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72-429: A hat is a head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory . Hats which incorporate mechanical features, such as visors, spikes, flaps, braces or beer holders shade into the broader category of headgear . In the past, hats were an indicator of social status . In

144-635: A skufia , a kamilavkion , or a klobuk . The term red hat , when used within the Roman Catholic Church , refers to the appointment of a Cardinal , a senior "Prince of the Church", who is a member of the electoral college that chooses the Pope . On being appointed to the cardinalate, he is said to have received the red hat , or cardinal's biretta. In Lutheranism, many clergy wear the ruff and in Anglicanism,

216-463: A crime. Masks which physically protect the wearer vary in design, from guard bars across the face in the case of ice hockey goalkeepers, to facial enclosures which purify or control the wearer's air supply, as in gas masks . Orthodontic headgear is used to control the growth of the maxillary and mandibular bones during orthodontic treatment. The most common treatment headgear is used to correct anteroposterior discrepancies. The headgear attaches to

288-468: A flimsy fabric such as muslin ; it was worn indoors or under a bonnet by married women, or older unmarried women who were "on the shelf" (e.g. mob-cap ). An ochipok is part of traditional Ukrainian costume. Some headgear, such as the crown , coronet , and tiara , have evolved into jewelry. These headgear are worn as a symbol of nobility or royal status. Kokoshnik is part of Russian traditional dress, often worn by nobility. A fillet or circlet

360-505: A frame which fashionable women wore over towering wigs or hairstyles to protect them from the elements (e.g. calash). A mask is worn over part or all of the face, frequently to disguise the wearer, but sometimes to protect the face. Masks are often worn for pleasure to disguise the wearer at fancy dress parties, masked balls, during Halloween or other festivals, or as part of an artistic performance. They may also be worn by criminals to prevent recognition or as camouflage while they commit

432-534: A larger garment, like an overcoat , shirt or cloak . Historically, hoods were either similar to modern hoods, or a separate form of headgear. In medieval Europe hoods with short capes, called chaperons in French, were extremely common, and later evolved into elaborate and adaptable hats. Women's hoods varied from close-fitting, soft headgear to stiffened, structured hoods (e.g. gable hoods , hennins or French hoods ) or very large coverings made of material over

504-650: A marker of social status and used to single out certain groups. The 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat ("Jewish hat"), marking them as targets for anti-Semitism . The hats were usually yellow and were either pointed or square. In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin , and denoted social status. Structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in

576-400: A popular choice during chemotherapy treatment as an alternative to wigs, hats, headscarves and headbands. Sikh women also wear turbans as a religious practice. Turbans for women made in natural fabrics are both comfortable and functional. The Breast Cancer Care booklet, Breast Cancer and Hair Loss , suggests: "You may want to wear a soft hat or turban in bed to collect loose hairs." A veil

648-571: A skullcap called a " kufi " or taqiyah (cap) , especially during prayers. Headgear differs from culture to culture, and some Muslims' headgear is not related to their religion, such as the turbans worn in Saudi Arabia. The doppa , originating in the Caucasus , is worn by Kazan Tatars , Uzbeks and Uyghurs . Muslim men in Indonesia and Malaysia are often seen wearing a kopiah , but its use pre-dates

720-442: A veil in traditional wedding and funeral ceremonies. Wigs are headpieces made from natural or synthetic hair which may be worn to disguise baldness or thin hair, or as part of a costume . A toupee may be worn by a man to cover partial baldness. In most Commonwealth nations, special wigs are also worn by barristers , judges , and certain parliamentary officials as a symbol of the office. The dhari, also spelt dhoeri,

792-413: A woman wearing a woven hat. One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a Bronze Age man (nicknamed Ötzi ) whose body (including his hat) was found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where he had been since around 3250 BC. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, essentially resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps. One of

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864-444: A yarmulke. There is a common phrase that explains this, saying that "there's always something above" one who is wearing a yarmulke, helping one remember one is human and God is infinite. A Talmudic quote speaks of a righteous man who would "not walk (six feet) with an uncovered head, the (spirit of God) is always above him". Jews also may wear a fur hat or a black hat with a brim. In Islamic etiquette, wearing headgear, traditionally

936-622: A yellow Star of David to keep their Jewish identity disclosed to the public in the years leading up to the Holocaust . The practice of wearing special clothing or markings to distinguish Jews and other non-Muslims ( dhimmis ) in Muslim-dominated countries seems to have been introduced in the Umayyad Caliphate by Caliph Umar II in the early 8th century. In the 9th century, Islamic authorities begun to harden their attitude on ghiyār , or

