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49-457: The first known Saltukid is Ali, who was ruler of Erzurum in 1103. His son and successor was Saltuk, who succeeded him sometime after 1123. Saltuk had a female relative, a daughter or sister, who married Shah-i- Armind of Akhlat , Sukman II . In 1132, Ali's son Izz al-Din Saltuk became malik . Izz al-Din was defeated captured in 1154 by Georgians, led by Dimitri I. He would be ransomed by Sökmen of

98-573: A presence around Homs , Damascus , the Ghouta and Hawran plains, the Golan Heights , Palestine , Transjordan (al-Balqa), and in the cities of Kufa and Basra . By the 14th century, only remnants of the Qaysi tribes still lived in their central Arabian ancestral lands. Huge numbers of Qaysi tribesmen had made their dwelling places throughout North Africa in a series of migratory waves. Among them were

147-700: A view to including the Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel on UNESCO 's World Heritage List , where they are currently listed tentatively. In recent years, Ahlat also came to be known for the quality of its potatoes , which carved themselves a sizable share in the Turkish agricultural products market. The touristic places in Ahlat are Çifte Kümbet (Twin Tombs), Ahlat Seljuk Cemetery , Ahlat Museum, Lake Nemrut and

196-629: The Arabian Peninsula and established themselves in Jund Qinnasrin , the military district of the northern region of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia , which long became their abode. From there they governed on behalf of the caliphs or rebelled against them. The power of the Qays as a unified group diminished with the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate , which did not derive its military strength solely from

245-618: The Banu Ghani , whose founder was a son of A'sur, and the Banu al-Tufawa, which consisted of the descendants of three other sons of A'sur, Tha'laba, Amir and Mu'awiya, who were half-brothers of Ghani; they were collectively called after their mother, al-Tufawa. The Bahila was the other large sub-tribe of A'sur, and its founders were the sons of a certain Bahila, who, at different times was the wife of two of A'sur's sons, Malik and Ma'n; there were many clans of

294-791: The Battle of Buzakha , after which they once again returned to Islam and submitted to the Muslim state based in Medina. After the Ridda Wars, Qaysi tribesmen played an important part in the Muslim conquests of Persia under al-Muthanna al-Shaybani and the Levant . During Caliph Uthman 's reign (644–656), the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya I , brought numerous Qaysi tribesmen from the Banu Kilab , Banu Uqayl (both sub-tribes of

343-759: The Cave dwellings of Ahlat . In 1891 the kaza had 23,659 inhabitants: 16,635 Muslims; 6,609 Armenians; and 415 others. The city was then almost abandoned with only 200 houses on the eve of the First World War, including 15 Armenian houses. The city includes Kurds of the Bekiran tribe and Karapapakhs . Ahlat has a dry-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dsa ), with very warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Qays Qays ʿAylān ( Arabic : قيس عيلان ), often referred to simply as Qays ( Kais or Ḳays ) were an Arab tribal confederation that branched from

392-652: The Committee of Union and Progress . It was already noted in 1846 by Ottoman officials that the town could be used to control the Kurds with an iron fist since it was located 'in the heart of Kurdistan'. Ahlat and its surroundings are known for a large number of historic tombstones left by the Ahlatshah dynasty, also known as the Shah-Armen, Shah-i-Arman, or Ahlat-Shah dynasty. Efforts are presently being made by local authorities with

441-564: The Mudar group. The tribe appears to have functioned as a unit in the pre-Islamic Arabia (before 630). However, by the early Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), its constituent tribes consolidated into one of the main tribal political factions of the caliphate. The major constituent tribes or tribal groupings of the Qays were the Ghatafan , Hawazin , Amir , Thaqif , Sulaym , Ghani , Bahila and Muharib . Many of these tribes or their clans migrated from

490-684: The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 , Ahlat was taken by the Ottoman army led by Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha . In 1548, Ahlat was recaptured by the Safavids, who then sacked it. During Suleiman the Magnificent 's reign (1520-1566), Ahlat eventually became a solid part of the Ottoman Empire. However, "in practise", Ahlat remained de facto under the control of various local Kurdish chiefs until

