Rothenberg is a village and a former municipality in the Odenwaldkreis (district) in Hesse , Germany . Since January 2018, it is part of the new town Oberzent .
58-522: Rothenberg lies at elevations between 200 and 500 m in the southern Odenwald in the Geo-Naturpark Bergstraße-Odenwald , 7 km north of Hirschhorn on the Neckar . The main centre lies in the south of the municipal area as a high settlement in a clearing 430 m high on the ridge of the otherwise wooded Hirschhorner Höhe (heights). The municipal area stretches northwestwards along
116-624: A Somerset -born engineer who had just moved to London. Easton's firm, inherited by his son James (1796–1871), grew during the nineteenth century to become one of the more important engineering manufacturers in England, with a large works at Erith , Kent . They specialised in water supply and sewerage systems worldwide, as well as land drainage projects. Eastons had a good business supplying rams for water supply purposes to large country houses , farms, and village communities. Some of their installations still survived as of 2004, one such example being at
174-579: A broad inland sea, then followed by sediments from the Late Triassic (or Keuper). The South German Cuesta Land thus formed. When the land in the Odenwald was uplifted again about 180 million years ago, more than 100 m of the sedimentary layering, in parts, was eroded away down to the bedrock , as can still be seen in the western Odenwald. The bedrock here is composed of a number of different rocks, among them gneiss , granite , diorite , gabbro in
232-434: A climatic spa after a highway link and new housing estates were built, while Hinterbach earned importance in the 1930s for its mineral springs. The municipal election held on 26 March 2006 yielded the following results: The independent mayor Hans Heinz Keursten was reëlected in the first round of voting on 18 September 2005 with 91.5% of the vote. Rothenberg and its outlying centres are rich in cultural monuments. Besides
290-409: A large spiral is allowed, but elbows are to be avoided. PVC will work in some installations, but steel pipe is preferred, although much more expensive. If valves are used they should be a free flow type such as a ball valve or gate valve . The delivery pipe is much less critical since the pressure vessel prevents water hammer effects from traveling up it. Its overall design would be determined by
348-416: A portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than
406-504: A second, slightly larger pipe. In 1772, John Whitehurst of Cheshire , England , invented a manually controlled precursor of the hydraulic ram called the "pulsation engine" and installed the first one at Oulton, Cheshire to raise water to a height of 4.9 metres (16 ft). In 1783, he installed another in Ireland . He did not patent it, and details are obscure, but it is known to have had an air vessel. The first self-acting ram pump
464-909: Is a low mountain range in the German states of Hesse , Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg . The Odenwald is located between the Upper Rhine Plain with the Bergstraße and the Hessisches Ried (the northeastern section of the Rhine rift) to the west, the Main and the Bauland (a mostly unwooded area with good soils) to the east, the Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin – a subbasin of the Upper Rhine Rift Valley in
522-484: Is connected with monsters (knight Georg fights against the man-eating lindworm near Frankenstein-castle ) and creatures of nature with magic potency (a water spirit changed into a fox near Niedernhausen, the merwoman in the Meerwiese of Waldürn). Secondly the local legend is connected with the genre of the historic saga: a historic person or an original is portrayed anecdotally (the count of Erbach and Luther, resp.