1008-644: A yellow badge in the form of a Star of David on the left side of the breast and on the back. The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word Jude (German for 'Jew') – inscribed in Faux Hebrew letters meant to resemble Hebrew writing – was then extended to all Jews over the age of six in the Reich and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (by a decree issued on 1 September 1941, signed by Reinhard Heydrich ) and

1080-461: Is a collection of religious headgear assembled by a German entrepreneur, Dieter Philippi, located in Kirkel . The collection features over 500 hats, and is currently the world's largest collection of clerical, ecclesiastical and religious head coverings. This is a short list of some common and iconic examples of hats. There is a longer version at List of hat styles Hat sizes are determined by measuring

1152-546: Is a distinctive headdress worn by men of the Torres Strait Islands , which lie in the Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea , for dance performances or cultural ceremonies. It is traditionally made with a pearl shell or turtle shell in the middle and decorated with white feathers, traditionally from the frigate bird or Torres Strait pigeon , although now made with a variety of materials. The head

1224-758: Is a measurement of head diameter in inches. It can be computed from a measurement of circumference in centimeters by dividing by 8, because multiplying 2.54 (the number of centimeters per inch) by π (the multiplier to give circumference from diameter) is almost exactly 8. Headgear Headgear may be worn for protection against cold (such as the Canadian tuque ), heat, rain and other precipitation , glare, sunburn , sunstroke , dust , contaminants, etc. Helmets are worn for protection in battle or against impact, for instance when riding bicycles or motor vehicles. Headgear can be an article of fashion , usually hats , caps or hoods . The formal man's black silk top hat

1296-464: Is a piece of sheer fabric that covers all or part of the face. For centuries women covered their hair, neck, ears, chin, and parts of the face with fabric. Each culture created elaborate head wraps for women and men using a shawl , headscarf , kerchief or veil. Very elaborate veiling practices are common in Islam , Africa and Eastern Europe . Women who do not cover their head on a regular basis, often use

1368-437: Is a round band worn around the head and over the hair. Elaborate and costly versions of these eventually evolved into crowns , but fillets could be made from woven bands of fabric , leather , beads or metal . Fillets are unisex, and are especially prevalent in archaic to Renaissance dress. Hairnets are used to prevent loose hair from contaminating food or work areas. A snood is a net or fabric bag pinned or tied on at

1440-563: Is an Irish milliner whose hats have been commissioned by top designers and worn at royal weddings. In North America, the well-known cowboy-hat manufacturer Stetson made the headgear for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Texas Rangers . John Cavanagh was one of the notable American hatters. Italian hat maker Borsalino has covered the heads of Hollywood stars and the world's rich and famous. The Philippi Collection

1512-461: Is not exactly known how it looked like and it may have referred to both a special patch and an overall attire unique to Jews. At the same time, the Ayyubid Sultan decreed that the life and property of any Jew or Christian found in the street without a distinguishing badge (' alāma ) or zunnar would be forfeit. Mid-fifteenth century reports describe the shikla as a piece of yellow cloth worn on

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1584-534: Is now rare (they would normally be called caps today, except in Scotland where the "bunnet" is common in both civilian life and in the Royal Regiment of Scotland ). Caps are generally soft and often have no brim or just a peak (like on a baseball cap). For many centuries women wore a variety of head-coverings which were called caps. For example, in the 18th and 19th centuries a cap was a kind of head covering made of

1656-799: Is often shaken to produce a shimmering effect while dancing. Dhari , the word used in the eastern islands of the strait, is the Meriam Mir word for "headdress". In the central and western islands, it is known as dhoeri , in the Kala Lagaw Ya language of those islands. The dhari is today a potent symbol for Torres Strait Islander people , and used in the Torres Strait Islander flag . Torres Strait Islander artists such as Alick Tipoti and Ken Thaiday Snr create dhari as artworks. War bonnets , which usually include an array of feathers, are worn mostly by men in various Plains Indian cultures in

1728-465: Is usually frowned upon. Women, however, are required to wear a hat to cover the head in some churches based on 1 Corinthians 11:5 . In the Jewish tradition, the converse idea equally shows respect for the superior authority of God. Wearing a kippah or yarmulke means the wearer is acknowledging the vast gulf of power, wisdom, and authority that separates God from mankind. It is a sign of humility to wear

