Misplaced Pages

#675324

63-730: Following the partition of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea into a tetrarchy in 4 BC, it was gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with Roman Syria annexing Iturea and Trachonitis . By the late 2nd century AD, the province was divided into Coele Syria and Syria Phoenice . Syria was annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC, when Pompey the Great had the Seleucid king Antiochus XIII Asiaticus executed and deposed his successor Philip II Philoromaeus . Pompey appointed Marcus Aemilius Scaurus to

126-427: A diverse demographic distribution. The rural inland was mostly populated by Aramaic speakers descended from various West Semitic peoples who inhabited Syria. Arabs were settled throughout Hauran , Trachonitis and Emesa which they controlled. Arabs were also part of Palmyra 's composition, which included Aramaeans, Arabs and Amorites . The Phoenician coast maintained a Phoenician -speaking majority well into

189-506: A diverse population. Archaeological evidence shows that gentile migrants from neighboring Levantine provinces such as Arabia , Syria , and Phoenicia , as well as from the coastal plain and beyond, settled in the area. The new Roman colony of Aelia Capitolina was populated by Roman veterans and migrants from western parts of the empire, who also occupied its surroundings, administrative centers, and main roads. According to Lichtenberger, archaeological evidence from Bayt Nattif suggests

252-495: A female Hasmonean heir. The later Herodian rulers Agrippa I and his son Agrippa II both had Hasmonean blood, as Agrippa I's father was Aristobulus IV, son of Herod by Mariamne I, but they were not male descendants, and thus not seen legitimate rulers by much of the Jewish population. Herod died in 4 BCE, and his kingdom was divided among his three sons, none of them inherited his title of king ( basileus ). Herod Archelaus assumed

315-602: A number of Jews may have forfeited their Jewish identity and assimilated into the Pagan and early Christian I.e. Gentile populations. Many Jewish captives were sold into slavery across the Roman Empire, contributing to an increase in the Jewish diaspora . According to Eitan Klein, after the revolt, Roman authorities confiscated lands in Judaea, leading to the resettlement of the region by

378-557: A persistence of non-conformist unorthodox Jewish groups that did not adhere to strict Biblical monotheism , as well as remnants of semitic pagan groups related to those of Yahwahist Iron Age Judah in the late Roman period. In AD 300, Jews formed around a quarter of the population and lived in compact settlements in Galilee , while Samaritans were concentrated in Samaria . By the fifth century, Christianity had gained further ground in

441-517: A punitive recent origin for the term, and point it has been used to refer to the Southern Levant at large for centuries since Classical antiquity, when it was first used by Herodotus , and has been used by Jewish authors such as Philo and Josephus while Judaea still existed. It's claimed that the name was chosen as the new province was far larger than Judaea , and was resulted from the merger of Judaea with Galilee. Despite this "Syria" in

504-949: Is believed the Jerusalem Christians waited out the Jewish–Roman wars in Pella in the Decapolis . The line of Jewish bishops in Jerusalem , which is claimed to have started with James, brother of Jesus as its first bishop, ceased to exist within the Empire. Hans Küng in Islam: Past Present and Future , suggests that the Jewish Christians sought refuge in the Arabian Peninsula and he quotes with approval Clemen et al., "This produces

567-734: The Limes Arabicus , which had existed for some time, was pushed further south. The Crisis of the Third Century (235–284) affected Syria Palaestina, but the fourth century brought an economic upswing due to the Christianization of the Roman Empire and the associated upswing in Christian pilgrimage to the " Holy Land ". In the course of late antiquity, with imperial support, Christianity succeeded in asserting itself against both remnants of Semitic as well as trending Hellenistic Paganism in

630-658: The Parthians , sided with Brutus and Cassius in the Liberators' civil war ; after their defeat Labienus joined the Parthians and assisted them in invading Roman territories in 40 BCE. The Parthian army crossed the Euphrates and Labienus was able to entice Mark Antony's Roman garrisons around Syria to rally to his cause. The Parthians split their army, and under Pacorus conquered the Levant from