580-546: Is known as a leisure destination easily accessible from the urban areas of Mannheim and Frankfurt . It is known for its clean thin air and was once known for its health sanitariums. There are many marked hiking paths through the rural areas. Wild blueberries , strawberries and mushrooms are to be found in the forests. The planned extension to the Odenwaldautobahn , that is, the A ;45 ( Dortmund – Aschaffenburg ),
638-443: Is to have the air separated from the water by an elastic diaphragm (similar to an expansion tank ); however, this solution can be problematic in developing countries where replacements are difficult to procure. Another solution is a snifting valve installed close to the drive side of the delivery valve. This automatically inhales a small amount of air each time the delivery valve shuts and the partial vacuum develops. Another solution
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#1732855339261696-434: Is to insert an inner tube of a car or bicycle tire into the pressure vessel with some air in it and the valve closed. This tube is in effect the same as the diaphragm, but it is implemented with more widely available materials. The air in the tube cushions the shock of the water the same as the air in other configurations does. A typical energy efficiency is 60%, but up to 80% is possible. This should not be confused with
754-537: The Raubacher Joggel , landgrave Ludwig VIII: of Hesse-Darmstadt, robber Hölzerlips ). Thirdly a local tale explains an etiological or original myth (aetiological saga). For example, there is explained: Beside these legends there are two famous and well-known Odenwaldsagas: In the Nibelungenlied (see also Nibelung ) the dragon slayer Siegfried , on a hunting trip (instead of a failed campaign) leading from
812-618: The Burgundian city of Worms into the Odenwald, is murdered by Hagen of Tronje . Since no exact spot for this deed has been handed down, countless communities, especially in the Hessian Odenwald are squabbling over the right to call themselves “Siegfried’s Murder Site”, for example a spring near Gras-Ellenbach ( Siegfriedsbrunnen ), Mossautal-Hüttenthal Lindelbrunnen ) or Heppenheim ( Siegfriedbrunnen ). The ruins of Rodenstein (below-mentioned) and Schnellerts near Fränkisch-Crumbach are
870-750: The Main . Parts of the Odenwald now lay in Roman-ruled Germania Superior . About 159, the Limes was shifted about 30 kilometres (19 miles) eastwards to the Miltenberg – Walldürn – Buchen - Osterburken line. In 260, Roman hegemony fell. The Alamanni were also thrusting into the Odenwald and settling the land between the Main and Neckar, after whom came the Franks . In the 5th century, the Franks, under Clovis I , divided
928-670: The North Sea reached far inland, across the Wetterau Depression into the Rhine Valley. About 2500 BC, there is evidence that the Linear Pottery culture settled along the northern (Gersprenz) and southern (Neckar valley) edges of the Odenwald. About 400 BC, Celts (Gauls) settled throughout southern Germany. Almost all of the Odenwald was covered then with virgin forest , and the outer edges were not settled. Germanic peoples drove
986-757: The Otzberg , the Daumberg and the Katzenbuckel, all extinct volcanoes in the Odenwald. Furthermore, volcanism with acidic rocks has left a legacy of rhyolites near Dossenheim . At roughly the same time, the Central European plate began to tear apart so that the Upper Rhine Rift developed. Even as the Upper Rhine Rift valley still sinks today by just under a millimetre each year, the Odenwald, relatively to that,
1044-658: The Variscan , which more than 300 million years ago in the Carboniferous period ran through great parts of Europe . The cause of this orogeny was the collision of Africa ’s and Europe's forerunner continents. In the Triassic , about 200 million years ago, the land sank again, forming the Germanic Basin in which the metre-thick layers of red sandstone could build up . These were later covered over with layers of muschelkalk from
1102-607: The Zurich machine factory Schmid. Each of the motors drives a three-cylinder pump. One comes from the year 1902 and the other is two years newer. Today, the historic pumphouse between Kortelshütte and Rothenberg is run by a circle of technically enthusiastic idealists. Furthermore, in the Rothenberg hamlet of Hinterbach can be found the Odenwald’s last maintained hydraulic ram . The Rothenberg Heights are popular for hiking and walks. From
1160-479: The kinetic energy of flowing water. The Alhambra , built by Nasrid Sultan Ibn al-Ahmar of Granada beginning in 1238, used a ram pump to raise water. Through a first reservoir, filled by a channel from the Darro River , water emptied via a large vertical channel into a second reservoir beneath, creating a whirlpool that in turn propelled water through a much smaller pipe up six metres whilst most water drained into
1218-457: The "clack" valve and a "delivery" check valve , making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable. Priestly's Hydraulic Ram , described in detail in the 1947 Encyclopedia Britannica , has no moving parts. A simplified hydraulic ram is shown in Figure ;2. Initially, the waste valve [4] is open (i.e. lowered) because of its own weight, and the delivery valve [5] is closed under
