring to
6000-923: The United States House of Representatives , Newport Beach is in California's 47th congressional district , represented by Democrat Katie Porter . Newport Beach has supported Republican candidates for president and governor consistently since at least 1962. As of February 2020, the California Secretary of State reported that Newport Beach had 57,408 registered voters; of those, 14,097 (24.56% vs. 35.63% in Orange County) are registered Democrats, 27,472 (47.85% vs. 34.16% in Orange County) are registered Republicans, 12,996 (22.64% vs. 25.29% in Orange County) have stated no political party preference, and 2,843 (4.95% vs. 4.92% in Orange County) are registered with
6125-555: The Upper Newport Bay Ecological Reserve and Peter and Mary Muth Interpretive Center ; and Crystal Cove State Park features tide pools at its beach, with backcountry hiking and mountain biking trails. Camping is available at Crystal Cove State Park and at the Newport Dunes Waterfront Resort and Marina. Whale watching is also popular in the area, with both scheduled and charter boats leaving directly from Newport Harbor. Whales and dolphins can often be seen from
6250-461: The "Gabrieleño" labor population at the mission was recorded to be 1,201. It jumped to 1,636 in 1820 and then declined to 1,320 in 1830. Resistance to this system of forced labor continued into the early 19th century. In 1817, the San Gabriel Mission recorded that there were "473 Indian fugitives." In 1828, a German immigrant purchased the land on which the village of Yang-Na stood and evicted
6375-497: The Balboa Peninsula for both pedestrians and bikers. Newport Harbor is the largest recreational boat harbor on the U.S. west coast, and a popular destination for all boating activities, including sailing , fishing , rowing , kayaking , and paddleboarding . The annual Christmas Boat Parade started in 1908. Competitive sailing, rowing, and paddling events are common. The annual Newport to Ensenada International Yacht Race
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#17328527455106500-569: The Balboa and Newport Piers, as well as the shoreline during migration season. Fishing is also extremely popular in Newport Bay, off the coast of Newport, and along the Newport Bay Jetty. Within the bay, there are multiple locations to purchase bait for dockside or spearfishing convenience. There are about 80 fishable species located in Newport Bay. A few of the most commonly fished species include
6625-619: The City limits in localities widely separated... All vagrant Indians of either sex who have not tried to secure a situation within four days and are found unemployed, shall be put to work on public works or sent to the house of correction. In 1848, Los Angeles formally became a town of the United States following the Mexican-American War . Landless and unrecognized, the people faced continued violence, subjugation, and enslavement (through convict labor ) under American occupation. Some of
6750-559: The Gabrieleño culture was extinct, stating "they have melted away so completely that we know more of the finer facts of the culture of ruder tribes." Scholars have noted that this extinction myth has proven to be "remarkably resilient," yet is untrue. Despite being declared extinct, Gabrieleño children were still being assimilated by federal agents who encouraged enrollment at Sherman Indian School in Riverside, California . Between 1890 and 1920, at least 50 Gabrieleño children were recorded at
6875-527: The Gray Smoothhound Shark, Leopard Shark, Round Stingray, Shovelnose Guitarfish, Pacific Staghorn Sculpin, Silvery Mullet, Top-smelt, California Halibut, Spotted Sand Bass, Yellowfin Croaker, Bat Ray, Thornback Ray, Diamond Turbot, Shiner Surfperch, Corbina, Opaleye, Pile Surfperch, and Red Shiner. Commercial fishing is also prominent in offshore Newport Beach and Newport Bay. Lobsters are commonly fished in
7000-413: The Los Angeles basin area, only 20 former neophytes from San Gabriel Mission received any land from secularization. What they received were relatively small plots of land. A "Gabrieleño" by the name of Prospero Elias Dominguez was granted a 22-acre plot near the mission while Mexican authorities granted the remainder of the mission land, approximately 1.5 million acres, to a few colonist families. In 1846, it
7125-559: The Newport area. Anglo-American inhabitation in the area grew substantially following 1870 when a 105-ton steamer named The Vaquero, captained by Captain Samuel S. Dunnells (against warnings posted by surveyors), safely steered through the lower and upper bay of Newport where it unloaded its cargo. James Irvine , upon hearing the astonishing news, quickly traveled from his home in San Francisco to
7250-575: The Padres and the others of the Mission, because they had come to live and establish themselves in her land.’’ In June 1788, nearly three years later, their sentences arrived from Mexico City : Nicolás José was banned from San Gabriel and sentenced to six years of hard labor in irons at the most distant penitentiary in the region. Toypurina was banished from Mission San Gabriel and sent to the most distant Spanish mission. Resistance to Spanish rule demonstrated how
