136-544: Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965 – June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was a victim of police brutality . On March 3, 1991, he was severely beaten by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) during his arrest after a high speed pursuit for driving while intoxicated on the I-210 . An uninvolved resident, George Holliday, saw and filmed the incident from his nearby balcony and sent
272-590: A SWAT team on 24‑hour stand‑by to respond to any terrorist activity. In September 2005, the CHP sent its two Mobile Field Forces (highly trained and equipped quick reaction/deployment teams for civil disturbances and/or disasters) to the Gulf Coast to assist in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . Before the National Guard arrived, the CHP had four patrol helicopters over Marianna, Florida , more than eighty vehicles on
408-419: A billy club , and shocked with a stun gun. King also said he was scared for his life when the officers drew their guns on him. Four officers were eventually tried on charges of use of excessive force. Of these, three were acquitted; the jury failed to reach a verdict on one charge for the fourth. Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots started, sparked by outrage among racial minorities over
544-762: A driving under the influence charge and the parole violation that could follow. King left the freeway near the Hansen Dam Recreation Area and the pursuit continued through residential streets at speeds ranging from 55 to 80 miles per hour (90 to 130 km/h), and through at least one red light. By this point, several police cars and a police helicopter had joined in the pursuit. After approximately 8 miles (13 km), officers cornered King in his car. The first five Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers to arrive were Stacey Koon , Laurence Powell, Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseno and Rolando Solano. Officer Tim Singer ordered King and his two passengers to exit
680-479: A 4 1 ⁄ 2 ‑minute shootout in the Newhall region of Southern California. The incident is a landmark in CHP history because of both its emotional impact and the procedural and doctrinal reforms implemented by the CHP in the incident's aftermath. The shootout occurred in a restaurant parking lot just before midnight. Officers Walt Frago and Roger Gore were alerted by radio of a vehicle carrying someone who brandished
816-659: A celebrity boxing match against Chester, Pennsylvania , police officer Simon Aouad on September 11, 2009, at the Ramada Philadelphia Airport in Essington . On September 9, 2010, it was confirmed that King was going to marry Cynthia Kelley, who had been a juror in the civil suit he brought against the City of Los Angeles . On March 3, 2011, the 20th anniversary of the beating, the LAPD stopped King for driving erratically and issued him
952-534: A citation for driving with an expired license. This arrest led to a February 2012 misdemeanor conviction for reckless driving. The BBC quoted King commenting on his legacy. "Some people feel like I'm some kind of hero. Others hate me. They say I deserved it. Other people, I can hear them mocking me for when I called for an end to the destruction like I'm a fool for believing in peace." In April 2012, King published his memoir, The Riot Within: My Journey from Rebellion to Redemption . Co-authored by Lawrence J. Spagnola,
1088-410: A citizen by his or her first name to death by a policeman's bullet. What the average citizen thinks of when he hears the term, however, is something midway between these two occurrences, something more akin to what the police profession knows as "alley court"—the wanton vicious beating of a person in custody, usually while handcuffed , and usually taking place somewhere between the scene of the arrest and
1224-553: A daughter. King and Lyles eventually divorced. He later remarried and had a daughter with Crystal Waters. This marriage also ended in divorce. State charges: State charges: Early in the morning of Sunday, March 3, 1991, King, with his friends Bryant Allen and Freddie Helms, were driving a 1987 Hyundai Excel west on the Foothill Freeway (Interstate 210) in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. The three had spent
1360-440: A forest green jacket and royal blue tie (bow tie for motor officers). Cold weather and utility uniforms are dark blue. Leather gear is black basketweave leather with brass snaps and buckles. Standard traffic enforcement patrol vehicles are required by state law to have a white door with, in the case of the CHP, a star. The CHP operates traditional black and white as well as all-white patrol vehicles. The California Highway Patrol
1496-533: A four-year college education funded by the city of Los Angeles. King refused and sued the city, and was subsequently awarded $ 3.8 million. Bryant Allen, one of the passengers in King's car on the night of the incident, received $ 35,000 in his lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles. The estate of Freddie Helms, the other passenger, settled for $ 20,000; Helms died in a car crash on June 29, 1991, age 20, in Pasadena . King invested
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#17328477171831632-768: A group to assist each other and promote road safety – the Joaquin Valley Traffic Officer's Association – led by Harry Wilson who they elected as president. They renamed themselves the California Association of Highway Patrolmen in 1921, and became the California Highway Patrol in 1927 under the auspices of the Department of Motor Vehicles. Through the public competitive bidding process, the Harley-Davidson Electraglide motorcycle