1800-555: Is worn for religious reasons. In Judaism , men cover their heads out of reverence for God . Jewish religious headgear for men include small cloth skull-caps, called kippahs or yarmulkes. Some men wear them at all times, others only in the synagogue . In Orthodox and Hasidic Judaism , the kippah may also be additionally covered by hats such as fedoras or shtreimels . Traditional married Jewish women cover their hair in various ways, such as with headscarfs, called tichels , snoods , shpitzels or wigs, called "sheitels", according to

1872-491: The Canterbury cap is popular among pastors. Male Sikhs are required to wear turbans . Some Sikh women also wear a turban; however it is not a requirement for female Sikhs. Turbans are also worn by Muslims , especially Shia Muslims , who regard turban-wearing as Sunnah Mu'akkadah (confirmed tradition). In Islam , the hijab , or headscarf, is worn by women because it is considered modest. Muslim men also sometimes wear

1944-882: The Pileus , a simple skull-like cap; the Phrygian cap , worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome (which became iconic in America during the Revolutionary War and the French Revolution , as a symbol of the struggle for liberty against the Monarchy); and the Greek petasos , the first known hat with a brim. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples . Like Ötzi, the Tollund Man was preserved to

2016-518: The Statute of Jewry , which also included a requirement: Each Jew, after he is seven years old, shall wear a distinguishing mark on his outer garment, that is to say, in the form of two Tables joined , of yellow felt of the length of six inches and of the breadth of three inches. In Europe, Jews were required to wear the Judenhut or pileum cornutum , a cone-shaped hat, in most cases yellow. In 1267,

2088-478: The Synod of Narbonne , in canon 3, ruled: That Jews may be distinguished from others, we decree and emphatically command that in the center of the breast (of their garments) they shall wear an oval badge, the measure of one finger in width and one half a palm in height. However, these ecclesiastic pronouncements required legal sanctions of a temporal authority. In 1228, James I of Aragon ordered Jews of Aragon to wear

2160-491: The Toque worn by chefs, or the mitre worn by Christian bishops . Adherents of certain religions regularly wear hats, such as the turban worn by Sikhs , or the church hat that is worn as a headcovering by Christian women during prayer and worship. While there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. The 27,000-to-30,000-year-old Venus of Willendorf figurine may depict

2232-558: The Vienna city council ordered Jews to wear this type of hat rather than a badge. There is a reference to a dispensation from the badge in Erfurt on 16 October 1294, the earliest reference to the badge in Germany. There were also attempts to enforce the wearing of full-length robes, which in late 14th-century Rome were supposed to be red. In Portugal, a red Star of David was used. Enforcement of

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2304-558: The circumference of a person's head about 1 centimetre ( 2 ⁄ 5  in) above the ears. Inches or centimeters may be used depending on the manufacturer. Felt hats can be stretched for a custom fit. Some hats, like hard hats and baseball caps , are adjustable. Cheaper hats come in "standard sizes", such as small, medium, large, extra large: the mapping of measured size to the various "standard sizes" varies from maker to maker and style to style, as can be seen by studying various catalogues, such as Hammacher Schlemmer . US hat size

2376-633: The mao-tzu , 帽子 Mandarin màozi ), the classic skullcap that is the most like the Jewish tradition. In Japan , the cap is more in the form of a pillbox and is called the boshi (帽子). Though not of ecclesiastical significance, the Buddhist skullcap does denote something about the priest's standing in the community. Headgear such as crowns and tiaras are worn in recognition of noble status especially among royalty. Wigs are worn traditionally by judges and barristers of Commonwealth nations. Feathered headpieces, such as

2448-402: The military , hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank or regiment . Police typically wear distinctive hats such as peaked caps or brimmed hats , such as those worn by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Some hats have a protective function. As examples, the hard hat protects construction workers' heads from injury by falling objects, a British police Custodian helmet protects

2520-497: The taqiyah (cap) , is permissible while saying prayers at a mosque . In the military , there are specific rules about when and where to wear a hat. Hats are generally worn outdoors only, at sea as well as on land; however, personnel carrying firearms typically also wear their hats indoors. Removing one's hat is also a form of salute . Many schools also have this rule due to the fact that many younger men tend to wear baseball caps and this being in relations to gangs depending on