7375-621: The San Joaquin Hills Toll Road, extends through the length of the hills from Newport Beach to San Juan Capistrano. State Route 133 crosses the hills through Laguna Canyon in Laguna Beach, and they are also crossed in several other places by less major roads. Newport Beach, California Newport Beach is a coastal city of about 85,000 in southern Orange County, California , United States. Located about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of downtown Los Angeles , Newport Beach
7500-544: The San Joaquin Ranch. Meeting in Irvine's ranch house near present-day UC Irvine with his brother Robert Irvine and friend James McFadden, they agreed that the newly found port should be simply named "Newport" which is where Newport Beach gets its name. James McFadden built a long McFadden Wharf in 1888. In 1905, city development increased when Pacific Electric Railway established a southern terminus in Newport connecting
7625-464: The Senate. The US had negotiated with people who did not represent the Tongva and had no authority to cede their land. During the following occupation by Americans, many of the Tongva and other Indigenous peoples were targeted with arrest . Unable to pay fines, they were used as convict laborers in a system of legalized slavery to expand the city of Los Angeles for Anglo-American settlers, who became
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#17328527455107750-509: The Spanish Crown's claims to California were both insecure and contested. By the 1800s, San Gabriel was the richest in the entire colonial mission system, supplying cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, horses, mules, and other supplies for settlers and settlements throughout Alta California . The mission functioned as a slave plantation. Latter-day ethnologist Hugo Reid reported, “Indian children were taken from their parents to be raised behind bars at
7875-649: The Tongva as "Gabrieleno." At the Gabrieleño settlement of Yaanga along the Los Angeles River , missionaries and Indian neophytes, or baptized converts, built the first town of Los Angeles in 1781. It was called El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of Porziuncola). In 1784, a sister mission, the Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles Asistencia ,
8000-405: The Tongva people and that none of these persons had authority to cede lands that belonged to the people. An 1852 editorial in the Los Angeles Star revealed the public's anger towards any possibility of the Gabrieleño receiving recognition and exercising sovereignty: To place upon our most fertile soil the most degraded race of aborigines upon the North American Continent, to invest them with
8125-490: The Tongva- Serrano on the other, at about 2,000 years ago. (This is comparable to the differentiation of the Romance languages of Europe). The division of the Tongva/Serrano group into the separate Tongva and Serrano peoples is more recent, and may have been influenced by Spanish missionary activity . The majority of Tongva territory was located in what has been referred to as the Sonoran life zone, with rich ecological resources of acorn, pine nut, small game, and deer. On
8250-406: The United States in a 2009 survey. Newport Beach is home to one Fortune 500 company, insurer Pacific Life . Other companies based in Newport Beach include Acacia Research , Galardi Group ( Wienerschnitzel ), Chipotle Mexican Grill , The Original Hamburger Stand , Tastee-Freez , the Irvine Company , Jazz Semiconductor , PIMCO , and Urban Decay . Fletcher Jones Motor Cars in Newport Beach
8375-455: The World " after the neighborhood on its peak; and Niguel Hill in Laguna Niguel . A fault line , the San Joaquin Hills blind thrust , lies eight miles below the hills. Scientists have suggested that the San Joaquin Hills have been formed by uplift from this fault. The main ridge of the San Joaquin Hills runs southeast from the Upper Newport Bay area, attaining its maximum height of roughly 1,000 feet (300 m) near Laguna Beach . Many of
8500-422: The attempt by converts or neophytes. Toypurina, José and two other leaders of the rebellion, Chief Tomasajaquichi of Juvit village and a man named Alijivit, from nearby village of Jajamovit, were put on trial for the 1785 rebellion. At his trial, José stated that he participated because the ban at the mission on dances and ceremony instituted by the missionaries, and enforced by the governor of California in 1782,
8625-415: The average family size was 2.71. In the city, the population was spread out, with 15.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 96.6 males. According to a 2019 US Census estimate, the median income for