693-519: The Roman province of Judea ; such province was placed under the direct authority of the Legate of Syria Publius Sulpicius Quirinius , who appointed Coponius as Prefect of Judea. Following the death of Herod Philip II (34 AD) and the removal of Herod Antipas (39 AD) Ituraea , Trachonitis , Galilee and Perea were also transferred under the jurisdiction of the province of Syria. From 37 to 41 AD, much of

SECTION 10

#1732845247676

756-486: The "administrative capital" of the region beginning in 6 AD. During the 1st and 2nd centuries, Judaea became the epicenter of a series of unsuccessful large-scale Jewish rebellions against Rome, known as the Jewish-Roman Wars . The Roman suppression of these revolts led to wide-scale destruction, a very high toll of life and enslavement. The First Jewish-Roman War (66-73) resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and

819-623: The Arab . Philip became the 33rd emperor of Rome upon its millennial celebration. Roman Syria was invaded in 252/253 (the date is disputed) after a Roman field army was destroyed in the Battle of Barbalissos by the King of Persia Shapur I which left the Euphrates river unguarded and the region was pillaged by the Persians. In 259/260 a similar event happened when Shapur I again defeated a Roman field army and captured

882-536: The Jews but had been destroyed, was rebuilt as the colonia Aelia Capitolina . Jews were forbidden to settle there or in the immediate vicinity. While Syria was divided into several smaller provinces by Septimius Severus , and later again by Diocletian , Syria Palaestina survived into late antiquity . Presumably, it was small enough not to become dangerous as a potential starting point for usurpation attempts. Instead, Diocletian even integrated parts of Arabia Petraea into

945-515: The Jews, rejoicing at the restoration of the Hasmonean line, thought a new era of independence had come. When Phasael and Hyrcanus II set out on an embassy to the Parthians, the Parthians instead captured them. Antigonus, who was present, cut off Hyrcanus's ears to make him unsuitable for the High Priesthood, while Phasael was put to death. Antigonus, whose Hebrew name was Mattathias, bore

1008-553: The King of Arabia, Hyrcanus was condemned and executed. During King Herod's reign, the last male representatives of the Hasmoneans were eliminated, while only Herodias remained alive with her daughter Salome. Herodias was among the few remaining Hasmonean female heirs, as she was granddaughter of Alexander . Herodias was granddaughter of the Hasmonean princess Mariamne . Mariamne was ultimately convicted on dubious charges that arose from palace intrigue and internal power struggles. She

1071-548: The Parthians and had few additional resources to use to support Herod. After the Parthian defeat, Herod was victorious over his rival in 37 BCE . Antigonus was delivered to Antony and executed shortly thereafter, bringing about the end of the Hasmonean rule over Israel. King Herod has become known among the archaeologists as Herod the Builder, and under his reign Judea experienced an unprecedented construction, still obtaining an impact on

1134-427: The Parthians to help him regain the throne, invited him to return to Jerusalem. The Babylonian Jews warned him in vain. Herod received him with every mark of respect, assigning him the first place at his table and the presidency of the state council, while awaiting an opportunity to get rid of him. As the last remaining Hasmonean, Hyrcanus was too dangerous a rival for Herod. In the year 30 BCE, charged with plotting with

1197-622: The Phoenician coast through the Land of Israel: "Antigonus... roused the Parthians to invade Syria and Palestine, [and] the Jews eagerly rose in support of the scion of the Maccabean house, and drove out the hated Idumeans with their puppet Jewish king. The struggle between the people and the Romans had begun in earnest, and though Antigonus, when placed on the throne by the Parthians, proceeded to spoil and harry

1260-543: The Roman emperor, Valerian, alive at the Battle of Edessa . Again, Roman Syria suffered as cities were captured, sacked and pillaged. From 268 to 273, Syria was part of the breakaway Palmyrene Empire . Following the reforms of Diocletian , Syria Coele became part of the Diocese of the East . Sometime between 330 and 350 (likely c. 341), the province of Euphratensis was created out of

1323-555: The Roman governor was given authority to punish by execution. The general population also began to be taxed by Rome . However, Jewish leaders retained broad discretion over affairs within Judaism. The Herodian kingdom was split into a tetrarchy in 6 AD, which was gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with Roman Syria annexing Iturea and Trachonitis . The capital of Judaea was shifted from Jerusalem to Caesarea Maritima , which, according to historian Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson , had been

