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59-478: According to W. Caskel, the genealogy of the Bahila "is somewhat complicated". The namesake of the tribe, Bahila, was a wife of Malik ibn A'sur ibn Sa'd ibn Qays , and after the latter's death, was married to Malik's brother Ma'n. Bahila mothered one son from Malik and two sons from Ma'n, and was also the foster mother of ten other sons of Ma'n (the foster sons came from two other mothers). Caskel describes this genealogy as

118-573: A presence around Homs , Damascus , the Ghouta and Hawran plains, the Golan Heights , Palestine , Transjordan (al-Balqa), and in the cities of Kufa and Basra . By the 14th century, only remnants of the Qaysi tribes still lived in their central Arabian ancestral lands. Huge numbers of Qaysi tribesmen had made their dwelling places throughout North Africa in a series of migratory waves. Among them were

177-696: A seat of power in the region. Following the early Muslim conquests in the 7th and 8th centuries , the tribes of Arabia begun migrating beyond the Arabian Peninsula in large numbers into different lands and regions across the Middle and North Africa. On the eve of the Rashidun Caliphate 's conquest of the Levant , 634 AD, Syria's population mainly spoke Aramaic; Greek was the official language of administration. Arabization and Islamization of Syria began in

236-466: A series of "artifices", which were familiar to the Arab genealogists, though the "accumulation" of such artifices with the origins of the Bahila was "remarkable". Among the sons of Bahila who later fathered large clans were Qutayba, Wa'il, Ji'awa and Awd. The Qutayba and Wa'il were the largest sub-tribes of the Bahila and both were engaged in a rivalry for supremacy over the Bahila. The Bahila's original homeland

295-707: Is closer to Iraqi Arabic . Ancient Bedouins and nomadic groups inhabited the Sinai Peninsula , located in Asia , ever since ancient times. Prior to the Muslim conquest of Egypt , Egypt was under Greek and Roman influence . Under the Umayyad Caliphate , Arabic became the official language in Egypt rather than Coptic or Greek . The caliphate also allowed the migration of Arab tribes to Egypt. The Muslim governor of Egypt encouraged

354-543: The Arab population . Additionally, they have played a vital role in the ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and genetic Arabization of the Levant and North Africa. The general consensus among 14th-century Arab genealogists is that Arabs are of three kinds: The Hawazin tribe and the Quraysh tribe are considered ‘Adnani Arabs . Much of the lineage provided before Ma'ad relies on biblical genealogy , so questions persist concerning

413-629: The Arabian Peninsula and established themselves in Jund Qinnasrin , the military district of the northern region of Syria and Upper Mesopotamia , which long became their abode. From there they governed on behalf of the caliphs or rebelled against them. The power of the Qays as a unified group diminished with the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate , which did not derive its military strength solely from

472-560: The Banu Ghani , another tribe that descended from A'sur ibn Sa'd ibn Qays. The Bahila were partly settled and partly semi-nomadic. They lived under the protection of the Banu Kilab and Banu Ka'b , sub-tribes of the Banu 'Amir . There is scant reference to the Bahila in the pre-Islamic period. Among these references were the slaying of a warrior from the tribe named al-Muntashir, and a battle involving

531-517: The Banu Ghani , whose founder was a son of A'sur, and the Banu al-Tufawa, which consisted of the descendants of three other sons of A'sur, Tha'laba, Amir and Mu'awiya, who were half-brothers of Ghani; they were collectively called after their mother, al-Tufawa. The Bahila was the other large sub-tribe of A'sur, and its founders were the sons of a certain Bahila, who, at different times was the wife of two of A'sur's sons, Malik and Ma'n; there were many clans of

590-691: The Battle of Buzakha , after which they once again returned to Islam and submitted to the Muslim state based in Medina. After the Ridda Wars, Qaysi tribesmen played an important part in the Muslim conquests of Persia under al-Muthanna al-Shaybani and the Levant . During Caliph Uthman 's reign (644–656), the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya I , brought numerous Qaysi tribesmen from the Banu Kilab , Banu Uqayl (both sub-tribes of