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#17328553392611276-778: The Celts westwards across the Rhine to what is now France . About AD 100, the older Odenwald line of the Neckar-Odenwald Limes was built under Roman Emperor Trajan (98-117). This stretch of the Empire's border ran from Fort Wimpfen in the Valley ( Kastell Wimpfen im Tal ) northwards by way of the Forts of Neckarburken, the lesser forts of Trienz and Robern near Fahrenbach , Fort Oberscheidental, Fort Schloßau, Fort Hesselbach, Fort Würzberg, Fort Eulbach, Fort Hainhaus and Fort Hesselbach to Fort Wörth on
1334-581: The County of Erbach in 1806 to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. In 1835, Rothenberg was, with 1,098 inhabitants the third biggest village in the Landratsbezirk (roughly “administrative region”). When in the course of industrialization traffic routes were being expanded, this handicraft and market community’s high elevation, which did not favour transport, became a curse. There was no industrial development, and
1392-520: The Finkenbach. Many tourists visit Billy Rothenberg because of the wonderful natural setting and because of so many possibilities for sports such as swimming, riding bikes, riding horses, hiking, gliding (with a flex-wing or with a glider). Rothenberg borders in the north on the town of Beerfelden (Odenwaldkreis), in the east on the town of Eberbach ( Rhein-Neckar-Kreis in Baden-Württemberg ), in
1450-683: The Frankenstein pluton , and so on. In the eastern Odenwald, the red sandstone is all that is left of the sedimentary mixture. Farther east in the Bauland, the muschelkalk deposits still overlie the Early Triassic layers. Furthermore, in the south near Heidelberg , there is still Zechstein under the Early Triassic deposits. Roughly 50 to 60 million years ago, volcanoes formed along the great geological faults . Still bearing witness to this time are
1508-692: The Lords of Hirschhorn. After they died out in 1632, ownership passed to Otto von Kronberg, and after the Counts of Kronberg died out in 1704 to the Barons of Degenfeld-Schaumburg. Through marriage, ownership was held from 1786 to 1801 by the Counts of Erbach-Fürstenau and then lastly to the Counts of Billy Rothberg. By the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine , Rothenberg and the other villages, but not Moosbrunn, passed along with
1566-583: The Mümling- and the Neckar-Valley. Songs have been written about the Odenwald: Hydraulic ram A hydraulic ram pump , ram pump , or hydram is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower . It takes in water at one " hydraulic head " (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows
1624-717: The Old Lutheran Schwarze Kirche ('Black Church') from 1883 and the Evangelische Pfarrkirche (' Evangelical Parish Church') from 1880, several timber-frame houses in particular may be named, such as the Forsthaus Saubuche ('Sow Beech Forest House') near the outlying centre of Raubach. There are many smaller cultural monuments such as wells, border stones and rows of standing stone slabs ( Stellsteinreihen ) believed to once have been cattle-driving ways. One of these can be found at Ober-Hainbrunn. About
1682-770: The Rhine-Main Lowlands – to the north and the Kraichgau to the south. The part south of the Neckar valley is sometimes called the Kleiner Odenwald ("Little Odenwald"). The northern and western Odenwald belong to southern Hesse, with the south stretching into Baden . In the northeast, a small part lies in Lower Franconia in Bavaria. The Odenwald, along with other parts of the Central German Uplands, belongs to
1740-433: The allowable pressure drop based on the expected flow. Typically the pipe size will be about half that of the supply pipe, but for very long runs a larger size may be indicated. PVC pipe and any necessary valves are not a problem. A ram newly placed into operation or which has stopped cycling should start automatically if the waste valve weight or spring pressure is adjusted correctly, but it can be restarted as follows: If
1798-410: The closing of the waste valve also produces a pressure pulse which propagates back up the inlet pipe to the source where it converts to a suction pulse that propagates back down the inlet pipe. This suction pulse, with the weight or spring on the valve, pulls the waste valve back open and allows the process to begin again. A pressure vessel [6] containing air cushions the hydraulic pressure shock when
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1856-425: The community’s population figures fell. To this day, the community is strongly characterized by agriculture . In 1971, the hitherto self-governing communities of Ober-Finkenbach and Raubach were amalgamated. The hamlets of Kortelshütte and Hinterbach were established in the 18th century as settling communities for newcomers and those without property. Kortelshütte has developed itself since the early 20th century into
1914-418: The delivery pipe. If opened too quickly it will stop the cycle. Once the delivery pipe is full the valve can be left open. Failure to deliver sufficient water may be due to improper adjustment of the waste valve, having too little air in the pressure vessel, or simply attempting to raise the water higher than the level of which the ram is capable. The ram may be damaged by freezing in winter, or loss of air in
1972-553: The drive pipe design is important. It should be between 3 and 7 times longer than the vertical distance between the source and the ram. Commercial rams may have an input fitting designed to accommodate this optimum slope . The diameter of the supply pipe would normally match the diameter of the input fitting on the ram, which in turn is based on its pumping capacity. The drive pipe should be of constant diameter and material, and should be as straight as possible. Where bends are necessary, they should be smooth, large diameter curves. Even