SECTION 20

#1732845247676

1386-585: The Second Temple . Two generations later, the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-136) erupted. Judea's countryside was devastated, and many were killed, displaced or sold into slavery. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt, Jerusalem was rebuilt as a Roman colony under the name of Aelia Capitolina , and Judaea

1449-592: The Syrian army, based on Legio XII Fulminata , reinforced by auxiliary troops, to restore order in Judaea and quell the revolt. The legion, however, was ambushed and destroyed by Jewish rebels at the Battle of Beth Horon , a result that shocked the Roman leadership. The future emperor Vespasian was then put in charge of subduing the Jewish revolt. In the summer of 69, Vespasian, with the Syrian units supporting him, launched his bid to become Roman emperor. He defeated his rival Vitellius and ruled as emperor for ten years when he

1512-534: The aftermath of the AD 132-135 Bar Kokhba revolt , identifying Emperor Hadrian as the one responsible for the measure, though no direct evidence suggests exactly when the name change was implemented or by whom, and the renaming may even have taken place before the conclusion of the revolt. While the name Judaea bore an ethnic connotation to Jews, Syria-Palaestina had a strict geographical meaning. Some authors in late antiquity, such as Jerome , continued to refer to

1575-720: The country, at that time under the Hamdanids , although still under the official suzerainty of the Abbasid caliphs and also claimed by the Fatimid caliphs. After emperor John Kurkuas failed to conquer Syria up to Jerusalem, a Muslim reconquest of Syria followed in the late 970s undertaken by the Fatimid Caliphate that resulted in the ousting of the Byzantines from most parts of Syria. However, Antioch and other northern parts of Syria remained in

1638-589: The double title of king and High Priest for only three years. He had not disposed of Herod, who fled into exile and sought the support of Mark Antony. Herod was designated "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate in 40 BCE: Antony "then resolved to get [Herod] made king of the Jews...[and] told [the Senate] that it was for their advantage in the Parthian war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when

1701-521: The empire and other parts were under the protection of the emperors through their Hamdanid, Mirdasid , and Marwanid proxies, until the Seljuk arrival, who after three decades of incursions, conquered Antioch in 1084. Antioch was captured again during the 12th century by the revived armies of the Comnenii . However, by that time the city was regarded as part of Asia Minor and not of Syria. Provinicia Syria had

1764-558: The end of 2nd century, and their main urban centers included Tyre , Sidon and Berytus . On the other hand, Greeks comprised a majority in Hellenistic urban centers such Antioch , Apamea , Cyrrhus and the Decapolis , which had been settled by Greeks under Seleucid patronage. Estimates for the population of the entire Levant in the 1st century vary from 3.5–4 million to 6 million, levels only matched even by 19th century levels. Urban centers peaked and so did population density in

1827-431: The four legions from the governor of Syria and handed it over to the governor of Palestine . Septimius Severus divided the province of Syria proper into Syria Coele and Syria Phoenice , with Antioch and Tyre as their respective provincial capitals. As related by Theodor Mommsen , It was Severus who at length withdrew the first place in the Roman military hierarchy from the Syrian governor. After having subdued

1890-530: The heartland with the capital at Caesarea, while Palaestina Secunda extended to Galilee , the Golan , and parts of the Transjordan and its capital was Scythopolis (now Beit She'an ). Salutaris was named Palaestina Tertia or Salutaris. The name Syria-Palaestina was given to the former Roman province of Judaea in the early 2nd century AD. The renaming is often presented as an act of punitive disassociation in

1953-435: The land. The province was split into smaller ones during the fourth and fifth centuries. In 358, areas that had formerly belonged to Arabia Petraea were transformed into a separate province of Palaestina Salutaris with Petra as its capital. The remaining territory was named Palaestina Prima . Around the year 400, it had been further split into a smaller Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda . Palaestina Prima included

Roman Syria - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-568: The landscape of the region. Under his enterprise, such projects as the Masada fortress, the Herodion and the great port of Caesarea Maritima were built. Antigonus was not, however, the last male Hasmonean; Aristobulus III , grandson of Aristobulus II through his elder son Alexander, and brother of the Hasmonean princess Mariamne , was briefly made high priest, but was soon executed (36 BCE) due to jealousy of Herod's first wife Doris. His sister, Mariamne