8750-501: The basin, along its rivers and on its shoreline, stretching from the deserts and to the sea." Only a few villages led by tomyaars (chiefs) were "in the mountains, where Chengiichngech 's avengers, serpents, and bears lived," as described by historian Kelly Lytle Hernández. However, "the grand jury dismissed the depths of Indigenous claims to life, land, and sovereignty in the region and, instead, chose to frame Indigenous peoples as drunks and vagrants loitering in Los Angeles... disavowing
8875-418: The beach with downtown Los Angeles . In 1906 (with a population of 206 citizens), the scattered settlements were incorporated as the City of Newport Beach. Settlements were filled in on the Peninsula, West Newport, Newport Island, Balboa Island , and Lido Isle . In 1923, Corona del Mar was annexed and in 2002, Newport Coast , East Santa Ana Heights , and San Joaquin Hills were annexed. In 2008, after
9000-400: The canyon of Salt Creek . The southern extent of the hills are cut by San Juan Creek . The native vegetation of the hills is in the California coastal sage and chaparral and California chaparral and woodlands ecoregions , largely coastal sage scrub , but other habitat types include grasslands , oak woodlands , wetlands , and riparian habitats along several streams. In past ages
9125-399: The church [traditional structure made of brush]." There is some speculation that Reid was campaigning for the position of Indian agent in Southern California, but died before he could be appointed. Instead, in 1852, Benjamin D. Wilson was appointed, who maintained the status quo. The letters of Hugo Reid revealed the names of 28 Gabrielino villages. In 1855, the Gabrieleño were reported by
9250-689: The city streets clean in the 1850s and 1860s but increasingly included road construction projects as well. Although federal officials reported that there were an estimated 16,930 California Indians and 1,050 at Mission San Gabriel, "the federal agents ignored them and those living in Los Angeles" because they were viewed as "friendly to the whites," as revealed in the personal diaries of Commissioner George W. Barbour . In 1852, superintendent of Indian affairs Edward Fitzgerald Beale echoed this sentiment, reporting that "because these Indians were Christians, with many holding ranch jobs and having interacted with whites," that "they are not much to be dreaded." Although
9375-536: The city's governing body was known as a board of trustees with a president as its head. An act of the Legislature in 1927 changed the board to City Council with a mayor as the head. In the California State Legislature , Newport Beach is in the 36th Senate District , represented by Republican Janet Nguyen , and in the 72nd Assembly District , represented by Republican Diane Dixon . In
9500-424: The coast, shellfish, sea mammals, and fish were available. Prior to Christianization , the prevailing Tongva worldview was that humans were not the apex of creation, but were rather one strand in the web of life . Humans, along with plants, animals, and the land were in a reciprocal relationship of mutual respect and care, which is evident in their creation stories. The Tongva understand time as nonlinear and there
9625-411: The early twentieth century, Gabrieleño identity had suffered greatly under American occupation. Most Gabrieleño publicly identified as Mexican, learned Spanish, and adopted Catholicism while keeping their identity a secret. In schools, students were punished for mentioning that they were "Indian" and many of the people assimilated into Mexican-American or Chicano culture. Further attempts to establish
9750-565: The endonym would be pronounced / ˈ t ɒ ŋ v eɪ / , TONG -vay . Some descendants prefer the endonym Kizh , which they argue is an earlier and more historically accurate name that was well documented by records of the Smithsonian Institution, Congress, the Catholic Church, the San Gabriel Mission, and other historical scholars. The Spanish referred to the Indigenous peoples surrounding Mission San Gabriel as
9875-454: The entire community with the help of Mexican officials. The mission period ended in 1834 with secularization under Mexican rule. Some "Gabrieleño" absorbed into Mexican society as a result of secularization, which emancipated the neophytes. Tongva and other California Natives largely became workers while former Spanish elites were granted huge land grants. Land was systemically denied to California Natives by Californio land owning men. In
10000-481: The first laws passed targeted Natives for arrest, imprisonment, and convict labor. The 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians "targeted Native peoples for easy arrest by stipulating that they could be arrested on vagrancy charges based 'on the complaint of any reasonable citizen'" and Gabrieleños faced the brunt of this policy. Section 14 of the act stated: When an Indian is convicted of any offence before
10125-612: The high ridges exceed 600 to 800 feet (180 to 240 m) in height. The hills stretch over a distance of about 16 miles (26 km) and can be up to 3 to 4 miles (4.8 to 6.4 km) broad. In many places, the San Joaquin Hills drop directly into the Pacific Ocean, creating the steep sea cliffs that characterize the region. Streams that originate on the west slope of the range include Buck Gully, Los Trancos Creek, Muddy Creek, El Moro Creek, Emerald Creek, Prima Deshecha Cañada, Segunda Deshecha Cañada, and Christianitos Canyon . The east side
