The Sacramento Zoo is a zoo located in William Land Park in Sacramento, California . It opened on June 2, 1927, with 40 animals. At that time, it occupied 4.2 acres (1.7 ha), which remained the case until the early 1960s when the zoo expanded to its current 14.3 acres (5.8 ha). As of December 2012, the zoo had just over 500 animals on site.
41-486: The zoo opened as the 4.2-acre (1.7 ha) "William Land Park Zoo" on June 2, 1927, with 40 animals brought together from various local parks, including monkeys , raccoons , birds , and deer . In 1948, the Sacramento Union newspaper sponsored a drive to raise money to buy the zoo an elephant. In the fall of 1949, SUE (the "Sacramento Union Elephant"), so named by local teenage sisters Jacklyn and Carolyn Bolton via
82-815: A guide dog ). In 2010, the U.S. federal government revised its definition of service animal under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Non-human primates are no longer recognized as service animals under the ADA. The American Veterinary Medical Association does not support the use of non-human primates as assistance animals because of animal welfare concerns, the potential for serious injury to people, and risks that primates may transfer dangerous diseases to humans . Catarrhini sister: Platyrrhini The parvorder Catarrhini / k æ t ə ˈ r aɪ n aɪ / (known commonly as catarrhine monkeys , Old World anthropoids , or Old World monkeys ) consists of
123-520: A contest sponsored by the Union, arrived at the zoo, much to the delight of area visitors. In 1955, the zoo bought "Winky", Sue's companion. The Sacramento Zoological Society formed in 1958 to support and raise funds for the zoo as city funding began to dwindle. The year 1958 also brought along the start of the zoo's educational programming, at that time, one of only nine zoos in the United States to have such
164-577: A facility in which monkeys and other primates are kept within enclosures for public entertainment. Commonly known as a monkey house ( primatarium ), sometimes styled Monkey House , notable examples include London Zoo's Monkey Valley ; Zoo Basel's Monkey house/exhibit ; the Monkey Tropic House at Krefeld Zoo; Bronx Zoo's Monkey House ; Monkey Jungle , Florida; Lahore Zoo's Monkey House ; Monkey World , Dorset, England; and Edinburgh Zoo's Monkey House . Former cinema, The Scala, Kings Cross spent
205-444: A much more spacious, heated barn. The new barn includes a breeding facility with many large stalls for current giraffes and their calves. The Tall Wonders giraffe habitat has a pavilion for visitors to get an eye to eye view of the giraffes. The new facility opened on February 12, 2010. In 2011, brought along the grand opening of a new river otter exhibit, complete with glass that enabled visitors to walk up to visitors and interact with
246-400: A program. In 1997, the society took over day-to-day operation of the zoo. The zoo was expanded to 14.3 acres (5.8 ha) in the early 1960s, with new habitats built in most areas of the zoo. In 1965, the zoo received its first grizzly bear and two orangutans , and began charging 25 cents for admission. The current name was adopted in 1970, along with the completion of the reptile house and
287-458: A series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans. Monkeys thus constituted a " grade " on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes". Scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination
328-631: A short time as a primatarium. Some organizations train capuchin monkeys as service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments . After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with disabled people. Around the house, the monkeys assist with daily tasks such as feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care. Helper monkeys are usually trained in schools by private organizations, taking seven years to train, and are able to serve 25–30 years (two to three times longer than
369-469: A synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate. Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably. Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name, such as the Barbary ape . Later in the first half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in
410-515: A tribe or a troop. Two separate groups of primates are referred to as "monkeys": New World monkeys (platyrrhines) from South and Central America and Old World monkeys ( catarrhines in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. Apes (hominoids)—consisting of gibbons , orangutans , gorillas , chimpanzees and bonobos , and humans —are also catarrhines but were classically distinguished from monkeys. Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus
451-469: A tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not 12, premolars, giving them a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 , indicating 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Most catarrhine species show considerable sexual dimorphism and do not form a pair bond . Most, but not all, species live in social groups. Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally diurnal , and have grasping hands and (with
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#1732858286059492-400: Is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families. Generally, extinct non-hominoid simians, including early catarrhines are discussed as monkeys as well as simians or anthropoids, which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well, restoring monkeys as a single grouping. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades. It
533-478: Is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids. In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics. Several science-fiction and fantasy stories have depicted non-human (fantastical or alien) antagonistic characters refer to humans as monkeys, usually in a derogatory manner, as a form of metacommentary . A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as
