33-713: A toque ( / t oʊ k / or / t ɒ k / ) is a type of hat with a narrow brim or no brim at all. Toques were popular from the 13th to the 16th century in Europe, especially France. They were revived in the 1930s; nowadays, they are primarily known as the traditional headgear for professional cooks , except in Canada, where the term toque is used interchangeably with the French Canadian spelling of tuque knit caps . The word toque has been known in English since around 1500. It
66-416: A British police Custodian helmet protects the officer's head, a sun hat shades the face and shoulders from the sun, a cowboy hat protects against sun and rain and an ushanka fur hat with fold-down earflaps keeps the head and ears warm. Some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as the mortarboard , which is worn (or carried) during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of
99-522: A certain profession, such as the Toque worn by chefs, or the mitre worn by Christian bishops . Adherents of certain religions regularly wear hats, such as the turban worn by Sikhs , or the church hat that is worn as a headcovering by Christian women during prayer and worship. While there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. The 27,000-to-30,000-year-old Venus of Willendorf figurine may depict
132-593: A few years later would settle on toque ). The first Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles lists separate entries and definitions for both toque and tuque which cross-reference each other, though an illustrative line drawing is presented with the latter. Perhaps most importantly, the Canadian Oxford chose toque , and as the Canadian Press Stylebook bows to the Canadian Oxford as
165-653: A marker of social status and used to single out certain groups. The 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat ("Jewish hat"), marking them as targets for anti-Semitism . The hats were usually yellow and were either pointed or square. In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin , and denoted social status. Structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in
198-471: A well-known reference for Canadian English. The second edition, published in 2004, contains about 300,000 entries, including about 2,200 true Canadianisms . It also provides information on Canadian pronunciation and on Canadian spelling, which has features of both British and American spelling: colour , centre , and travelling , but tire , aluminum , and realize , resulting in combinations such as colourize . Until September 2008, Oxford maintained
231-417: A woman wearing a woven hat. One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a Bronze Age man (nicknamed Ötzi ) whose body (including his hat) was found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where he had been since around 3250 BC. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, essentially resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps. One of
264-616: Is a loan word from the French tuque (15th century), presumably by the way of the Spanish toca 'woman's headdress', from Arabic * taqa طاقة, itself from Old Persian taq 'veil, shawl'. The word toque in Breton means 'hat'. The spelling with ⟨que⟩ is Middle Breton, and the Modern Breton spelling is tok . Old Breton spells the word toc . The word was borrowed into
297-464: Is a collection of religious headgear assembled by a German entrepreneur, Dieter Philippi, located in Kirkel . The collection features over 500 hats, and is currently the world's largest collection of clerical, ecclesiastical and religious head coverings. This is a short list of some common and iconic examples of hats. There is a longer version at List of hat styles Hat sizes are determined by measuring
330-462: Is a measurement of head diameter in inches. It can be computed from a measurement of circumference in centimeters by dividing by 8, because multiplying 2.54 (the number of centimeters per inch) by π (the multiplier to give circumference from diameter) is almost exactly 8. Canadian Oxford Dictionary The Canadian Oxford Dictionary is a dictionary of Canadian English . First published by Oxford University Press Canada in 1998, it became
363-402: Is also sometimes seen in written English. In 2013, CBC Edmonton launched a poll to ask viewers how they spelled the word. The options given were toque , tuque or touque . Nearly 6,500 people voted, with Edmontonians remaining divided on the issue. Though touque was voted most popular in that instance, there is almost no formal usage to support its popularity. The Canadian English term
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#1732849034131396-568: Is an Irish milliner whose hats have been commissioned by top designers and worn at royal weddings. In North America, the well-known cowboy-hat manufacturer Stetson made the headgear for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Texas Rangers . John Cavanagh was one of the notable American hatters. Italian hat maker Borsalino has covered the heads of Hollywood stars and the world's rich and famous. The Philippi Collection
429-730: Is borrowed from the original usage as described elsewhere in this article. Toque also appears in the 1941 Dictionary of Mississippi Valley French as a "style of hair-dressing among the Indians" which was a tall, conical fashion not unlike the shape of the Voyageur-style cap described above. Dictionaries are divided on the matter of spelling, with the Gage Canadian preferring toque and the Nelson Canadian listing tuque (the Nelson Gage of
462-659: Is the common name for a knitted winter cap . While the spelling toque has become the most formally accepted in Canada, as recognized by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary and the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles , the alternate spelling of tuque is most commonly used in French Canada and often occurs in Canadian media. The spelling touque , although not recognized by the Canadian Oxford Dictionary ,
495-563: The casque à meche with cardboard. The pleated, low, round hat worn in French universities – the equivalent of the mortarboard or tam at British and American universities – is also called a toque. In the Napoleonic era , the French first empire replaced the coronets of traditional ("royal") heraldry with a rigorously standardized system (as other respects of "Napoleonic" coats of arms ) of toques, reflecting
528-882: The Pileus , a simple skull-like cap; the Phrygian cap , worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome (which became iconic in America during the Revolutionary War and the French Revolution , as a symbol of the struggle for liberty against the Monarchy); and the Greek petasos , the first known hat with a brim. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples . Like Ötzi, the Tollund Man was preserved to
561-559: The circumference of a person's head about 1 centimetre ( 2 ⁄ 5 in) above the ears. Inches or centimeters may be used depending on the manufacturer. Felt hats can be stretched for a custom fit. Some hats, like hard hats and baseball caps , are adjustable. Cheaper hats come in "standard sizes", such as small, medium, large, extra large: the mapping of measured size to the various "standard sizes" varies from maker to maker and style to style, as can be seen by studying various catalogues, such as Hammacher Schlemmer . US hat size