1768-459: A jury awarded him $ 3.8 million, as well as $ 1.7 million in attorney's fees. The city did not pursue charges against King for driving while intoxicated and evading arrest. District Attorney Ira Reiner believed there was insufficient evidence for prosecution. His successor Gil Garcetti thought that by December 1992, too much time had passed to charge King with evading arrest; he also noted that the statute of limitations on drunk driving had passed. At
1904-522: A lack of institutional police control mechanisms as key contributors to the persistence of police brutality in Brazil. These structural issues stem from a long-standing system of aggressive social control that started in the colonial era, was reinforced during military dictatorships, and has carried on throughout the ongoing process of democratization in Brazil. One notable case that brought international attention to police brutality in Brazil occurred in 2020 in
2040-444: A negligence claim filed with the city, King alleged he had suffered "11 skull fractures, permanent brain damage, broken [bones and teeth], kidney failure [and] emotional and physical trauma." Blood and urine samples were taken from King five hours after his arrest. At this time, King's blood alcohol content was measured to be 0.075%. This indicated that King was intoxicated during the initial arrest as defined by California law, but with
2176-455: A new contract was negotiated with the state, causing officers to increase their contribution to the retirement plan by deferring any percentage over 3% of their annual raise towards their pension. This brings their contribution closer to a 50–50 split with the state, while boosting state contributions toward the officers' retirements from other sources. The CHP is led by the Commissioner, who
2312-571: A portion of his settlement in a record label, Straight Alta-Pazz Records, hoping to employ minority employees, but it went out of business. With help from a ghostwriter, he later wrote and published a memoir. King was subject to further arrests and convictions for driving violations after the 1991 incident, as he struggled with alcoholism and drug addiction . In May 1991, King was arrested on suspicion of having tried to run down an undercover vice officer in Hollywood, but no charges were filed. In 1992, he
2448-407: A press conference, announcing the four officers involved would be disciplined, and three would face criminal charges, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates said: "We believe the officers used excessive force taking him into custody. In our review, we find that officers struck him with batons between fifty-three and fifty-six times." The LAPD initially charged King with "felony evading", but later dropped
2584-594: A reputation for having a high number of drug-related issues, including gang violence, drug trafficking, and overdose deaths, one common solution that government will enact is a collective campaign against drugs that spans the entirety of the state's establishment. Changes to address these issues encompass education, bureaucracy, and, most notably, law enforcement policy and tactics. Law enforcement agencies expand and receive more funding to attack drug problems in communities. Acceptance of harsher policing tactics grows as well, as an any means necessary philosophy develops within
2720-679: A result of CHP investigations, and the WST assists local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies to serve the same type of high-risk warrants. CHP investigators also work closely with agents of the State Bureau of Investigation, Office of the Attorney General. The CHP also has a Special Response Team (SRT) for rapidly responding to natural disasters or civil disturbances throughout the state. Specialized training and equipment help to quickly quell unrest, preserve life, prevent property damage, and ensure
2856-410: A result of government reforms, Brazil's police forces are still responsible for a significant proportion of killings annually. This violence is often justified by authorities as self-defense or part of the ongoing " war on drugs ," yet it is frequently carried out with impunity. Reports from human rights organizations have highlighted racism, corruption, a culture of excessive force and retaliation, and
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#17328477171832992-637: A store in Monterey Park, California . He threatened the Korean store owner with an iron bar. King then hit the store owner with a pole before fleeing the scene. King stole two hundred dollars in cash during the robbery. He was convicted and sentenced to two years' imprisonment. He was released on December 27, 1990, after serving one year in prison. King had a daughter with his girlfriend, Carmen Simpson. He later married Denetta Lyles (cousin of hate crime victim James Byrd Jr. and also cousin of rapper Mack 10 ) and had
3128-456: A time before having to take a minimum 8-hour break. In 1999, Governor Gray Davis signed SB 400, which allowed CHP officers to retire at age 50 and continue receiving as much as 90% of their peak pay as a pension. This raised the pension earned for 30 years of service from an average of $ 62,218 to $ 96,270. Officers' average retirement age is 54. New officers have a retirement age of 57 in accordance with CalPers 2.7% at 57 formula. As of 2019,