539-692: The Sultan of Rum Süleymanshah II during Süleymanshah's Georgian rout in 1202, and the Saltukid beylik was subsequently annexed by the Sultanate of Rum. During 30 years after this conquest, the region of Erzurum was then ruled by the two Seljuq princes Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II and his son Jahan Shah bin Tughril as an appanage, before being incorporated into the Sultanate of Rum under Kay Qubadh I in 627/1230. The beys of Saltuk left important works of architecture such as

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588-635: The Sultanate of Rum (the Anatolian branch of the Seljuq dynasty ). In the 12th century, Ahlat and its adjacent territory was conquered and vassalized by the Kingdom of Georgia. In this period Georgians called city by name Khlati , modified native Armenian name Khlat . Following the Battle of Köse Dağ (1243) and the fall of Baghdad (1258), Ahlat, "together with eastern Anatolia and upper Mesopotamia ", became part of

637-459: The 11th century accounts of Nasir Khusraw (in his Safarnama ) the town of "Akhlat" ( Persian : اخلاط , Axlāt ) is mentioned. According to the Institute of Ismaili Studies (who cite Thackston, W. Wheeler McIntosh, ed. trans., Nasir-i Khusraw’s Book of Travels (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2010), 8.), the excerpt goes as follows: "From there ( Harran ) we arrived in the city of Akhlat on

686-450: The 18th of Jumada al-Awwal [November 20 CE]. This city is the border town between the Muslims and Armenians, and from Bekri it is nineteen leagues. The Prince, Nasruddawla, was over a hundred years old and had many sons, to each of whom he had given a district. In the city of Akhlat they speak three languages: Arabic , Persian , and Armenian . It is my supposition that this is why they named

735-612: The Amr branch were the Zahran tribes of the banu Adwan and banu Fahm, both founded by sons of Amr. According to Arab legend, the original homeland of the Qaysi tribes was in the low-lying areas of the Tihamah along the Hejaz (western Arabia). By Muhammad 's time (ca. 570 CE), the numerous branches of the Qays had spread to the areas southeast and northeast of Mecca , the region of Medina , other areas in

784-706: The Arab tribes. Nonetheless, individual Qaysi tribes remained a potent force and some migrated to North Africa and al-Andalus , where they carved out their power. The full name of the tribal confederation is Qays ʿAylān or Qays ibn ʿAylān , though it is most frequently referred to simply as Qays ; occasionally in Arabic poetry , it is referred to solely as ʿAylān . Members of the Qays are referred to as al-Qaysĭyūn (sing. Qaysī ), transliterated in English-language sources as "Qaysites" or "Kaisites". As an ethno-political group,

833-709: The Artuqids, who later married a daughter of Izz al-Din. In 1161, Izz al-Din along with other Turkish allies besieged the Georgians at Ani, but was defeated. He sent a daughter to marry Kilij Arslan II, but she was captured by the Danishmendid Yağıbasan and married off to his nephew. The Saltukid dynasty is also notable for having a woman, Melike Mama Hatun , sister of Nasiruddin Muhammed , directly administering its realm for an estimated nine years, between 1191 and 1200. She

882-770: The Bahila, the largest being the Banu Qutayba and Banu Wa'il. The largest sub-tribes of the Ghatafan were the Banu Dhubyan and Banu Abs , both of whose founders were sons of Baghid ibn Rayth ibn Ghatafan, and the Banu Ashja', whose founder was a son of Rayth ibn Ghatafan. From Banu Dhubyan came the Fazara , whose founder was a son of Dhubyan, and the Banu Murra , whose founder was a son of 'Awf ibn Sa'd ibn Dhubyan. The two main sub-tribes of

931-723: The Banu Amir) and the Sulaym to inhabit Upper Mesopotamia , northern Syria and the frontier region with the Byzantine Empire and Armenia . Qaysi tribesmen largely fought on the side of Ali against his rivals within Quraysh at the Battle of the Camel in 656 and against Mu'awiya in the Battle of Siffin in 657, respectively. Mu'awiya I founded the Umayyad Caliphate in 661. Between then and

980-946: The Banu Sulaym in Ifriqiya (central North Africa) and Fes , the Adwan in Ifriqiya, the Fazara and Banu Rawah in Cyrenaica , Tripolitania and Fezzan , the Banu Ashja' in Algeria and Morocco , the Banu Hilal (a sub-tribe of the Banu Amir) in Ifriqiya, Constantine and Annaba and the Banu Jusham in Morocco. According to A. Fischer, the recorded history of Qays, like most Arabian tribes, begins with their engagements in