10250-484: The island attracts walkers and joggers and provides easy access from the ferry to the shops and restaurants. Fashion Island at Newport Center is a regional shopping and entertainment destination. Dining in Newport Beach tends to focus on seafood restaurants. Upper Newport Bay , or the Back Bay, is ringed by Back Bay Drive and a network of trails and paths that attract bicyclists , rollerbladers , joggers, and walkers. Bird watchers and nature lovers are drawn to
10375-475: The jail and convict labor crews in Mexican Los Angeles." By 1844, most Natives in Los Angeles worked as servants in a perpetual system of servitude, tending to the land and serving settlers, invaders, and colonizers. The ayuntamiunto forced the Native settlement of Yaanga to move farther away from town. By the mid-1840s, the settlement was forcibly moved eastward across the Los Angeles River , placing
10500-497: The land that is now the San Joaquin Hills lay under the ocean: construction for the San Joaquin Hills Toll Road unearthed a number of artifacts and more than 40,000 fossils, up to 35 million years old, including 5-million-year-old fossilized whales. Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the area, residents of the nearby Tongva and Acjachemen village of Genga frequented the hills. The hills take their name from Rancho San Joaquin , owned by Jose Andres Sepulveda . Formed in 1842 by
10625-405: The local port to many "Newport Party Boats" that can be rented for events, as well as small merchants and local restaurants. It also hosts the area boat show each year, and an organic "Farmers Market" on Sundays, in addition to being the port for the local Gondola Company. In 2014, the center was closed for a renovation. The Lido Village was reopened in 2017 after a complete renovation. In 1927,
10750-405: The mainland). European contact was first made in 1542 by Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo , who was greeted at Santa Catalina by people in a canoe. The following day, Cabrillo and his men entered a large bay on the mainland, which they named Baya de los Fumos ("Bay of Smokes") because of the many smoke fires they saw there. The Indigenous people smoked their fish for preservation. This
10875-739: The many smoke fires they saw there. This is commonly believed to be San Pedro Bay , near present-day San Pedro . The Gaspar de Portola expedition in 1769 was the first contact by land to reach Tongva territory, marking the beginning of Spanish colonization. Franciscan padre Junipero Serra accompanied Portola. Within two years of the expedition, Serra had founded four missions, including Mission San Gabriel , founded in 1771 and rebuilt in 1774, and Mission San Fernando , founded in 1797. The people enslaved at San Gabriel were referred to as Gabrieleños , while those enslaved at San Fernando were referred to as Fernandeños . Although their language idioms were distinguishable, they did not diverge greatly, and it
11000-476: The merger of two smaller ranches, this ranch included the northern part of the hills and likely had Laguna Canyon as its southeastern boundary. Rancho San Joaquin later became part of the Irvine Ranch . Mexican Rancho Niguel was located in the southeastern section of the hills. The San Joaquin Hills blind thrust may be the source of the earliest recorded earthquake in California, a large earthquake felt in what
11125-418: The mission system. Many individuals returned to their village at time of death. Many converts retained their traditional practices in both domestic and spiritual contexts, despite the attempts by the padres and missionaries to control them. Traditional foods were incorporated into the mission diet and lithic and shell bead production and use persisted. More overt strategies of resistance such as refusal to enter
11250-438: The mission. They were allowed outside the locked dormitories only to attend to church business and their assigned chores. When they were old enough, boys and girls were put to work in the vast vineyards and orchards owned by the missions. Soldiers watched, ready to hunt down any who tried to escape.” Writing in 1852, Reid said he knew of Tongva who “had an ear lopped off or were branded on the lip for trying to get away.” In 1810,
11375-457: The missions . They sold the mission lands , known as ranchos, to elite ranchers and forced the Tongva to assimilate. Most became landless refugees during this time. In 1848, California was ceded to the United States following the Mexican-American War . The US government signed 18 treaties between 1851 and 1852 promising 8.5 million acres (3.4 million ha) of land for reservations . However, these treaties were never ratified by