649-628: The Beja people . Large numbers of Bani Rasheed are also found on the Arabian Peninsula. They are related to the Banu Abs tribe. According to Arab traditions, tribes are divided into different divisions called Arab skulls ( جماجم العرب ‎), which is a term given to a group of tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, which are described in the traditional custom of strength, abundance, victory, and honor. A number of them branched out, which later became independent tribes (sub-tribes). They are called "Skulls" because it

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708-564: The Mudar group. The tribe appears to have functioned as a unit in the pre-Islamic Arabia (before 630). However, by the early Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), its constituent tribes consolidated into one of the main tribal political factions of the caliphate. The major constituent tribes or tribal groupings of the Qays were the Ghatafan , Hawazin , Amir , Thaqif , Sulaym , Ghani , Bahila and Muharib . Many of these tribes or their clans migrated from

767-617: The Red Sea coast. At the mid to the end of the fourth century, the Himyarite Kingdom adopted Judaism, thus spreading Judaism in the region even further. The German Orientalist Ferdinand Wüstenfeld believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz. The Quran details early encounters between early Muslim tribes and Jewish tribes in major cities in western Arabia, with some clans like Banu Qurayza and Banu Nadir being described as having

826-615: The 2nd century CE. The Ghassanids , Lakhmids and Kindites were the last major migration of pre-Islamic Arabs out of Yemen to the north. The Ghassanids increased the Arabian presence in the Syria , They mainly settled in the Hauran region and spread to modern-day Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , and Jordan . Around the 4th century CE, there developed a dominant Jewish presence in pre-Islamic Arabia , with many Jewish Clans and tribes settling around

885-423: The 6th century. This is attested by Safaitic inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BCE) and the many Arabic personal names in other Nabataean inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BCE, a few inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw reveal a dialect no longer considered proto-Arabic , but pre-classical Arabic . Five Syriac inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at Sumatar Harabesi , one of which dates to

944-475: The 7th century, and it took several centuries for Islam, the Arab identity, and language to spread; the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest, and formed an isolated aristocracy. The Arabs of the caliphate accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals; caliph Uthman ordered his governor, Muawiyah I , to settle

1003-583: The Adnanites are descendants of Abraham. Modern historiography "unveiled the lack of inner coherence of this genealogical system and demonstrated that it finds insufficient matching evidence". The tribes of Arabia were engaged in nomadic herding and agriculture by around 6,000 BCE. By about 1,200 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps was established. Kingdoms in the southern region of Arabia began to form and flourish. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from Bedouins . A major source of income for these people

1062-612: The Amr branch were the Zahran tribes of the banu Adwan and banu Fahm, both founded by sons of Amr. According to Arab legend, the original homeland of the Qaysi tribes was in the low-lying areas of the Tihamah along the Hejaz (western Arabia). By Muhammad 's time (ca. 570 CE), the numerous branches of the Qays had spread to the areas southeast and northeast of Mecca , the region of Medina , other areas in

1121-634: The Arab tribes settled in Mauritania. The Arab descendants of the original Arabian settlers who continue to speak Arabic as a first language currently form the single largest population group in North Africa. In the 12th century, the Arab Ja'alin tribe migrated into Nubia and Sudan and formerly occupied the country on both banks of the Nile from Khartoum to Abu Hamad . They trace their lineage to Abbas , uncle of

1180-659: The Arab tribes. Nonetheless, individual Qaysi tribes remained a potent force and some migrated to North Africa and al-Andalus , where they carved out their power. The full name of the tribal confederation is Qays ʿAylān or Qays ibn ʿAylān , though it is most frequently referred to simply as Qays ; occasionally in Arabic poetry , it is referred to solely as ʿAylān . Members of the Qays are referred to as al-Qaysĭyūn (sing. Qaysī ), transliterated in English-language sources as "Qaysites" or "Kaisites". As an ethno-political group,