594-444: The 1600s as wide-brimmed and cocked hats became fashionable, but reappeared as a predominantly young women's fashion in the 1800s, accompanying long dresses and chignon hairstyles. A toque blanche ( French for 'white hat'), often shortened to toque, is a tall, round, pleated, starched white hat worn by chefs . The toque most likely originated as the result of the gradual evolution of head coverings worn by cooks throughout
627-559: The Breton toc or tok , "meaning simply 'hat'"; another suggesting that it is a Francization of the Spanish tocar, to touch, as the long "end of the sock cap" of the Voyageurs hung down and touched their shoulders; and another source adamant that the word is borrowed from "the old Languedoc dialect word tuc " meaning "summit" or "the head of a mountain". The spelling of toque , on the other hand,
660-608: The French language for both the chef's uniform and the knit cap. A tall, black toque made of silk or velvet , often ornamented with an aigrette , was fashionable among the Spanish nobility during the 1500s. This style is seen in a 1584 portrait of Isabella Clara Eugenia as well as Sofonisba Anguissola 's 1573 portrait of Philip II of Spain , both in the Museo del Prado . The style spread across Europe, being adopted in France, England, Germany, and Italy. The toque diminished in popularity in
693-754: The Royal Enclosure must wear hats. This tradition was adopted at other horse racing events, such as the Kentucky Derby in the United States. Extravagant hats were popular in the 1980s, and in the early 21st century, flamboyant hats made a comeback, with a new wave of competitive young milliners designing creations that include turban caps, trompe-l'œil -effect felt hats and tall headpieces made of human hair. Some new hat collections have been described as "wearable sculpture". Many pop stars, among them Lady Gaga , have commissioned hats as publicity stunts. One of
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#1732849034131726-472: The United States close to the Canada–United States border . Hat A hat is a head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory . Hats which incorporate mechanical features, such as visors, spikes, flaps, braces or beer holders shade into
759-457: The broader category of headgear . In the past, hats were an indicator of social status . In the military , hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank or regiment . Police typically wear distinctive hats such as peaked caps or brimmed hats , such as those worn by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Some hats have a protective function. As examples, the hard hat protects construction workers' heads from injury by falling objects,
792-458: The centuries. Their roots are sometimes traced to the casque à meche (stocking cap) worn by 18th-century French chefs. The colour of the casque à meche denoted the rank of the wearer. Boucher, the personal chef of the French statesman Talleyrand , was the first to insist on white toques for sanitary reasons. The modern toque is popularly believed to have originated with the French chef Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833), who stiffened
825-510: The end of the century, many other styles were introduced, among them hats with wide brims and flat crowns, the flower pot and the toque. By the middle of the 1920s, when women began to cut their hair short, they chose hats that hugged the head like a helmet. The tradition of wearing hats to horse racing events began at the Royal Ascot in Britain, which maintains a strict dress code. All guests in
858-480: The final word in spelling, most Canadian publications have followed suit. Though the requirement of the toque to have a pom-pom or no can be a hard line for some Canadians, for the most part the country agrees: one of these three spellings must be "correct" no matter what the specifics of shape. As the Canadian Encyclopedia claims, "We all know a tuque when we see one, [we just] can't agree on how to spell
891-437: The first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a tomb painting from Thebes, Egypt , which shows a man wearing a conical straw hat, dated to around 3200 BC. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt. Many upper-class Egyptians shaved their heads , then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase. Other early hats include
924-524: The late 16th century. The term 'milliner' comes from the Italian city of Milan , where the best quality hats were made in the 18th century. Millinery was traditionally a woman's occupation, with the milliner not only creating hats and bonnets but also choosing lace, trimmings and accessories to complete an outfit. In the first half of the 19th century, women wore bonnets that gradually became larger, decorated with ribbons, flowers, feathers, and gauze trims . By
957-488: The most famous London hatters is James Lock & Co. of St James's Street . The shop claims to be the oldest operating hat shop in the world. Another was Sharp & Davis of 6 Fish Street Hill . In the late 20th century, museums credited London-based David Shilling with reinventing hats worldwide. Notable Belgian hat designers are Elvis Pompilio and Fabienne Delvigne ( Royal warrant of appointment holder ), whose hats are worn by European royals. Philip Treacy OBE
990-401: The present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a pointed cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong. St. Clement , the patron saint of felt hatmakers , is said to have discovered felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet, around 800 AD. In the Middle Ages, hats were
1023-563: The rank of the bearer. Thus a Napoleonic duke used a toque with seven ostrich feathers and three lambrequins , a count a toque with five feathers and two lambrequins, a baron three feathers and one lambrequin, a knight only one ostrich feather (see Nobility of the First French Empire ). Toque is also used for a hard-type hat or helmet , worn for riding, especially in equestrian sports, often black and covered with black velvet . In Canada , toque or tuque / t uː k /
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1056-407: The word." In recent years knit toques have resurfaced as an extremely popular fashion item. They are used all year round, seen not only used outdoors for weather but as an indoor fashion accessory. Such hats are known in other English-speaking countries by a variety of names, including beanie , watch cap or stocking cap ; the terms toque and tuque are unique to Canada and northern areas of
1089-468: Was borrowed from Canadian French word tuque , and first documented in Canadian English in that form in 1865; by 1880 the spelling toque is documented. The fashion is said to have originated with the coureurs de bois , French and Métis fur traders, who kept their woollen nightcaps on for warmth during cold winter days. This spelling is attributed to a number of different sources, one being
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