2079-551: The larger Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Diocese of the East , together with the provinces of Isauria , Cilicia , Cyprus (until 536), Euphratensis , Mesopotamia , Osroene , and Arabia Petraea . Palaestina Prima consisted of Judaea , Samaria , the Paralia and Peraea , with the governor residing in Caesarea . Palaestina Secunda consisted of the Galilee, the lower Jezreel Valley ,

2142-457: The later 2nd century, the Roman Senate included several notable Syrians, including Claudius Pompeianus and Avidius Cassius . Syria was of crucial strategic importance during the Crisis of the Third Century . In 244 AD, Rome was ruled by a native Syrian from Philippopolis (modern day Shahba ) in the province of Arabia Petraea. The emperor was Marcus Iulius Philippus, more commonly known as Philip

2205-499: The name, Palestine was independent of Roman Syria , even to a greater extent than before, since instead of a legatus Augusti pro praetore , a higher-ranking governor of consular rank now presided over the region. This in turn was probably due to the fact that in addition to the already existing legion in Caesarea, a second legion was stationed in Legio , increasing the military importance of

2268-500: The paradox of truly historic significance that while Jewish Christianity was swallowed up in the Christian church, it preserved itself in Islam ." In circa 390, Syria Palaestina was reorganised into several administrative units: Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda , and Palaestina Tertia (in the 6th century), Syria Prima and Phoenice and Phoenice Lebanensis. All were included within

2331-527: The pilgrimage of Empress Helena , the mother of Constantine the Great , c. 326–28. New pagan cities were founded in Judea at Eleutheropolis (now Bayt Jibrin ), Diopolis (now Lod ), and Nicopolis . The Hellenization of Palaestina continued under Septimius Severus (193–211 AD). The Romans destroyed the Jewish community of the Church in Jerusalem, which had existed since the time of Jesus. Traditionally it

2394-599: The post of governor of Syria. Following the fall of the Roman Republic and its transformation into the Roman Empire , Syria became a Roman imperial province, governed by a Legate . During the early empire, the Roman army in Syria accounted for three legions with auxiliaries who defended the border with Parthia . In 6 AD, Emperor Augustus deposed the ethnarch Herod Archelaus and united Judea , Samaria and Idumea into

2457-571: The province, namely the Negev and the Sinai Peninsula . He moved the Legio X Fretensis from Aelia Capitolina to Aila (today's Eilat / Aqaba ) to secure the country against Arab incursions. The part of the Roman imperial border that now ran through Palestine was subsequently placed under its own supreme commander, the dux Palaestinae , who is known from the Notitia Dignitatum . The border wall,

2520-529: The province. Exactly when the legion was moved and the rank of the governor's post increased is a matter of debate - in any case, these events must have occurred before the governorship of Quintus Tineius Rufus , who took office no later than 130. The population of Syria-Palaestina was of mixed character . The aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in severe devastation for Judaea's Jewish population, including significant loss of life, forced displacements, and widespread enslavement. The scale of suffering

2583-412: The province—which had wished at that time to make Niger emperor, as it had formerly done with its governor Vespasian —amidst resistance from the capital Antioch in particular, he ordained its partition into a northern and a southern half, and gave to the governor of the former, which was called Coele-Syria , two legions, to the governor of the latter, the province of Syro-Phoenicia , one [legion]. From

Roman Syria - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-410: The region as Judaea out of habit due to the prominent association with the Jews. This includes an inscription from Ephesos from AD 170-180, honoring the wife of a figure known as "Eroelius Klaros", who had the epithet "ruler of Judaea" ("[Ερο]υκίου Κλάρου, υπάτου, [ηγ]εμόνος Ιουδ[αίας]"), decades after the recreation of Provincia Judaea as Syria-Palaestina. Other scholars and commenters disagree with