3264-402: A tool against police brutality (by prevention, and by increasing accountability). However according to Harlan Yu, executive director from Upturn, for this to occur, it needs to be embedded in a broader change in culture and legal framework. In particular, the public's ability to access the body camera footage can be an issue. In 1985, only one out of five people thought that police brutality
3400-550: A weapon. They spotted the car, fell in behind, called for backup, and began the stop procedure. When the suspects' vehicle came to a halt in the parking lot, the driver was instructed to step out of the vehicle and spread his hands on the hood. Gore approached him and Frago moved to the passenger side. The passenger side door suddenly swung open and the passenger sprung out, firing at Frago, who fell with two shots in his chest. The gunman, later identified as Jack Twinning, then turned and fired once at Gore, who returned fire. In that moment
3536-458: Is 11‑99, which signifies that an officer needs emergency assistance or that an officer is down. In 1981, a charitable foundation called the 11‑99 Foundation was founded to provide benefits and scholarships to officers and their families. The members of the foundation's board of directors have provided over $ 16 million in assistance to current, retired, and those fallen in the line of duty CHP employees and their families. The organization's name
3672-584: Is a civil rights violation. Police brutality includes, but is not limited to, asphyxiation , beatings, shootings, improper takedowns, racially-motivated violence and unwarranted use of tasers . The first modern police force is widely regarded to be the Metropolitan Police Service in London, established in 1829. However, some scholars argue that early forms of policing began in the Americas as early as
3808-642: Is appointed by the Governor of California. The Deputy Commissioner is also appointed by the Governor and the Assistant Commissioners are appointed by the Commissioner. On February 3, 2023, Acting Commissioner Duryee was appointed to Commissioner by Governor Gavin Newsom. In 2010 the CHP received initial accreditation by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). Upon receiving this honor,
3944-635: Is colloquially known as "high-speed pursuit syndrome". In England and Wales , an independent organization known as the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) investigates reports of police misconduct. They automatically investigate any deaths caused by or thought to be caused by, police action. A similar body known as the Police Investigations and Review Commissioner (PIRC) operates in Scotland. In Northern Ireland,
4080-556: Is knocked to the ground. Powell strikes King several more times with his baton. Briseno moves in, attempting to stop Powell from striking again, and Powell stands back. Koon reportedly said, "Stop! Stop! That's enough! That's enough!" King rises again, to his knees; Powell and Wind are seen hitting King with their batons. Koon acknowledged ordering the continued use of batons, directing Powell and Wind to strike King with "power strokes". According to Koon, Powell and Wind used "bursts of power strokes, then backed off". The officers beat King. In
4216-468: Is one of the few organizations to continue to use the older toll-free " Zenith 1-2000" number. With the falling cost of telephone area code 800 and 888 numbers, most organizations have chosen to switch to one of the newer numbers and discontinue use of the Zenith service, which requires operator assistance. The CHP's traditions include its own radio codes, widely adopted by local agencies. The most important
Rodney King - Misplaced Pages Continue
4352-416: Is taken from the radio code. Since its inception in 1929, 227 officers have died in the line of duty. The top three frequent causes of line of duty deaths to date are (in order of cause): Automobile/Motorcycle Accidents, Gunfire, and Vehicular Assault (i.e., struck by drunk driver, reckless driving, or hearing and/or visually impaired drivers). 1964 was the deadliest year, in which eight officers died in
4488-584: Is the employment of body cameras as a part of police uniforms. However, the effectiveness of body cameras has been called into question due to the lack of transparency shown in police brutality cases where the footage is withheld from the public. In many cases of police brutality, the criminal justice system has no policy in place to condemn or prohibit police brutality. Certain nations have laws that permit lawful, violent treatment of civilians, like qualified immunity, which protects officers from being sued for their use of violence if their actions can be justified under
4624-787: Is the largest state police agency in the United States, with 11,000 employees, over 7,600 of whom are sworn officers, according to a study in December 2019. The CHP gained international recognition in the late 1970s to the early 1980s through the broadcast of the TV series CHiPs , which chronicled the adventures of two fictional CHP motorcycle officers. The agency is responsible for law enforcement on all California state routes (including all freeways and expressways ), U.S. Highways , Interstate Highways and all public roads in unincorporated and incorporated portions of any specific county . Local police or
4760-545: Is the primary law enforcement agency in rural parts of the state. The California State Legislature originally established the California Highway Patrol as a branch of the Division of Motor Vehicles in the Department of Public Works, with legislation signed by Governor C. C. Young on August 14, 1929. It was subsequently established as a separate department with legislation signed by Governor Earl Warren in 1947. The CHP gradually assumed increased responsibility beyond