1029-623: The Caliph commissioned Habib directly. During the next four centuries, Ahlat was ruled by "Arab governors, Armenian princes, and Arab emirs of the Qays tribe". In the early eighth century, Arab tribes settled in the region, and Ahlat became part of the Arab Kaysite principality. Ibn Hawqal (died ca. 978) mentioned Ahlat as an important stopover point on the Urmia - Mayyafariqin trade route. In about 983, Ahlat

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1078-588: The Caliphate from Yazid III and relocated the Umayyad capital from Damascus to Harran in Qaysi territory. The Qays were Marwan's principal military source in the Battle of the Zab in 750, in which Marwan was killed; shortly after, the Umayyad realm entirely fell to the Abbasid Caliphate . The Qays were not able to recover from the huge losses they suffered during the late Umayyad period, and their political role, though present,

1127-564: The Georgian Queen Tamar . The name of the ruling dynasty of the beylik should not be confused with that of Sarı Saltuk , a Turkish mystic and saint ; who is of later date, more associated with western Anatolia and the Balkans (especially Dobruja ), and to whom the epic Saltuknâme is dedicated. The last ruler of the Saltukids, Alaeddin Muhammed, was dethroned and imprisoned by

1176-677: The Hejaz, the highlands of the Najd and the Yamama (both in central Arabia), Bahrayn (eastern Arabia), and parts of Lower Mesopotamia where the Lakhmids ruled. Like other Arabian groups, numerous Qaysi tribes migrated northward during and after the Muslim conquests . Qaysi tribes spread throughout Syria and Mesopotamia , particularly in the northern parts of those regions, in the provinces of Qinnasrin (around Aleppo ) and Diyar Mudar . However, they also had

1225-541: The Kalb to the chagrin of the Qays. When Yazid and his successor Mu'awiya II died in relatively quick succession in 683 and 684, respectively, the Qays refused to recognize Umayyad authority. The Kalb and their Yamani allies essentially selected Marwan I to succeed Mu'awiya II, while the Qays largely joined the rebel cause of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr . Fighting in the latter's name, the Qaysi tribes of Amir, Sulaym and Ghatafan under al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri fought Marwan I and

1274-551: The Kalb were fought in the desert between Syria and Iraq . Umayr also entangled the Qays against the Taghlib , and the two sides fought several battles near the Khabur , Balikh and Tigris rivers. Umayr was killed by the Taghlib in 689 and Zufar submitted to Umayyad authority under Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 in return for a high place in the Umayyad court. The Qays were strong partisans of

1323-894: The Mongol Empire. The Mongols added Ahlat to the Ilkhanate division, and in the ensuing period, the Ilkhanid rulers minted coins in Ahlat. According to Hamdallah Mustawfi (died 1349), the revenues provided by Ahlat under the Ilkhanids, amounted up to 51,500 dinars . After the Ilkhanate, Ahlat became part of the Jalayirids and then the Ak Koyunlu . In the early 16th century, the Ottomans expanded into Eastern Anatolia ( Western Armenia ), taking control of

1372-399: The Qays are referred to in contemporary sources as al-Qaysīyya . Unlike most tribes of Arabia, the sources seldom use the term Banū (literally "sons of") when referring to the descendants of Qays. Qays is the namesake and progenitor of the confederation, and traditional Arab genealogy holds that the father of Qays was a certain Aylan. According to the traditional genealogists, ʿAylān

1421-419: The Qays did not function as a unit in the pre-Islamic era. Among the most well-known Ayyam battles was the Battle of Shi'b Jabala between the Qaysi Amir, Abs, Ghani, Bahila and Bajila on one side and the Qaysi Dhubyan and non-Qaysi Tamim , Banu Asad , Lakhmids and Kindites on the other side. The long war of Dahis and al-Ghabra was fought between the Abs and Dhubyan. Like other central Arabian tribes,