2592-571: The war bonnet of Plains Indian cultures, are worn by various Native North American and South American indigenous peoples . Other purposes of headgear include: Bonnets , as worn by women and girls, were hats worn outdoors which were secured by tying under the chin, and often which had some kind of peak or visor. Some styles of bonnets had peaks so large that they effectively prevented women from looking right or left without turning their heads. Bonnets worn by men and boys are generally distinguished from hats by being soft and having no brim—this usage

2664-607: The German occupation . A whispering campaign that claimed that the action was in response to the United States government requiring German Americans to wear swastikas was unsuccessful. In May 2001, the Taliban government in Afghanistan ruled that Hindus in the country must wear a yellow badge, causing international outcry. In May 2021, in response to the anti-vaccine movement in

2736-501: The Islamic heartlands. In Aghlabid Northern Africa and Sicily dhimmis were required to wear a patch ( ruq'a ) of white fabric on the shoulder of their outer garment, with the patch for Jews being a in the image of an ape and for Christians the image of a pig. It is not clear how long this humiliating decree remained in force, but it is clear that in the Maghrebi case, the purpose of the patch

2808-501: The Jews or Saracens from the Christians, but in certain others such a confusion has grown up that they cannot be distinguished by any difference. Thus it happens at times that through error Christians have relations with the women of Jews or Saracens, and Jews and Saracens with Christian women. Therefore, that they may not, under pretext of error of this sort, excuse themselves in the future for

2880-516: The Middle Ages. From the 16th century, the use of the Judenhut declined, but the badge tended to outlast it, surviving into the 18th century in places. After Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland in 1939, there were different local decrees requiring Jews to wear a distinctive sign under the General Government . The sign was a white armband with a blue Star of David on it; in the Warthegau

2952-695: The Royal Enclosure must wear hats. This tradition was adopted at other horse racing events, such as the Kentucky Derby in the United States. Extravagant hats were popular in the 1980s, and in the early 21st century, flamboyant hats made a comeback, with a new wave of competitive young milliners designing creations that include turban caps, trompe-l'œil -effect felt hats and tall headpieces made of human hair. Some new hat collections have been described as "wearable sculpture". Many pop stars, among them Lady Gaga , have commissioned hats as publicity stunts. One of

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3024-552: The United Nations Gilad Erdan , as well as other Israeli delegates, began wearing yellow star badges with the words " Never Again " written on them, in protest to criticism of Israel's conduct during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war . Erdan claimed that the UN Security Council was "silent" about the 7 October Hamas attack on Israel , and said that he would wear the star "as a symbol of pride". However, this decision

3096-746: The United States, hatWRKS, a hat store in Nashville, Tennessee , sold badges that resembled the yellow stars with the words "Not vaccinated" on them. In response, the Stetson company announced they would no longer sell any hats to the store. This also sparked protests outside the store. The practice of wearing yellow stars in protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic spread to Montreal, London, Amsterdam and Paris. The practice sparked condemnation by various Jewish advocacy groups and Holocaust survivors . On 31 October 2023, Permanent Representative of Israel to

3168-600: The United States. They are linked to status, culture and ceremony, and have to be given as gifts as a mark of respect for the receiver. In the Western culture derived from Christian tradition, removing one's headgear is a sign of respect, especially indoors, making oneself more open, humble or vulnerable, much like bowing or kneeling. This is as if to say, "I acknowledge that you are more powerful than I am, I make myself vulnerable to show I pose no threat to you and respect you." Men's hats are removed in Church, and not removing them

3240-521: The arrival of Islam in the region. The black satin headgear called or known as "fenta" or "topi" is a pillbox-shaped skullcap, worn by Zoroastrians . It is considered by some in the Zoroastrian religion to be of vital spiritual importance. In earlier times, a saucer-shaped, red-and-white-striped kipah was the hallmark of the Zoroastrian. Buddhist priests in China wear the bao-tzu (more commonly known as

3312-490: The back of a woman's head for holding the hair. Scarves are used to protect styled hair or keep it tidy. Shower caps and swim caps prevent hair from becoming wet or entangled during activity. Hats often have a brim all the way around the rim, and may be either placed on the head, or secured with hat-pins (which are pushed through the hat and the hair). Depending on the type of hat, they may be properly worn by men, by women or by both sexes. Helmets are designed to protect