2709-513: The region dates from 63 BCE, following the end of the Third Mithridatic War , when Rome created the province of Syria . After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus , Pompey (Pompey the Great) sacked Jerusalem in 63 BCE . The Hasmonean Queen, Salome Alexandra , had recently died and her sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II , turned against each other in a civil war. In 63 BCE, Aristobulus

2772-537: The region, and Christians formed a majority in Palestine and Jerusalem through migration and conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews. After the Jewish–Roman wars (66–135), which Epiphanius believed the Cenacle survived, the significance of Jerusalem to Christians entered a period of decline, it having been destroyed and later refounded as the pagan colonia of Aelia Capitolina. Christian interest resumed again with

2835-503: The regions of Judea , Samaria , Idumea , and Galilee and extended over parts of the former regions of Hasmonean and Herodian Judea. It was named after Herod's Tetrarchy of Judaea , but Roman Judaea encompassed a much larger territory than Judaea . The name "Judaea" ultimately traces to the Iron Age Kingdom of Judah . Following the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 AD, Judea came under direct Roman rule, during which time

2898-582: The rural settlements. Antioch and Palmyra reached a peak of 200,000–250,000 inhabitants, while Apamea counted 117,000 'free citizens' circa AD 6. Combined with their dependancies and villages, Apamea and Cyrrhus may have counted as high as 500,000 each. The Syrian Coastal Mountain Range , marginal hill country, were less densely settled and had a population of around 40–50,000. The inhabitants of Syria adopted Greek customs while maintaining elements of Near Eastern culture. The continuity of pre-Hellenistic cultures

2961-467: The senate was separated, Antony and Caesar [Augustus] went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign." The struggle thereafter lasted for some years, as the main Roman forces were occupied with defeating

3024-570: The small coastal province Theodorias out of territory from both provinces. The region remained one of the most important provinces of the Byzantine Empire . It was occupied by the Sasanians between 609 and 628, then reconquered by the emperor Heraclius , but lost again to the advancing Muslims after the Battle of Yarmouk and the fall of Antioch . The city of Antioch was reconquered by Nikephorus Phocas in 963, along with other parts of

3087-503: The southern region was separated from Syria and transformed into a client kingdom under Herod Agrippa I . After Agrippa's death, his kingdom was gradually re-absorbed into the Roman Empire, until it was officially transformed into a Roman province following the death of Herod Agrippa II . Syrian province forces were directly engaged in the First Jewish–Roman War of 66–70 AD. In 66 AD, Cestius Gallus , legate of Syria, brought

3150-510: The territory of Syria Coele along the western bank of the Euphrates and the former Kingdom of Commagene , with Hierapolis as its capital. After c. 415, Syria Coele was further subdivided into Syria I (or Syria Prima ), with its capital remaining at Antioch , and Syria II ( Syria Secunda ) or Syria Salutaris , with its capital at Apamea on the Orontes . In 528, Justinian I carved out

3213-884: The title of ethnarch and ruled Judea , Samaria and Idumea so badly that he was dismissed in 6 CE by the Roman emperor Augustus , who appointed Quirinius to exercise direct Roman rule after an appeal from Herod Archelaus' own population, thus was formed the Province of Judea . Another, Herod Antipas , ruled as tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from 4 BCE to 39 CE, being then dismissed by Caligula , and Philip ruled as tetrarch of Iturea , Trachonitis , Batanea , Gaulanitis , Auranitis and Paneas from 4 BCE to his death in 34 CE. 31°47′N 35°13′E  /  31.783°N 35.217°E  / 31.783; 35.217 Syria Palaestina Syria Palaestina ( Koinē Greek : Συρία ἡ Παλαιστίνη , romanized:  Syría hē Palaistínē [syˈri.a (h)e̝ pa.lɛsˈt̪i.ne̝] )

SECTION 50

#1732845247676

3276-477: Was a client state of the Roman Republic ruled from 37 to 4 BCE by Herod the Great , who was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate . When Herod died, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the Herodian Tetrarchy . The Herodian kingdom included the regions of Judea , Samaria , Idumaea , and Galilee , as well as several regions east of the Jordan River — Perea , Batanaea , Auranitis , and Trachonitis . The first intervention of Rome in