1239-449: The Arabian Peninsula. However, with the spread of Islam , they started migrating and settling in various regions, including the Levant , Mesopotamia , Egypt , Sudan , the Maghreb , and Khuzestan . These areas collectively form what is known as the Arab world , excluding Khuzestan. Arab tribes have significantly influenced demographic shifts in this region, leading to the growth of

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1298-770: The Bahila, the largest being the Banu Qutayba and Banu Wa'il. The largest sub-tribes of the Ghatafan were the Banu Dhubyan and Banu Abs , both of whose founders were sons of Baghid ibn Rayth ibn Ghatafan, and the Banu Ashja', whose founder was a son of Rayth ibn Ghatafan. From Banu Dhubyan came the Fazara , whose founder was a son of Dhubyan, and the Banu Murra , whose founder was a son of 'Awf ibn Sa'd ibn Dhubyan. The two main sub-tribes of

1357-460: The Bahila. Caskel writes that the "Bahila developed an abundance of talents of all kinds". A companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , Abu Umamah , hailed from the tribe. Two brothers from the tribe, Salman ibn Rabi'ah and Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabi'ah , both served as generals under caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar in the 630s–640s. In the early 8th century, a member of the Bahila, Qutayba ibn Muslim ,

1416-615: The Banu Amir) and the Sulaym to inhabit Upper Mesopotamia , northern Syria and the frontier region with the Byzantine Empire and Armenia . Qaysi tribesmen largely fought on the side of Ali against his rivals within Quraysh at the Battle of the Camel in 656 and against Mu'awiya in the Battle of Siffin in 657, respectively. Mu'awiya I founded the Umayyad Caliphate in 661. Between then and

1475-946: The Banu Sulaym in Ifriqiya (central North Africa) and Fes , the Adwan in Ifriqiya, the Fazara and Banu Rawah in Cyrenaica , Tripolitania and Fezzan , the Banu Ashja' in Algeria and Morocco , the Banu Hilal (a sub-tribe of the Banu Amir) in Ifriqiya, Constantine and Annaba and the Banu Jusham in Morocco. According to A. Fischer, the recorded history of Qays, like most Arabian tribes, begins with their engagements in

1534-588: The Caliphate from Yazid III and relocated the Umayyad capital from Damascus to Harran in Qaysi territory. The Qays were Marwan's principal military source in the Battle of the Zab in 750, in which Marwan was killed; shortly after, the Umayyad realm entirely fell to the Abbasid Caliphate . The Qays were not able to recover from the huge losses they suffered during the late Umayyad period, and their political role, though present,

1593-608: The Gulf, involved movements of Arabs from eastern Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States into the Hormozgan and Fars provinces after the 16th century. These include Sunni Huwala and Achomi people , who compromise of both fully Arab and mixed Arab-Persian families. The Arabs on the Iranian side of the Gulf tend to speak a dialect much closer to Gulf Arabic opposed to the Khuzestani Arabic which

1652-677: The Hejaz, the highlands of the Najd and the Yamama (both in central Arabia), Bahrayn (eastern Arabia), and parts of Lower Mesopotamia where the Lakhmids ruled. Like other Arabian groups, numerous Qaysi tribes migrated northward during and after the Muslim conquests . Qaysi tribes spread throughout Syria and Mesopotamia , particularly in the northern parts of those regions, in the provinces of Qinnasrin (around Aleppo ) and Diyar Mudar . However, they also had

1711-565: The Islamic prophet Muhammad . They are of Arab origin, but now of mixed blood mostly with Nilo-Saharans and Nubians . Other Arab tribes migrated into Sudan in the 12th century and intermarried with the indigenous populations, forming the Sudanese Arabs . In 1846, many Arab Rashaida migrated from Hejaz in present-day Saudi Arabia into what is now Eritrea and north-east Sudan after tribal warfare had broken out in their homeland. The Rashaida of Sudan and Eritrea live in close proximity with