2030-493: The end of the 19th century, interest waned as electricity and electric pumps became widely available. Priestly's Hydraulic Ram , built in 1890 in Idaho, was a "marvelous" invention, apparently independent, which lifted water 110 feet (34 m) to provide irrigation. The ram survives and is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . By the end of the twentieth century, interest in hydraulic rams has revived, due to
2088-464: The hamlet of Toller Whelme , in Dorset . Until about 1958 when the mains water arrived, the hamlet of East Dundry just south of Bristol had three working rams – their noisy "thump" every minute or so resonated through the valley night and day: these rams served farms that needed much water for their dairy herds. The firm closed in 1909, but the ram business was continued by James R. Easton . In 1929, it
2146-1031: The heights, the Odenwald's highest mountain, the Katzenbuckel, can be seen. In good weather, gliders can also be seen, as Rothenberg has a glider launching facility. There are many springs and resting places. Furthermore, there is an "Inliner Day" every summer, for which the highway between Rothenberg and Beerfelden (10 km) is closed to traffic for inline skating and cycling . Bundesstraße 37 lies about 8 km away in Hirschhorn . Bundesstraße 45 lies about 12 km away in Beerfelden . The Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr railway line in Hirschhorn lies about 8 km away. Cities to be seen, when visiting Rothenberg: Hirschhorn ca. 5 minutes, Eberbach ca. 15 minutes, Neckarsteinach ca. 20 minutes, Heidelberg ca. 30 minutes, Mannheim ca. 45 minutes, Odenwald The Odenwald ( German: [ˈoːdn̩valt] )
2204-482: The job of opening the empty woods up by the central Frankish power ( Carolingian ), Lorsch Abbey from the west, Fulda Monastery from the east and Mosbach Monastery from the south. Amorbach Monastery had the greatest importance for ecclesiastical, cultural and economic development in the eastern Odenwald. In the 9th century in the southeastern Odenwald near the now more thickly settled Bauland, settlements were established. The muschelkalk-new red sandstone mineral boundary
2262-434: The land up into districts. In the 7th and 8th centuries came Christianization by Irish - Scottish and Anglo-Saxon monks ( Pirmin , Boniface ). On the muschelkalk lands of today's Bauland, which favoured agriculture , a broad mesh of settlements arose. The parts of the Odenwald farther in from the rivers, though, with their scant New Red Sandstone soils remained uninhabited. Four Benedictine monasteries were assigned
2320-452: The needs of sustainable technology in developing countries , and energy conservation in developed ones. An example is Aid Foundation International in the Philippines , who won an Ashden Award for their work developing ram pumps that could be easily maintained for use in remote villages. The hydraulic ram principle has been used in some proposals for exploiting wave power , one of which
2378-664: The other 80% being spilled via the waste valve. These ratios assume 100% energy efficiency. Actual water delivered will be further reduced by the energy efficiency factor. In the above example, if the energy efficiency is 70%, the water delivered will be 70% of 20%, i.e. 14%. Assuming a 2-to-1 supply-head-to-delivery-head ratio and 70% efficiency, the delivered water would be 70% of 50%, i.e. 35%. Very high ratios of delivery to supply head usually result in lowered energy efficiency. Suppliers of rams often provide tables giving expected volume ratios based on actual tests. Since both efficiency and reliable cycling depend on water hammer effects,
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2436-410: The pressure caused by the water column from the outlet [3]. The water in the inlet pipe [1] starts to flow under the force of gravity and picks up speed and kinetic energy until the increasing drag force lifts the waste valve's weight and closes it. The momentum of the water flow in the inlet pipe against the now closed waste valve causes a water hammer that raises the pressure in the pump beyond
2494-420: The pressure caused by the water column pressing down from the outlet. This pressure differential now opens the delivery valve [5], and forces some water to flow into the delivery pipe [3]. Because this water is being forced uphill through the delivery pipe farther than it is falling downhill from the source, the flow slows; when the flow reverses, the delivery check valve [5] closes. Meanwhile, the water hammer from
2552-409: The pressure vessel leading to excess stress on the ram parts. These failures will require welding or other repair methods and perhaps parts replacement. It is not uncommon for an operating ram to require occasional restarts. The cycling may stop due to poor adjustment of the waste valve, or insufficient water flow at the source. Air can enter if the supply water level is not at least a few inches above
2610-475: The setting of an Odenwald ghost story: during the night the knight Rodenstein (the Rodensteiner ) flies with a berserker-cornet through the air to prophesy the beginning of a war ( Wild Hunt motif). Countless streams rise in the Odenwald, the longest of which are the following: There are a few bodies of standing water in the Odenwald, among which are the following: Odenwald is twinned with: The Odenwald
