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71-463: Glerula or Calarona (from Latin : glarea , 'gravel') was a Gallo-Roman village. The chroniclers Gregory of Tours and Marius of Avenches described what is now called the Tauredunum event of 563. A landslip into the eastern end of Lake Geneva caused a tsunami which swept along the lake causing immense damage. Glerula was among the villages which were destroyed. It was never rebuilt. Instead,

142-565: A Gallo-Roman villa as well as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site : Lavaux , Vineyard Terraces are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance . The entire village of Saint-Saphorin is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites . In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 27.84% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were

213-507: A child or children. There were 2 households that were made up of unrelated people and 5 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing. In 2000 there were 53 single family homes (or 48.2% of the total) out of a total of 110 inhabited buildings. There were 39 multi-family buildings (35.5%), along with 12 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (10.9%) and 6 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.5%). Of

284-526: A faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. After

355-718: A few in German , Dutch , Norwegian , Danish and Swedish . Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before

426-404: A few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, Salutati , Celtis , George Buchanan and Thomas More . Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include Isaac Newton 's Principia . Latin was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in

497-548: A native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during the Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period . In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until

568-448: A new community was founded a short distance to the east, taking its name from the new church there, dedicated to Saint-Symphorien . That name has, with the passage of years, transformed into Saint-Saphorin. Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) is first mentioned in 1138 as de Sancto Sufforiano . Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) has an area, as of 2009, of 0.89 square kilometres (0.34 sq mi). Of this area, 0.5 km (0.19 sq mi) or 56.2%

639-516: A parish that included the villages of Rivaz , Chexbres and Puidoux until 1734 when Chexbres and Puidoux formed an independent parish. In 2000, the older parish was re-united under its former name, Saint-Saphorin. The church of Saint-Symphorien was listed among the Cultural Property of National Significance (Class A), as were the remains of the Gallo-Roman villa located on the site until

710-535: A rate of 2.2%. It has changed at a rate of -5% due to migration and at a rate of 6.6% due to births and deaths. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (307 or 88.2%), with German being second most common (19 or 5.5%) and English being third (10 or 2.9%). There are 2 people who speak Italian . Of the population in the municipality 97 or about 27.9% were born in Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) and lived there in 2000. There were 119 or 34.2% who were born in

781-551: A result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through

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852-407: A separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within the history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to

923-695: A small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university. In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture . Canada's motto A mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea") and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross

994-429: A sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of the language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be

1065-565: A spoken and written language by the scholarship by the Renaissance humanists . Petrarch and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by Isaac Casaubon , Joseph Scaliger and others. Nevertheless, despite

1136-432: A strictly left-to-right script. During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200, a new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as

1207-430: A total of 152 apartments (76.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 41 apartments (20.7%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (2.5%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 3.03%. The historical population is given in the following chart: The Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Symphorien with

1278-512: A total of 32 students in the Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 665 children of which 232 children (34.9%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 20 students in

1349-689: A vernacular, such as those of Descartes . Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language ) and later native or other languages. Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than

1420-411: Is Veritas ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages . For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ,

1491-546: Is a Protestant church in Saint-Saphorin , canton of Vaud , Switzerland . It is listed as a heritage site of national significance . The first Catholic church in the region of Lavaux was established by Marius of Avenches around 590 and was dedicated to Symphorian of Autun , as was the church of Avenches . Later, the church gave its name to the village which was previously called Glérolles ( Glerula in Latin). Between

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1562-857: Is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ), the lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to

1633-626: Is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to legend , this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules , the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In

1704-405: Is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 66.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.2%. As of 2000, there were 144 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 148 married individuals, 16 widows or widowers and 40 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000, there were 159 private households in

1775-548: Is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously. The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from

1846-661: Is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore . Spain's motto Plus ultra , meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and

1917-958: Is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany, YLE radio in Finland (the Nuntii Latini broadcast from 1989 until it

1988-404: Is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.1 km (0.039 sq mi) or 11.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.27 km (0.10 sq mi) or 30.3% is settled (buildings or roads). Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 11.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 18.0%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.1%. Out of the forested land, 9.0% of

2059-531: The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In

2130-566: The FDP (19.92%), the Green Party (17.15%) and the SVP (9.64%). In the federal election, a total of 138 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 57.5%. As of  2010, Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) had an unemployment rate of 1.6%. As of 2008, there were 28 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 1 person was employed in the secondary sector and there

2201-562: The Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are

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2272-561: The Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo-Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed " inkhorn terms ", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by

2343-559: The Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City . The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to Ecclesiastical Latin of the Latin language. Contemporary Latin is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. Latin has greatly influenced the English language , along with a large number of others, and historically contributed many words to

2414-553: The Romance languages . During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as Curse tablets and those found as graffiti . In the Late Latin period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts. As it

2485-622: The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. While the written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian . Despite dialectal variation, which