3384-486: The badge is repeated by local councils, with varying degrees of fines, at Arles 1234 and 1260, Béziers 1246, Albi 1254, Nîmes 1284 and 1365, Avignon 1326 and 1337, Rodez 1336, and Vanves 1368. The "rota" looked like a ring of white or yellow. The shape and colour of the patch also varied, although the colour was usually white or yellow. Married women were often required to wear two bands of blue on their veil or head-scarf. In 1274, Edward I of England enacted

3456-465: The badge, would help to mark them as an outsider . Legislation that mandated Jewish subjects to wear such items has been documented in some Middle Eastern caliphates and in some European kingdoms during the medieval period and the early modern period . The most recent usage of yellow badges was during World War II , when Jews living in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe were ordered to wear

3528-586: The badge; and in 1265, the Siete Partidas , a legal code enacted in Castile by Alfonso X but not implemented until many years later, included a requirement for Jews to wear distinguishing marks. On 19 June 1269, Louis IX of France imposed a fine of ten livres (one livre was equivalent to a pound of silver) on Jews found in public without a badge ( Latin : rota , lit.   'wheel', French : rouelle or roue ). The enforcement of wearing

3600-431: The braces via metal hooks or a facebow. Straps or a head cap anchor the headgear to the back of the head or neck. In some situations, both are used. Elastic bands are used to apply pressure to the bow or hooks which is then transferred to the patients teeth and jaw. Its purpose is to slow or stop the upper jaw from growing, thereby preventing or correcting an overjet. Other forms of headgear treat reverse overjets, in which

3672-424: The differentiating of non-Muslims from Muslims. The Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil issued a decree in 850 that ordered Jews and Christians to wear the zunnar , honey-coloured outer garments and badge-like patches on their on their servants' clothing. This begun the long tradition of differentiating by colour, though the colour and badges would change over time and place. The clothing was also enforced outside of

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3744-509: The end of the century, many other styles were introduced, among them hats with wide brims and flat crowns, the flower pot and the toque. By the middle of the 1920s, when women began to cut their hair short, they chose hats that hugged the head like a helmet. The tradition of wearing hats to horse racing events began at the Royal Ascot in Britain, which maintains a strict dress code. All guests in

3816-439: The excesses of such prohibited intercourse, we decree that such Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress. Particularly, since it may be read in the writings of Moses [ Numbers 15:37–41 ], that this very law has been enjoined upon them. Innocent III had in 1199 confirmed Sicut Judaeis , which

3888-437: The first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a tomb painting from Thebes, Egypt , which shows a man wearing a conical straw hat, dated to around 3200 BC. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt. Many upper-class Egyptians shaved their heads , then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase. Other early hats include

3960-504: The head, and sometimes the neck, from injury. They are usually rigid, and offer protection from blows. Helmets are commonly worn in battle , on construction sites and in many contact sports (most commonly being associated with American football ). In most of the United States they are required by law for anyone operating a range of vehicles including motorcycles, and sometimes extending to bicycles and skateboards. Modern hoods are generally soft headcoverings which are an integral part of

4032-469: The headcovering varies by region, though the early Church's Apostolic Tradition specifies that Christian headcovering is to be observed with an "opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen". With respect to Christian clergy , the zucchetto worn by Roman Catholic hierarchs is a skull-cap. Other forms of apostolic headgear include the mitre , biretta , tasselled cardinal's hat, and the papal tiara . Orthodox Christian clergy and monastics often wear

4104-522: The late 16th century. The term 'milliner' comes from the Italian city of Milan , where the best quality hats were made in the 18th century. Millinery was traditionally a woman's occupation, with the milliner not only creating hats and bonnets but also choosing lace, trimmings and accessories to complete an outfit. In the first half of the 19th century, women wore bonnets that gradually became larger, decorated with ribbons, flowers, feathers, and gauze trims . By

4176-484: The most famous London hatters is James Lock & Co. of St James's Street . The shop claims to be the oldest operating hat shop in the world. Another was Sharp & Davis of 6 Fish Street Hill . In the late 20th century, museums credited London-based David Shilling with reinventing hats worldwide. Notable Belgian hat designers are Elvis Pompilio and Fabienne Delvigne ( Royal warrant of appointment holder ), whose hats are worn by European royals. Philip Treacy OBE

4248-401: The officer's head, a sun hat shades the face and shoulders from the sun, a cowboy hat protects against sun and rain and an ushanka fur hat with fold-down earflaps keeps the head and ears warm. Some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as the mortarboard , which is worn (or carried) during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of a certain profession, such as