1470-563: The Qays were part of the Kindite Kingdom . In the beginning, Qaysi tribes were hostile to Muhammad and his Islamic teachings, which conflicted with their polytheistic religion. The Ghatafan and Sulaym, in particular, were in conflict with the Muslims in Medina in between 622 and 629. However, the Ashja' sub-tribe of Ghatafan had made an alliance with the Muslims in 627. By 630, the Sulaym and Ashja' had largely embraced Islam and backed Muhammad's conquest of Mecca in 630. These tribes fought against their Hawazin kinsmen shortly after. By

1519-400: The Tepsi Minare in Erzurum and the caravanserai in Mama Hatun . ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) Akhlat Ahlat ( Kurdish : Xelat ; Armenian : Խլաթ , romanized :  Khlat ) is a town in Turkey 's Bitlis Province in Eastern Anatolia Region . It is the seat of Ahlat District . The town had a population of 27,563 in 2021. The town of Ahlat is situated on

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1568-476: The Umayyads' collapse in 750, the Qays formed one of the main political and military components of the Caliphate. Their main antagonist were the Yamani tribes , led by the Banu Kalb . Other than competition for political, military and economic power, there was an ethnic component that defined the Qays–Yaman rivalry ; the Qays were "northern Arabs" while the Yaman were "southern Arabs". Mu'awiya and his son and successor Yazid I relied militarily and politically on

1617-461: The Yamani faction at the Battle of Marj Rahit in 684. The Qays were severely routed, leading to years of revenge-driven tit-for-tat raids between the Qays and Yaman. After Marj Rahit, the Qays came under the leadership of Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi and Umayr ibn al-Hubab al-Sulami . From their respective strongholds in al-Qarqisiya and Ras al-Ayn they tenaciously fought against the Yaman and resisted Umayyad authority. Most battles against

1666-453: The descent of all Arab tribes to either Adnan or Qahtan , father of the "South Arabians". By the dawn of Islam in the mid-7th century, the descendants of Qays were so numerous and so significant a group that the term Qaysī came to refer all North Arabians. The Qays consisted of several branches, which were divided into further sub-tribes. The first-tier divisions, i.e. the sons of Qays, were Khasafa, Sa'd and Amr. From Khasafa descended

1715-412: The large tribes of Hawazin and Banu Sulaym , both of whose founders were sons of Mansur ibn Ikrima ibn Khasafa, and the Banu Muharib , whose founder was the son of Ziyad ibn Khasafa. The Hawazin was a large tribal grouping that included several large sub-tribes. Among them were the Banu Amir , whose progenitor was Amir ibn Sa'sa' ibn Mu'awiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin, and the Thaqif , whose progenitor

1764-418: The mid-19th century, when the central Ottoman government in Constantinople imposed direct rule on the town. Vital Cuinet estimated the population of Ahlat at end of the 19th century at 23,700. According to Cuinet, seventy percent were Muslims, whereas the rest were Christians, mostly Armenians . When Cuinet passed through the city during this time period, ancient Ahlat was considered to be "abandoned", and

1813-519: The northwestern shore of Lake Van . The mayor is Abdulalim Mümtaz Çoban ( AKP ). Ahlat, known by its Armenian name of Khlat or Chliat in the ancient and medieval period, was once a part of the district of Bznunik' . The town was taken by the Arabs during the reign of Caliph Uthman ( r.   644–656); in 645, Uthman instructed the governor of Syria, Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan , to send Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri in an expedition to Byzantine -controlled Armenia —although some sources insist that

1862-423: The origins of the "Aylan" part of the epithet; among these are that Aylan was either the name of al-Nas's famous horse, his dog, his bow, a mountain where he was said to have been born, or a man who raised him. Qays was one of the two subdivisions of Mudar, the other being the Khindif (also known as al-Yās ). As descendants of Mudar, the Qays are considered Adnanites or "North Arabians"; Arab tradition traces

1911-399: The powerful Umayyad governors al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf of Thaqif and Qutayba ibn Muslim of Bahila. The Qays dominated the Umayyad government during the reigns of Yazid II and Walid II . As a result, the Yaman revolted against and killed Walid II, who was then replaced by Yazid III, who entirely depended on the Yaman. The Qays found a new patron in the Umayyad prince Marwan II , who wrested