1770-541: The Kalb to the chagrin of the Qays. When Yazid and his successor Mu'awiya II died in relatively quick succession in 683 and 684, respectively, the Qays refused to recognize Umayyad authority. The Kalb and their Yamani allies essentially selected Marwan I to succeed Mu'awiya II, while the Qays largely joined the rebel cause of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr . Fighting in the latter's name, the Qaysi tribes of Amir, Sulaym and Ghatafan under al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri fought Marwan I and

1829-551: The Kalb were fought in the desert between Syria and Iraq . Umayr also entangled the Qays against the Taghlib , and the two sides fought several battles near the Khabur , Balikh and Tigris rivers. Umayr was killed by the Taghlib in 689 and Zufar submitted to Umayyad authority under Caliph Abd al-Malik in 691 in return for a high place in the Umayyad court. The Qays were strong partisans of

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1888-594: The Maghreb from the Arabian Peninsula. Arab tribes such as Banu Muzaina migrated, and the Arab Muslims in the region had more impact on the culture of the Maghreb than the region's conquerors before and after them. The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym , along with others, were sent by the Fatimids to defeat a Berber rebellion and then settle in

1947-468: The Maghreb. These tribes advanced in large numbers all the way to Morocco , contributing to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization in the region. The Arab tribes of Maqil migrated to the Maghreb a century later and even immigrated southwards to Mauritania . Beni Hassan defeated both Berbers and Black Africans in the region, pushing them southwards to the Senegal river while

2006-447: The Qays are referred to in contemporary sources as al-Qaysīyya . Unlike most tribes of Arabia, the sources seldom use the term Banū (literally "sons of") when referring to the descendants of Qays. Qays is the namesake and progenitor of the confederation, and traditional Arab genealogy holds that the father of Qays was a certain Aylan. According to the traditional genealogists, ʿAylān

2065-574: The Qays did not function as a unit in the pre-Islamic era. Among the most well-known Ayyam battles was the Battle of Shi'b Jabala between the Qaysi Amir, Abs, Ghani, Bahila and Bajila on one side and the Qaysi Dhubyan and non-Qaysi Tamim , Banu Asad , Lakhmids and Kindites on the other side. The long war of Dahis and al-Ghabra was fought between the Abs and Dhubyan. Like other central Arabian tribes,

2124-718: The Qays were part of the Kindite Kingdom . In the beginning, Qaysi tribes were hostile to Muhammad and his Islamic teachings, which conflicted with their polytheistic religion. The Ghatafan and Sulaym, in particular, were in conflict with the Muslims in Medina in between 622 and 629. However, the Ashja' sub-tribe of Ghatafan had made an alliance with the Muslims in 627. By 630, the Sulaym and Ashja' had largely embraced Islam and backed Muhammad's conquest of Mecca in 630. These tribes fought against their Hawazin kinsmen shortly after. By

2183-433: The Qays, the Bahila took part in the revenge-driven battles between the Qays and Yaman coalitions in the years following the rout of the Qays at the Battle of Marj Rahit in 684. A second major exodus of Bahila tribesmen from Arabia occurred in the early to mid-9th century. Around that time, the Bahila's Arabian territories were largely overrun by the Banu Numayr , a sub-tribe of the Banu 'Amir. The Bahila migrants entered

2242-421: The Southern Levant by the 5th century BCE, causing the displacement of Edomites . Their inscriptions were in predominantly in Aramaic , but it's assumed their native spoken language was a variant of Old Arabic , one of many Ancient North Arabian languages , which is attested in inscriptions as early as the 1st century ,the same period in which the Nabataean alphabet slowly evolved into the Arabic script by

2301-476: The Umayyads' collapse in 750, the Qays formed one of the main political and military components of the Caliphate. Their main antagonist were the Yamani tribes , led by the Banu Kalb . Other than competition for political, military and economic power, there was an ethnic component that defined the Qays–Yaman rivalry ; the Qays were "northern Arabs" while the Yaman were "southern Arabs". Mu'awiya and his son and successor Yazid I relied militarily and politically on