11500-404: The new majority in the area by 1880. In the early 20th century, an extinction myth was purported about the Gabrieleño, who largely identified publicly as Mexican-American by this time. However, a close-knit community of the people remained in contact with one another between Tejon Pass and San Gabriel township into the 20th century. Since 2006, four organizations have claimed to represent
11625-416: The northern boundary was somewhere between Topanga and Malibu (perhaps the vicinity of Malibu Creek ) and the southern boundary was Orange County's Aliso Creek . The word Tongva was coined by C. Hart Merriam in 1905 from numerous informants. These included Mrs. James Rosemyre (née Narcisa Higuera) (Gabrileño), who lived around Fort Tejon , near Bakersfield. Merriam's orthography makes it clear that
11750-504: The offshore beach now recognized as the Balboa Peninsula of Newport Beach. For thousands of years, the Tongva people lived on the land in an extensive, thriving community. The Tongva villages of Genga and Moyongna were located in Newport Beach. The Spanish Empire colonized the land, followed by Mexicans and Americans , all of whom displaced the Tongva. The State of California sold 1-acre (0.40 ha)-plots of land for $ 1 apiece in
11875-479: The people living in San Gabriel during this time. In 1859, amidst increasing criminalization and absorption into the city's burgeoning convict labor system, the county grand jury declared "stringent vagrant laws should be enacted and enforced compelling such persons ['Indians'] to obtain an honest livelihood or seek their old homes in the mountains." This declaration ignored Reid's research, which stated that most Tongva villages, including Yaanga , "were located in
12000-510: The people were displaced to small Mexican and Native communities in the Eagle Rock and Highland Park districts of Los Angeles as well as Pauma , Pala , Temecula , Pechanga , and San Jacinto . Imprisonment of Natives in Los Angeles was a symbol of establishing the new "rule of law." The city's vigilante community would routinely "invade" the jail and hang the accused in the streets. Once congress granted statehood to California in 1850, many of
12125-655: The people: Two of the groups, the hyphen and the slash group, were founded after a hostile split over the question of building an Indian casino . In 1994, the state of California recognized the Gabrielino "as the aboriginal tribe of the Los Angeles Basin." No organized group representing the Tongva has attained recognition as a tribe by the federal government . The lack of federal recognition has prevented self-identified Tongva descendants from having control over Tongva ancestral remains, artifacts, and has left them without
12250-643: The population) lived in households, 151 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 251 (0.3%) were institutionalized. There were 38,751 households, out of which 8,212 (21.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 17,273 (44.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,608 (6.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,199 (3.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,846 (4.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 233 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 12,838 households (33.1%) were individuals, and 4,412 (11.4%) had someone living alone who
12375-399: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units, and 34,273 people (40.2%) lived in rental housing units. In 2009–2013, Newport Beach had a median household income of $ 106,333, with 7.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line. As of the census of 2000, there were 70,032 people, 33,071 households, and 16,965 families residing in the city. The population density
12500-408: The population. There were 33,071 households, out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.7% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09, and
12625-416: The provisions of the Act of 1968, remain on the list of the “Indians of California.” To comply with the Act, the Secretary of Interior would have to collect information about the group affiliation of an applicant's Indian ancestors. That information would be used to identify applicants who could share in another award. The group affiliation of an applicant's ancestors was thus a basis for exclusion from, but not
12750-404: The reefs. However, the bright orange Garibaldi fish found offshore is a protected species. On dark nights intense occurrences of bioluminescence can be observed when waves splash into the shore or when marine animals leave glowing traces in their wake. The Pelican Hill area has two golf courses that rank among Golf Digest America's 100 Greatest Public Golf Courses. The City of Newport Beach
12875-537: The rights of sovereignty, and to teach them that they are to be treated as powerful and independent nations, is planting the seeds of future disaster and ruin... We hope that the general government will let us alone—that it will neither undertake to feed, settle or remove the Indians amongst whome we in the South reside, and that they leave everything just as it now exists, except affording us the protection which two or three cavalry companies would give. In 1852, Hugo Reid wrote