3339-440: Was besieged in Jerusalem by his brother's armies. He sent an envoy to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus , Pompey's representative in the area. Aristobulus offered a massive bribe to be rescued, which Pompey promptly accepted. Afterwards, Aristobulus accused Scaurus of extortion. Since Scaurus was Pompey's brother-in-law and protégé, the general retaliated by putting Hyrcanus in charge of the kingdom as Prince and High Priest . When Pompey

3402-424: Was defeated by Julius Caesar , Hyrcanus was succeeded by his courtier Antipater the Idumaean , also known as Antipas, as the first Roman Procurator . In 57–55 BCE, Aulus Gabinius , proconsul of Syria , split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts of Sanhedrin / Synedrion (councils of law). After Julius Caesar was murdered in 44 BCE, Quintus Labienus , a Roman republican general and ambassador to

3465-406: Was executed in 29 BCE, but was survived by her granddaughter Herodias and her great-granddaughter Salome. Herodias managed to survive miraculously, and was eventually exiled to Gaul , with her second husband, Herod Antipas . Herod Antipas was accused by his nephew Agrippa I of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor Caligula , who sent him into exile in Gaul, where he was accompanied by Herodias,

3528-433: Was governor of the province of Judea between 120 and 130, possibly prior to the Bar Kokhba revolt . As related by Theodor Mommsen , The governor of Syria retained the civil administration of the whole large province undiminished, and held for long alone in all Asia a command of the first rank. [...] It was only in the course of the second century that a diminution of his prerogatives occurred, when Hadrian took one of

3591-435: Was immense, with ancient sources reporting extensive destruction and high casualty rates. It appears that at the end of the revolt, Jewish settlement in Judaea Proper had nearly been eradicated, but remained strong in other parts of Palestine. Jewish survivors faced harsh Roman punitive measures, including expulsion from Jerusalem and other areas, leading to a migration to Galilee and Golan . Some scholars suggest that

3654-464: Was inconsistent across different regions, and where it existed, it varied, including Aramean , Phoenician , and neo-Hittite influences. However, many areas documented exclusively Greek elements. In contrast to Jews , who shared collective historical memories, Syrians lacked a unified cultural or social identity. The unifying aspects in Roman Syria were Greek civic structures and narratives promoted by Roman imperial rule, suggesting that Syrian culture

3717-618: Was largely defined through Greek and Roman influences. The term 'Syrian' therefore primarily functioned as a geographical designation. Ancient episcopal sees of the late Roman province of Syria Prima (I) listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees : Ancient episcopal sees of the late Roman province of Syria Secunda (II) listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees : 36°12′N 36°09′E  /  36.200°N 36.150°E  / 36.200; 36.150 Herodian Kingdom of Judea Canaan State of Israel (1948–present) The Herodian kingdom

3780-461: Was married to Herod, but fell victim to his notorious fear of being assassinated. Her sons by Herod, Aristobulus IV and Alexander, were in their adulthood also executed by their father, but not before Aristobulus IV having sired Herodias. Hyrcanus II had been held by the Parthians since 40 BCE. For four years, until 36 BCE, he lived amid the Babylonian Jews , who paid him every mark of respect. In that year Herod, who feared that Hyrcanus might induce

3843-436: Was renamed Syria Palaestina, a term occasionally used among Greco-Romans for centuries to describe the Southern Levant . Syria-Palaestina included Judea , Samaria , Galilee , Idumaea , and Philistia . The province retained its capital, Caesarea Maritima, and therefore remained distinct from Syria, which was located further north with its capital in Antioch . Jerusalem , which held special religious significance for

SECTION 60

#1732845247676

3906-407: Was succeeded by his son Titus . Based on an inscription recovered from Dor in 1948, Gargilius Antiquus was known to have been the governor of a province in the eastern part of the Empire, possibly Syria, between his consulate and governing Asia. In November 2016, an inscription in Greek was recovered off the coast of Dor by Haifa University underwater archaeologists, which attests that Antiquus

3969-412: Was the renamed Roman province formerly known as Judaea , following the Roman suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt , in what then became known as the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD. The provincial capital was Caesarea Maritima . It forms part of timeline of the period in the region referred to as Roman Palestine . Judaea was a Roman province that incorporated

#675324