2360-461: The Yamani faction at the Battle of Marj Rahit in 684. The Qays were severely routed, leading to years of revenge-driven tit-for-tat raids between the Qays and Yaman. After Marj Rahit, the Qays came under the leadership of Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi and Umayr ibn al-Hubab al-Sulami . From their respective strongholds in al-Qarqisiya and Ras al-Ayn they tenaciously fought against the Yaman and resisted Umayyad authority. Most battles against

2419-413: The accuracy of this segment of Adnanite Arab genealogy. Adnanites are believed to be the descendants of Ishmael through Adnan but the traditional Adnanite lineage does not match the biblical line exactly. According to Arab tradition, the Adnanites are called Arabised because it is believed that Ishmael spoke Aramaic and Egyptian then learnt Arabic from a Qahtanite Yemeni woman that he married. Therefore,

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2478-418: The culture and ideals of the Bedouins in the region. The second Arab tribal migration to northern Mesopotamia was in the 10th century when the Banu Numayr migrated there. After the Arab conquest of Persia in the 7th century, many Arab tribes settled in different parts of Iran, notably Khorasan and Ahwaz , it is the Arab tribes of Khuzestan that have retained their identity in language and culture to

2537-453: The descent of all Arab tribes to either Adnan or Qahtan , father of the "South Arabians". By the dawn of Islam in the mid-7th century, the descendants of Qays were so numerous and so significant a group that the term Qaysī came to refer all North Arabians. The Qays consisted of several branches, which were divided into further sub-tribes. The first-tier divisions, i.e. the sons of Qays, were Khasafa, Sa'd and Amr. From Khasafa descended

2596-412: The large tribes of Hawazin and Banu Sulaym , both of whose founders were sons of Mansur ibn Ikrima ibn Khasafa, and the Banu Muharib , whose founder was the son of Ziyad ibn Khasafa. The Hawazin was a large tribal grouping that included several large sub-tribes. Among them were the Banu Amir , whose progenitor was Amir ibn Sa'sa' ibn Mu'awiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin, and the Thaqif , whose progenitor

2655-409: The lower Euphrates region, first in the vicinity of al-Hufayr near Basra and from there into the sandy al-Taff tract on the southern border of the Bata'ih marshes. After 837, these Bahila tribesmen settled in the Bata'ih itself, where in 871 they were attacked by Abbasid troops on their way to suppress the Zanj Rebellion . Consequently, the Bahila allied with the Zanj . Afterward nothing is heard of

2714-433: The migration of tribes from the Arabian Peninsula to Egypt to strengthen his regime by enlisting warrior tribesmen to his forces, encouraging them to bring their families and entire clans. The Fatimid era was the peak of Bedouin Arab tribal migrations to Egypt. The first wave of Arab immigration to the Maghreb began with the conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century, with the migration of sedentary and nomadic Arabs to

2773-436: The new tribes away from the original population. Syrians who belonged to Monophysitic denominations welcomed the peninsular Arabs as liberators. The migration of Arab tribes to Mesopotamia began in the seventh century, and by the late 20th century constituted about three quarters of the population of Iraq . A large Arab migration to Mesopotamia followed the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia in 634, which saw an increase in

2832-423: The origins of the "Aylan" part of the epithet; among these are that Aylan was either the name of al-Nas's famous horse, his dog, his bow, a mountain where he was said to have been born, or a man who raised him. Qays was one of the two subdivisions of Mudar, the other being the Khindif (also known as al-Yās ). As descendants of Mudar, the Qays are considered Adnanites or "North Arabians"; Arab tradition traces

2891-399: The powerful Umayyad governors al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf of Thaqif and Qutayba ibn Muslim of Bahila. The Qays dominated the Umayyad government during the reigns of Yazid II and Walid II . As a result, the Yaman revolted against and killed Walid II, who was then replaced by Yazid III, who entirely depended on the Yaman. The Qays found a new patron in the Umayyad prince Marwan II , who wrested