13000-533: The same land for generations, did not hold legal title to the land, and used the law to evict Indian families." The Gabrieleño became vocal about this and notified former Indian agent J. Q. Stanley, who referred to them as "half-civilized" yet lobbied to protect the Gabrieleño "against the lawless whites living amongst them," arguing that they would become " vagabonds " otherwise. However, active Indian agent Augustus P. Greene's recommendation took precedent, arguing that "Mission Indians in southern California were slowing
13125-571: The same time, three languages were recorded in Mission San Fernando. Prior to Russian and Spanish colonization in what is now referred to California, the Tongva primarily identified by their associated villages ( Topanga , Cahuenga , Tujunga , Cucamonga , etc.) For example, individuals from Yaanga were known as Yaangavit among the people (in mission records, they were recorded as Yabit ). The Tongva lived in as many as one hundred villages. One or two clans would usually constitute
13250-481: The sawmill." A missionary during this period reported that three out of four children died at Mission San Gabriel before reaching the age of 2. Nearly 6,000 Tongva lie buried in the grounds of the San Gabriel Mission. Carey McWilliams characterized it as follows: "the Franciscan padres eliminated Indians with the effectiveness of Nazis operating concentration camps...." There is much evidence of Tongva resistance to
13375-481: The school. Between 1910 and 1920, the establishment of the Mission Indian Federation, of which the Gabrieleño joined, led to the 1928 California Indians Jurisdictional Act, which created official enrollment records for those who could prove ancestry from a California Indian living in the state in 1852. Over 150 people self-identified as Gabrieleño on this roll. A Gabrieleño woman at Tejon Reservation provided
13500-594: The settlement of this portion of the country for non-Indians and suggested that the Indians be completely assimilated," as summarized by Singleton. In 1882, Helen Hunt Jackson was sent by the federal government to document the condition of the Mission Indians in southern California. She reported that there were a considerable number of people "in the colonies in the San Gabriel Valley, where they live like gypsies in brush huts, here today, gone tomorrow, eking out
13625-521: The sight of Spanish sticks that spit fire and death, nor [to] retch at the evil smell of gunsmoke—and be done with you white invaders!’ This quote, from Thomas Workman Temple II's article “Toypurina the Witch and the Indian Uprising at San Gabriel” is arguably a mistranslation and embellishment of her actual testimony. According to the soldier who recorded her words, she stated simply that she ‘‘was angry with
13750-651: The summer including the Beer Can Races . The historic Balboa Pavilion and Balboa Island Ferry are on the Balboa Peninsula and Balboa's most famous landmarks. The 500-passenger Catalina Flyer is adjacent to the Pavilion and provides daily transportation to and from Avalon , located on Santa Catalina Island . The Balboa Fun Zone is also home to the Newport Harbor Nautical Museum . Balboa Island village draws many visitors. A waterfront path around
13875-500: The superintendent of Indian affairs Thomas J. Henley to be in "a miserable and degraded condition." However, Henley admitted that moving them to a reservation, potentially at Sebastian Reserve in Tejon Pass , would be opposed by the citizens because "in the vineyards, especially during the grape season, their labor is made useful and is obtained at a cheap rate." A few Gabrieleño were in fact at Sebastian Reserve and maintained contact with
14000-691: The supernatural." As stated by scholars John Dietler, Heather Gibson, and Benjamin Vargas, "Catholic enterprises of proselytization , acceptance into a mission as a convert, in theory, required abandoning most, if not all, traditional lifeways." Various strategies of control were implemented to retain control, such as use of violence, segregation by age and gender, and using new converts as instruments of control over others. For example, Mission San Gabriel's Father Zalvidea punished suspected shamans "with frequent flogging and by chaining traditional religious practitioners together in pairs and sentencing them to hard labor in
14125-543: The system, work slowdowns, abortion and infanticide of children resulting from rape, and fugitivism were also prevalent. Five major uprisings were recorded at Mission San Gabriel alone. Two late-eighteenth century rebellions against the mission system were led by Nicolás José, who was an early convert who had two social identities: "publicly participating in Catholic sacraments at the mission but privately committed to traditional dances, celebrations, and rituals." He participated in