574-1102: Is thought the New World monkeys started as a drifted "Old World monkey" group from the Old World (probably Africa) to the New World (South America). Tarsiiformes Eosimiidae s.s. (†37) Phileosimias (†46) Amphipithecidae (†35) Parapithecoidea (†30) Proteopithecidae (†34) Chilecebus (†20) Tremacebus (†20) Homunculus (†16) Dolichocebus (†20) Crown Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys) Oligopithecidae (†34) Propliopithecoidea (†30) Pliopithecoidea (†6) Micropithecus (†15) Proconsulidae (†18) Equatorius (†16) Morotopithecus (†20) Afropithecus (†16) Nyanzapithecinae (†7) Hominidae Hylobatidae Saadanioidea (†28) Victoriapithecinae (†19) Crown Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkeys) The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are kept as pets , others used as model organisms in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in monkey drives (when they threaten agriculture) or used as service animals for
615-922: Is used to describe all simians, both with and without tails, including apes. Below is a cladogram with extinct species in which the crown Catharrhini, which emerged in the Propliopithecoidea . Also, Saadanioidea is sister of the Cercopithecoidea rather than of the Crown Catarrhini here. It is indicated how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades. Platyrrhini Oligopithecidae (†34 Mya) Taqah Propliopithecid (†31) Propliopithecus (†30) Aegyptopithecus (†30) Kamoyapithecus (†25) Pliopithecoidea (†6) Micropithecus (†17) Hominoidea Saadanioidea (†28) Victoriapithecinae (†19) Crown Cercopithecoidea The Platyrrhini may have emerged in e.g.
656-612: The Online Etymology Dictionary , the word "monkey" may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published c. 1580 . In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape. In English, no clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that it is either
697-506: The Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", (" singes de l'Ancien Monde " in French ). Its sister in the infraorder Simiiformes is the parvorder Platyrrhini (New World monkeys). There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite
738-487: The owl monkeys and greater galagos — monochromatic . Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps. The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates. Below
779-421: The pygmy marmoset , which can be as small as 117 mm ( 4 + 5 ⁄ 8 in) with a 172 mm ( 6 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) tail and just over 100 g ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 oz) in weight, to the male mandrill , almost 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long and weighing up to 36 kg (79 lb). Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others live on the savanna ; diets differ among
820-462: The superfamily Hominoidea . This grouping comprises the two families: Hylobatidae , the lesser apes or gibbons; and Hominidae , the great apes, including orangutans , gorillas , chimpanzees , humans , and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman australopithecines and the giant orangutan relative Gigantopithecus . According to Schrago & Russo, New World monkeys split from their Old World kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use
861-594: The Sacramento zoo. In 2024, it was announced that the Zoo would leave the Land Park area and relocate to the suburban community of Elk Grove , about fifteen miles south of the current location, where it would be able to occupy a much larger space with improved facilities. Monkey Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes , also known as simians. Traditionally, all animals in
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#1732858286059902-568: The catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus , in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus emerged within the Old World Monkeys. Although the colloquial usage of terms like ape and monkey in English reflects a misconception about their true biological relationship, this is not the case in some other languages; for example, in Russian, the same term
943-404: The creation of a docent program. On April 6, 2007, an exhibit featuring six penguins opened to the public. The day prior, Mayor Heather Fargo and other guests were dressed in black and white to greet the new arrivals, who were on loan for the "one year bash". In 2009, the zoo started construction on a new barn and yard for their giraffes . The old wooden barn was demolished and replaced with
984-516: The disabled. In some areas, some species of monkey are considered agricultural pests , and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops. This can have important implications for the conservation of endangered species, which may be subject to persecution. In some instances farmers' perceptions of the damage may exceed the actual damage. Monkeys that have become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may also be considered pests, attacking tourists. Many zoos have maintained
1025-416: The exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet. The apes – in both traditional and phylogenic nomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage, ape describes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. "Ape" may be found as part of the common name of such species, such as the Barbary ape . In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to
1066-569: The first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya. Catarrhini lost the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase , present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini. It is hypothesized that an ancient pathogen containing Alpha-galactosidase may be responsible, as only individuals with mutations that "turned off" the gene for Alpha-galactosidase would have produced antibodies against
1107-491: The group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes . Thus monkeys, in that sense, constitute an incomplete paraphyletic grouping; however, in the broader sense based on cladistics , apes (Hominoidea) are also included, making the terms monkeys and simians synonyms in regard to their scope. In 1812, Étienne Geoffroy grouped the apes and the Cercopithecidae group of monkeys together and established