1960-436: The pre-Islamic Ayyām al-ʿArab (battle days of the Arabs), which Fischer refers to as the "epic of the Arabs". Qaysi tribes were involved in numerous battles and feuds, some of which were against non-Qaysi tribes, but the vast majority being intra-Qaysi conflicts. Historian W. Mongtomery Watt holds that in the history of Ayyam al-Arab , only individual Qaysi tribes were named, rather than the larger confederation. Accordingly,

2009-417: The time of Muhammad's death in 631, all Qaysi tribes had likely converted to Islam, but after his death, many if not most apostatized and fought the Muslims in the Ridda Wars . The most active Qaysi tribe fighting against the Muslims was the Ghatafan, which attempted several times to capture Mecca before joining the anti-Islamic leader, Tulayha of the Banu Asad. The pagan Arab tribes were finally defeated in

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2058-418: The town Akhlat. Their commercial transactions are carried out in puls (possibly ancient Roman and Greek coins), and their rotel (Armenian money) is equivalent to three hundred dirhems ." With the decline of the Seljuks, and the new political upheaval presented by the invasions of the Khwarezmian Empire and the Mongol Empire , Ahlat became briefly disputed between the Ayyubids , the Kingdom of Georgia and

2107-425: The town for the first time under Sultan Selim I ( r.   1512-1520). Nevertheless, Ahlat remained only loosely under Ottoman control at the time, for it was considered to be a border district between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire . In 1526, during the reign of king ( shah ) Tahmasp I ( r.   1524-1576), Ahlat was in Safavid hands, and its governor was Delu Montasha Ustajlu. In 1533, during

2156-530: Was Qasi ibn Munabbih ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin. However, references to the Hawazin often excluded the Banu Amir and Thaqif, and were limited to the so-called ʿujz Hawāzin (the rear of Hawazin). The latter included the tribes of Banu Jusham , Banu Nasr and Banu Sa'd , all of whose founders were sons or grandsons of Bakr ibn Hawazin. The Banu Sulaym was divided into three main divisions, Imru' al-Qays, Harith and Tha'laba. Sa'd's sons A'sur and Ghatafan each bore several sub-tribes. The largest sub-tribes of A'sur were

2205-435: Was betrayed by Aponosar (Abu Nasr), the emir of the city. After the Battle of Manzikert (1071), the Seljuk army, led personally by Sultan Alp Arslan ( r.   1063-1072), took possession of the town. The Seljuks then gave control over the town to the Turkmen slave commander Sökmen el-Kutbî (or al-Qutbi). Sökmen and his successors were known as the Shah-Armens (or Ahlat-Shahs) and made Ahlat their capital. In

2254-483: Was controlled by a Kurdish chief named Bāḏ (in Armenian spelled as "Bat"); thereafter, Ahlat was associated with the Kurdish Marwanids (centered in Diyar Bakr ), which sprang from Bāḏ. In the winter of 998, the Curopalates David III of Tao besieged Khlat but was unable to capture it, partly because of his contemptuous treatment towards its Armenian population. In 1057, Herve Phrangopoulos retreated here with 300 Norman knights after breaking with Michael VI but

2303-440: Was later dethroned by the Beys and replaced by her son Malik-Shah once she had started searching for a husband among the Mamluk nobility. Mama Hatun built an impressive caravanserai in the town of Tercan , where her mausoleum also stands. Tercan itself used to be called "Mamahatun", and is sometimes still called as such locally. At one point, the son of Muhammad b. Saltuq II offered to convert to Christianity in order to marry

2352-464: Was referred to as Kharab Şehir , i.e. "the ruined town". Later, a new town, which had a population of 5,018 in 1961, grew some two kilometers to the east on the shore of Lake Van. During the Circassian genocide , several Circassian refugees from the North Caucasus were settled in Ahlat district and established a few villages. As part of the deportations of Kurds from 1916 to 1934, Kurds from Ahlat were deported to Diyarbakır for being disloyal to

2401-424: Was the epithet of al-Nās , a son of Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'ad ibn Adnan . The theory that Aylan is the father of Qays is rejected by Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406), a medieval historian of Arab tribes, and is indirectly rejected by other medieval Arab historians. Rather, Ibn Khaldun asserts that "Qays Aylan" is the epithet of al-Nas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'ad ibn Adnan. These historians hold varying theories as to

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