2668-525: The south on the town of Hirschhorn ( Bergstraße district ) and in the west on the town of Eberbach (outlying centre of Brombach) and the community of Wald-Michelbach (Bergstraße district). Rothenberg’s Ortsteile are Finkenbach, Hinterbach, Kortelshütte, Ober-Hainbrunn, Raubach and Rothenberg. Rothenberg went, as Rodenberg , in 1535, along with the villages of Ober-Hainbrunn and Unter-Finkenbach, and Vogt rights in Moosbrunn, as an Imperial fief to
2726-401: The supply pipe to fill with water and for any air bubbles to travel up the pipe to the source. This may take some time, depending on supply pipe length and diameter. Then it can be started manually by pushing it down a few times as described above. Having a valve on the delivery pipe at the ram makes starting easier. Closing the valve until the ram starts cycling, then gradually opening it to fill
2784-681: The turn of the 20th century, complaints were mounting among dwellers in the upper village about the water supply's shortcomings. The spring of the Großer Brunnen ('Great Spring') on the slope of the Gammelsbach valley gave forth enough water, so the state authorities in the Grand Duchy of Hesse put the Kulturinspektion Darmstadt in charge and they found the solution to the water supply problem by furnishing two water motors , delivered by
2842-405: The volumetric efficiency, which relates the volume of water delivered to total water taken from the source. The portion of water available at the delivery pipe will be reduced by the ratio of the delivery head to the supply head. Thus if the source is 2 metres (6.6 ft) above the ram and the water is lifted to 10 metres (33 ft) above the ram, only 20% of the supplied water can be available,
2900-442: The waste valve closes, and it also improves the pumping efficiency by allowing a more constant flow through the delivery pipe. Although the pump could in theory work without it, the efficiency would drop drastically and the pump would be subject to extraordinary stresses that could shorten its life considerably. One problem is that the pressurized air will gradually dissolve into the water until none remains. One solution to this problem
2958-467: The waste valve is in the raised (closed) position, it must be pushed down manually into the open position and released. If the flow is sufficient, it will then cycle at least once. If it does not continue to cycle, it must be pushed down repeatedly until it cycles continuously on its own, usually after three or four manual cycles. If the ram stops with the waste valve in the down (open) position it must be lifted manually and kept up for as long as necessary for
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#17328553392613016-434: The waste valve used the venturi effect and was arranged concentrically around the input pipe. Initially patented as a fluid pressure amplifier due to its different design, it is currently sold as the "Papa Pump". Additionally to this a large scale version named the "Venturo Pump" is also being manufactured. A traditional hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste" valve sometimes known as
3074-419: Was acquired by Green & Carter of Winchester , Hampshire , who were engaged in the manufacturing and installation of Vulcan and Vacher Rams. The first US patent was issued to Joseph Cerneau (or Curneau) and Stephen (Étienne) S. Hallet (1755-1825) in 1809. US interest in hydraulic rams picked up around 1840, as further patents were issued and domestic companies started offering rams for sale. Toward
3132-407: Was crossed. The following are some theories about the origin of the name Odenwald : Linguists who research phonetic changes and the sound shifts reject theories no. 1 to 3 and prefer 4 or 5; some historians favor no. 2. The numerous Odenwald folk legends are mostly connected with historic geographic sites (castle, town, rock, road and so on) They relate: In some stories the local aspect firstly
3190-456: Was discussed as long ago as 1931 by Hanns Günther in his book In hundert Jahren . Some later ram designs in the UK called compound rams were designed to pump treated water using an untreated drive water source, which overcomes some of the problems of having drinking water sourced from an open stream. In 1996 English engineer Frederick Philip Selwyn patented a more compact hydraulic ram pump where
3248-499: Was invented by the Frenchman Joseph Michel Montgolfier (best known as a co-inventor of the hot air balloon ) in 1796 for raising water in his paper mill at Voiron . His friend Matthew Boulton took out a British patent on his behalf in 1797. The sons of Montgolfier obtained a British patent for an improved version in 1816, and this was acquired, together with Whitehurst's design, in 1820 by Josiah Easton ,
3306-694: Was never realized. Nevertheless, all these Bundesstraßen run through the Odenwald: Furthermore, the Nibelungenstraße and the Siegfriedstraße run through the Odenwald, partly along the roads listed above. The Odenwald is home to many historic castles and palatial residences. In times past the fortresses on the top of the Odenwald mountains controlled Bergstraße and the Weschnitz-, the Gersprenz-,
3364-479: Was uplifted to the height it has today. Along the faults, the small rivers Gersprenz and Weschnitz have, in part, carved their courses. The Upper Rhine Rift is part of a fracture zone reaching from the Mediterranean Sea to Norway . Right on the edge of the Odenwald, it is roughly 2 500 m deep, but has been filled in to its current height by river and sea sediment, for until about 20 million years ago,
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