1148-454: The major catarrhine division between cercopithecoids and hominoids of about 25 Mya (which they argue is strongly supported by the fossil evidence), as a calibration point, and from this also calculate the gibbons separating from the great apes (including humans) about 15-19 Mya. According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with
1189-657: The name Catarrhini , "Old World monkeys" (" singes de l'Ancien Monde " in French ). The extant sister of the Catarrhini in the monkey ("singes") group is the Platyrrhini (New World monkeys). Some nine million years before the divergence between the Cercopithecidae and the apes, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean. Apes are thus deep in
1230-582: The need for more space and the constraints of their current location; however, the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association controls the arena site and have conflicting plans to build a mixed-use development on the site. 35 acres (10 hectares) of the former ARCO Arena site were donated to California Northstate University to build its new medical center. In June 2020, a red panda named Amaya gave birth to her second cub at
1271-504: The pathogen and survived. The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys : apes emerged as a sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines, which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically , apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as Parapithecidae are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World Monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all
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1312-522: The scientific evidence, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini. That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century. Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with what we now recognise as the tarsiers and the New World monkeys, in a single genus " Simia " (sans Homo ). The Catarrhini are all native to Africa and Asia . Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines . The Catarrhini are
1353-581: The simians are a sister group to the tarsiers – the two members diverged some 70 million years ago. New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians roughly 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhine monkeys about 25 million years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus (35–32 million years ago) are also considered monkeys by primatologists. Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys, but strepsirrhine primates (suborder Strepsirrhini). The simians' sister group ,
1394-741: The sister group to the New World monkeys, the Platyrrhini . Some six million years before the ape - Cercopithecoidea bifurcation, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean. The technical distinction between the New World platyrrhines and Old World catarrhines is the shape of their noses. The platyrrhines (from Ancient Greek platy- , "flat", and rhin- , "nose") have nostrils which face sideways. The catarrhines (from Ancient Greek katà- , "down", and rhin- , "nose") have nostrils that face downwards. Catarrhines also never have prehensile tails, and have flat fingernails and toenails,
1435-420: The tailless Barbary macaque is historically called the "Barbary ape". As apes have emerged in the monkey group as sister of the old world monkeys, characteristics that describe monkeys are generally shared by apes as well. Williams et al. outlined evolutionary features, including in stem groupings, contrasted against the other primates such as the tarsiers and the lemuriformes . Monkeys range in size from
1476-456: The tarsiers, are also haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys. Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. However, there has been resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean either the Cercopithecoidea (not including apes) or the Catarrhini (including apes). That apes are monkeys
1517-452: The tree of extant and extinct monkeys, and any of the apes is distinctly closer related to the Cercopithecidae than the Platyrrhini are. Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons . Most species are mainly active during the day ( diurnal ). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys. Within suborder Haplorhini ,
1558-569: The various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders). Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have long tails, with those in the Atelidae family being prehensile , while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Old World monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New World monkeys may be trichromatic, dichromatic , or—as in
1599-489: The very sociable North American river otters in their naturalistic habitat. In September 2014, the zoo opened Small Wonders of Africa with aardvarks , Wolf's guenon , red-billed hornbill , and other creatures. The zoo is working on replacing its current Reptile House with a Biodiversity Center. In November 2018, zoo officials have explored the possibility of moving the zoo to the former ARCO Arena site in Natomas , citing
1640-473: Was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century. Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with the tarsiers, in a single genus " Simia " (sans Homo ), an ensemble now recognised as the Haplorhini. Monkeys, including apes, can be distinguished from other primates by having only two pectoral nipples, a pendulous penis, and a lack of sensory whiskers . According to
1681-404: Was not, since it excluded hominoids (apes and humans). Thus, the term "monkey" no longer referred to a recognized scientific taxon . The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes , or simians. However this also contains the hominoids, so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term