2556-613: The 12th century and the 1536 conquest by the canton of Bern , the village and the church belonged to the Bishops of Lausanne whose last titular, Sebastian of Montfalcon , is shown kneeling in front of the Virgin Mary on the main stained glass of the church. After 1536 and the introduction of the Reformation , the church was used by the Protestants. At this time, Saint-Saphorin was the seat of

2627-617: The British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos , such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University 's motto

2698-599: The English lexicon , particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are heavily used in English vocabulary in theology , the sciences , medicine , and law . A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As

2769-580: The Grinch Stole Christmas! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales, " fabulae mirabiles ", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook . Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series,

2840-461: The United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal . It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from

2911-552: The University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The Latin Misplaced Pages has more than 130,000 articles. Italian , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Romanian , Catalan , Romansh , Sardinian and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin borrowings in English and Albanian , as well as

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2982-534: The author and then forgotten, but some useful ones survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies. Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Reformed Church of Saint-Symphorien The Reformed Church of Saint-Symphorien ( French : église réformée Saint-Symphorien )

3053-425: The benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Parts of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana are written in Latin. Enya has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin

3124-409: The careful work of Petrarch, Politian and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following. Neo-Latin literature was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name

3195-415: The classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as Neo-Latin , or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of renewed study , given their importance for the development of European culture, religion and science. The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown. The Renaissance reinforced the position of Latin as

3266-461: The country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as Sebastiane , The Passion of the Christ and Barbarians (2020 TV series) , have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost (" Jughead "). Subtitles are usually shown for

3337-493: The decline in written Latin output. Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 , which permitted the use of the vernacular . Latin remains

3408-570: The educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as the Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin

3479-679: The invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as: The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How

3550-675: The language of the Roman Rite . The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of

3621-440: The large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained the common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as

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3692-462: The late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. Latin grammar is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and

3763-431: The later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon script to what ultimately became

3834-421: The less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", Latin did not undergo language death . By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural language change eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct Romance languages in

3905-600: The municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 12 students in those schools. As of 2000, there were 48 students from Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) who attended schools outside the municipality. The municipality has a railway station, St-Saphorin , on the Simplon line . It has regular service to Grandson , Lausanne , and Aigle . Latin language Latin ( lingua Latina , pronounced [ˈlɪŋɡʷa ɫaˈtiːna] , or Latinum [ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃] )

3976-463: The municipality and 148 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 14.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 16.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 60% used a private car. From the 2000 census, 80 or 23.0% were Roman Catholic , while 194 or 55.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of

4047-422: The municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 60 households that consist of only one person and 7 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 164 households that answered this question, 36.6% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 49 married couples without children, 40 married couples with children There were 8 single parents with

4118-462: The other varieties, as it was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing. For many Italians using Latin, though, there

4189-406: The question. In Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) about 144 or (41.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 69 or (19.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Of the 69 who completed tertiary schooling, 44.9% were Swiss men, 36.2% were Swiss women, 13.0% were non-Swiss men. In the 2009/2010 school year there were

4260-421: The rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.86% of the population), and there were 4 individuals (or about 1.15% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish , and 60 (or about 17.24% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 8 individuals (or about 2.30% of the population) did not answer

4331-573: The same canton, while 63 or 18.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 61 or 17.5% were born outside of Switzerland. In 2008 there were 4 live births to Swiss citizens and 3 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 2 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 3. There were 2 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland and 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland. At

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4402-401: The same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men and 8 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 21 and the non-Swiss population increased by 15 people. This represents a population growth rate of -1.6%. The age distribution of the population (as of 2000)

4473-444: The secondary sector was 1, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 42. In the tertiary sector; 9 or 21.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 21 or 50.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7 or 16.7% were in the information industry, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 1 was a technical professional or scientist. In 2000, there were 10 workers who commuted into

4544-433: The single family homes 37 were built before 1919, while 3 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (28) were built before 1919 and the next most (3) were built between 1961 and 1970. In 2000 there were 198 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 54. There were 15 single room apartments and 49 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments,

4615-476: The total land area is heavily forested and 2.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 11.2% is used for growing crops and 12.4% is pastures, while 32.6% is used for orchards or vine crops. The municipality was part of the Lavaux District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) became part of the new district of Lavaux-Oron. It consists of

4686-419: The village of Saint-Saphorin and the hamlets of Glérolles, Les Faverges, Ogoz and Lignières. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Argent and Gules, overall a Bend wavy counterchanged. Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux) has a population (as of December 2020) of 389. As of 2008, 24.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at

4757-420: Was 1 business in this sector. 46 people were employed in the tertiary sector , with 12 businesses in this sector. There were 205 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 46.3% of the workforce. In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 63. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 20, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in

4828-413: Was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . Late Latin is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at

4899-496: Was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead. Furthermore, the meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and

4970-441: Was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into the beginning of the Renaissance . Petrarch for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in

5041-478: Was shut down in June 2019), and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin. A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin. Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include

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