2950-436: The pre-Islamic Ayyām al-ʿArab (battle days of the Arabs), which Fischer refers to as the "epic of the Arabs". Qaysi tribes were involved in numerous battles and feuds, some of which were against non-Qaysi tribes, but the vast majority being intra-Qaysi conflicts. Historian W. Mongtomery Watt holds that in the history of Ayyam al-Arab , only individual Qaysi tribes were named, rather than the larger confederation. Accordingly,

3009-474: The present day while other Arabs especially in Khorasan were slowly Persianised. Khorasani Arabs were mainly contingent from Nejdi tribes such as Banu Tamim . There was a great influx of Arab tribes into Khuzestan from the 16th to the 19th century, including the migration of the Banu Ka'b and Banu Lam from the Arabian desert . Tribalism is a significant characteristic of Arab population in Khuzestan. Subsequent Arab migrations into Iran, primarily across

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3068-417: The time of Muhammad's death in 631, all Qaysi tribes had likely converted to Islam, but after his death, many if not most apostatized and fought the Muslims in the Ridda Wars . The most active Qaysi tribe fighting against the Muslims was the Ghatafan, which attempted several times to capture Mecca before joining the anti-Islamic leader, Tulayha of the Banu Asad. The pagan Arab tribes were finally defeated in

3127-432: The tribe. Both episodes occurred shortly before the emergence of Islam in Arabia in the 610s. According to Caskel, "The history of the [Bahila] tribe becomes clear for the first time under Islam." In the 630s, part of the Bahila migrated from Arabia to Syria and to the vicinity of Basra . They formed part of the early Muslim army , and Bahila tribesmen from Syria were part of the Arab garrison in Khurasan . As members of

3186-530: Was Qasi ibn Munabbih ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin. However, references to the Hawazin often excluded the Banu Amir and Thaqif, and were limited to the so-called ʿujz Hawāzin (the rear of Hawazin). The latter included the tribes of Banu Jusham , Banu Nasr and Banu Sa'd , all of whose founders were sons or grandsons of Bakr ibn Hawazin. The Banu Sulaym was divided into three main divisions, Imru' al-Qays, Harith and Tha'laba. Sa'd's sons A'sur and Ghatafan each bore several sub-tribes. The largest sub-tribes of A'sur were

3245-443: Was appointed the Umayyad governor of Khurasan and was a key general in the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana . The tribe also produced al-Asma'i , the well-known philologist . Yusuf al-Bahili was the sculptor or owner of the so-called Elephant of Charlemagne chess piece. Qays Qays ʿAylān ( Arabic : قيس عيلان ), often referred to simply as Qays ( Kais or Ḳays ) were an Arab tribal confederation that branched from

3304-407: Was called Sūd Bāhila or Sawād Bāhila . It was situated in the Najd (central Arabia ). The tribe's settlements, including al-Quway' , Idhnayn Shammal, Hufayra and Juzayla, were located on either side of the route between Mecca and the area corresponding with modern-day Riyadh . The Ji'awa clan of Bahila lived further west at the foot of the al-Jidd mountains. They were the northern neighbors of

3363-406: Was not of significant consequence during the ensuing Abbasid era. Tribes of Arabia The tribes of Arabia ( Arabic : قبائل الجزيرة العربية ) or Arab tribes ( القبائل العربية ) denote Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula , who according to tradition trace their ancestry to one of the two Arab forefathers, Adnan or Qahtan . Historically, Arab tribes have inhabited

3422-424: Was the epithet of al-Nās , a son of Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'ad ibn Adnan . The theory that Aylan is the father of Qays is rejected by Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406), a medieval historian of Arab tribes, and is indirectly rejected by other medieval Arab historians. Rather, Ibn Khaldun asserts that "Qays Aylan" is the epithet of al-Nas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'ad ibn Adnan. These historians hold varying theories as to

3481-402: Was the taxation of caravans, as well as tributes collected from non-Bedouin settlements. They also earned income by transporting goods and people in caravans pulled by domesticated camels across the desert. Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly. The Nabataeans and Qedarites were Arabian tribes on the edges of the fertile Crescent who expanded into

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