4320-540: The outer clothing that Tunisian Jews were obliged to wear. The shikla ceased to be used in Morocco from the sixteenth century, but it continued to be such a regular defining mark of Tunisian Jews up to the nineteenth century, that they were commonly referred to as shikliyyūn ("those who wear the sign"). In largely Catholic Medieval Europe, Jews and Muslims were required to wear distinguishable clothing in some periods. These measures were not seen as being inconsistent with

4392-512: The papal bulls Sicut Judaeis . Most significantly, the Fourth Council of the Lateran headed by Pope Innocent III ruled in 1215 that Jews and Muslims must wear distinguishable dress (Latin habitus ). This wording of the council decree may have been influenced indirectly by the Muslim requirements for Jews. Canon 68 reads, in part: In some provinces a difference in dress distinguishes

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4464-399: The present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a pointed cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong. St. Clement , the patron saint of felt hatmakers , is said to have discovered felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet, around 800 AD. In the Middle Ages, hats were

4536-489: The principles and halacha of tzniut . Traditionally, Christian women are required to wear a headcovering as taught in 1 Corinthians 11:2–16 (the same text teaches that men are to pray and worship with their head uncovered), which has been practiced since the time of the early Church and continues to be observed universally in certain denominations, such as in Conservative Anabaptist churches. The style of

4608-581: The rules was variable; in Marseille the magistrates ignored accusations of breaches, and in some places individuals or communities could buy exemption. Cathars who were considered "first time offenders" by the Catholic Church and the Inquisition were also forced to wear yellow badges, albeit in the form of crosses, about their person. The yellow badge remained the key distinguishing mark of Jewish dress in

4680-513: The side in which the hat is worn. A hat can be raised (briefly removed and replaced, with either hand), or "tipped" (touched or tilted forward) as a greeting. Yellow badge The yellow badge , also known as the yellow patch , the Jewish badge , or the yellow star ( German : Judenstern , lit.   ' Jew's star ' ), was an accessory that Jews were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history. A Jew's ethno-religious identity, which would be denoted by

4752-460: The top jaw is not forward enough. Turbans are headgear, mostly for males, made up from a single piece of cloth which is wrapped around the head in a wide variety of styles. Turban is the best known word in English for a large category of headgear and general head wraps traditionally worn in many parts of the world. All over the world Sikhs wear a turban as religious headgear. Turbans for women are

4824-513: The word dhimmi on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes. In the late twelfth century, the Almohads forced the Jews of North Africa to wear yellow cloaks and turbans, a practice the subsequent Hafsid dynasty continued to follow. In 1250, under Hafsid caliph al-Mustansir, Jews had to wear some sort of distinguishing badge ( shikla ), though it

4896-472: Was also confirmed by Pope Honorius III in 1216. In 1219, Honorius III issued a dispensation to the Jews of Castile , the largest Jewish population in Europe. Spanish Jews normally wore turbans , which presumably met the requirement to be distinctive. Elsewhere, local laws were introduced to bring the canon into effect. The identifying mark varied from one country to another, and from period to period. In 1227,

4968-430: Was formerly an indispensable portion of the suit, and women's hats have, over the years, attained a fantastic number of shapes ranging from immense confections to no more than a few bits of cloth and decorations piled on top of the head. Some hats, such as Deep Blue Sea , are showpiece creations created more as works of art than as practical items of fashion, and may be worth thousands or millions of dollars. Some headgear

5040-674: Was gradually introduced in other German-occupied areas , where local words were used (e.g. Juif in French, Jood in Dutch). One observer reported that the star increased German non-Nazi sympathy for Jews as the impoverished citizens who wore them were, contrary to Nazi propaganda , obviously not the cause of German failure on the Eastern Front . In the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, government had to ban hat tipping towards Jews and other courtesies that became popular as protests against

5112-442: Was immediately condemned by Yad Vashem chairman Dani Dayan , calling it a "[disgrace to] the victims of the Holocaust as well as the state of Israel", pointing out that the slaughter of Jews by Hamas differs from the Holocaust in that "Jews have today a state and an army. We are not defenseless and at the mercy of others." According to Ynet , unnamed officials from Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs were also highly critical of

5184-484: Was not merely ghiyār (differentiation), but also dhull (humiliation) in keeping with the koranic injunction ( Sura 9:29 ) that non-Muslims should be humbled. A genizah document from 1121 gives the following description of decrees issued in Baghdad: Two yellow badges [are to be displayed], one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead weighing [3 grammes] with

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