14250-399: Was 4,738.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,829.7/km ). There were 37,288 housing units at an average density of 2,523.1 per square mile (974.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 92.22% White , 0.53% African American , 0.26% Native American , 4.00% Asian , 0.12% Pacific Islander , 1.13% from other races , and 1.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.71% of
14375-403: Was 44.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 95.5 males. There were 44,193 housing units at an average density of 834.2 per square mile (322.1/km ), of which 21,224 (54.8%) were owner-occupied, and 17,527 (45.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.8%. 50,511 people (59.3% of
14500-418: Was 65 years or older. The average household size was 2.19. There were 21,080 families (54.4% of all households); the average family size was 2.81. The population was different ages with 14,744 people (17.3%) under the age of 18, 6,659 people (7.8%) aged 18 to 24, 22,299 people (26.2%) aged 25 to 44, 25,322 people (29.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 16,162 people (19.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
14625-409: Was based on an Indigenous worldview that positioned humans as one strand in a web of life (as expressed in their creation stories ). Over time, different communities came to speak distinct dialects of the Tongva language , part of the Takic subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan language family. There may have been five or more such languages (three on the southernmost Channel Islands and at least two on
14750-438: Was founded at Yaanga as well. Entire villages were baptized and indoctrinated into the mission system with devastating results. For example, from 1788 to 1815, natives of the village of Guaspet were baptized at San Gabriel. Proximity to the missions created mass tension for Native Californians, which initiated "forced transformations in all aspects of daily life, including manners of speaking, eating, working, and connecting with
14875-435: Was heavily dependent on Native labor and "grew slowly on the back of the Gabrieleño laborers." Some of the people became vaqueros on the ranches, highly skilled horsemen or cowboys, herding and caring for the cattle. There was little land available to the Tongva to use for food outside of the ranches. Some crops such as corn and beans were planted on ranchos to sustain the workers. Several Gabrieleño families stayed within
15000-408: Was incorporated on September 1, 1906 and adopted its charter on January 7, 1955. The city implements a council–manager form of government, directed by a seven-member council who reside in specific geographic districts, but are elected at-large. Council elections take place in even-numbered years, and council members serve four-year terms. The mayor is chosen annually by the city council. Until 1927
15125-430: Was intolerable as they prevented their mourning ceremonies. When questioned about the attack, Toypurina is famously quoted in as saying that she participated in the instigation because “[she hated] the padres and all of you, for living here on my native soil, for trespassing upon the land of my forefathers and despoiling our tribal domains. … I came [to the mission] to inspire the dirty cowards to fight, and not to quail at
15250-410: Was no place for Natives living but not working in Mexican Los Angeles. In turn, the ayuntamiunto (city council) passed new laws to compel Natives to work or be arrested." In January 1836, the council directed Californios to sweep across Los Angeles to arrest "all drunken Indians." As recorded by Hernández, "Tongva men and women, along with an increasingly diverse set of their Native neighbors, filled
15375-423: Was noted by researcher Kelly Lytle Hernández that 140 Gabrieleños signed a petition demanding access to mission lands and that Californio authorities rejected their petition. Emancipated from enslavement in the missions yet barred from their own land, most Tongva became landless refugees during this period. Entire villages fled inland to escape the invaders and continued devastation. Others moved to Los Angeles,
15500-539: Was recorded by Anglo-American settlers, "'White men, whom the Marshal is too discreet to arrest' ... spilled out of the town's many saloons, streets, and brothels, but the aggressive and targeted enforcement of state and local vagrancy and drunk codes filled the Los Angeles County Jail with Natives, most of whom were men." Most spent their days working on the county chain gang , which was largely involved with keeping
15625-553: Was returned to the conservancy in Altadena , which marked the first time the Tongva had land in Los Angeles County in 200 years. Tongva territories border those of numerous other tribes in the region. The historical Tongva lands made up what is now called "the coastal region of Los Angeles County , the northwest portion of Orange County and off-lying islands." In 1962 Curator Bernice Johnson, of Southwest Museum , asserted that
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