4896-442: Is the principal state police agency for the U.S. state of California . The CHP has primary patrol jurisdiction over all California highways and roads and streets outside city limits, and can exercise law enforcement powers anywhere within the state. The California Highway Patrol can assist local and county agencies and can patrol major city streets along with local and county law enforcement, state and interstate highways, and
5032-597: Is thought that psychopathy makes some officers more inclined to use excessive force than others. In one study, police psychologists surveyed officers who had used excessive force. The information obtained allowed the researchers to develop five unique types of officers, only one of which was similar to the bad apples stereotype. These include personality disorders; previous traumatic job-related experience; young, inexperienced, or authoritarian officers; officers who learn inappropriate patrol styles; and officers with personal problems. Schrivers categorized these groups and separated
5168-450: Is to develop and maintain positive working relations with Mexican authorities in order to: The unit was originally established in 1958 and only consisted of one officer. It was discontinued in the 1970s, and reestablished in 1980. The unit now consists of one sergeant and six officers, all of whom are fluent in Spanish. On April 6, 1970, four California Highway Patrol officers were killed in
5304-673: The 1912 Lawrence textile strike , the Ludlow massacre of 1914, the Great Steel Strike of 1919 , and the Hanapepe massacre of 1924. The term "police brutality" was first used in Britain in the mid-19th century, by The Puppet-Show magazine (a short-lived rival to Punch ) in September 1848, when they wrote: Scarcely a week passes without their committing some offence which disgusts everybody but
5440-654: The Oregon State Police and Alaska State Troopers serve as game wardens under a separate fish and wildlife division within the two departments. The California Highway Patrol currently issues the Smith & Wesson M&P pistol, replacing the Smith & Wesson Model 4006 TSW. When motor vehicles in California were first seen as needing legislation, law enforcement agencies began to patrol using motorcycles, cars and trucks. Motorcycle officers in 1920 Fresno , started
5576-712: The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland has a similar role to that of the IPCC and PIRC. In Africa, there exist two such bodies: one in South Africa and another one in Kenya known as the Independent Policing Oversight Authority. In the United States, more police are wearing body cameras after the shooting of Michael Brown . The US Department of Justice has made a call to action for police departments across
Rodney King - Misplaced Pages Continue
5712-619: The US Supreme Court . Both Koon and Powell were released from prison while they appealed to the Ninth Circuit's ruling, having served their original 30-month sentences with time off for good behavior. On June 14, 1996, the high court partially reversed the lower court in a ruling, unanimous in its most important aspects, which gave a strong endorsement to judicial discretion, even under sentencing guidelines intended to produce uniformity. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley offered King $ 200,000 and
5848-512: The station house . Sometimes riots, e.g. the 1992 Los Angeles riots , are a reaction to police brutality. In recent times, as of 2024, there have been more protests and action against the alleged genocide in Palestine. On 8 April 2024, 'Besetzung Gegen Besatzung' – 'Occupy Against Occupation' was set up in front of the Reichstag Building. It is a pro-Palestinian camp by activists, with
5984-575: The 1500s on plantation colonies in the Caribbean. These slave patrols quickly spread across other regions and contributed to the development of the earliest examples of modern police forces. Early records suggest that labor strikes were the first large-scale incidents of police brutality in the United States , including events like the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , the Pullman Strike of 1894,
6120-512: The Berlin state authorities. With the reason that it could be a “threat to school peace”. If one does not abide by the rules set by the police, they could be arrested. These result in instances of the police violence -- arresting, shoving, grabbing, and forcefully holding down people who are resisting arrest. Police violence was most rampant and visible during the camp's eviction. Police were using heavy violence through riot control tactics like kettling
6256-501: The CALEA TRI-ARC award, which is given to agencies having concurrent CALEA accreditation for their law enforcement, public safety communications and public safety training Academy. The CHP is one of nearly 20 agencies to have received this award. [REDACTED] CHP uniforms are traditionally khaki -colored with campaign hat and blue-and-gold trouser stripe. Command officers wear a tan combination cap . The dress uniform includes
6392-490: The CHP became the largest CALEA-accredited law enforcement agency in the nation. On November 16, 2013, the CHP Academy was formally recognized as an accredited Public Safety Training Academy by CALEA, becoming the first accredited state police training academy in the nation. Additionally, the department succeeded in its bid for Advanced Law Enforcement reaccreditation, and remains the largest accredited law enforcement agency in
6528-679: The CHP uses to patrol are the Dodge Charger Pursuit in the RWD V6 Police Package, Ford Police Interceptors Utility, and Chevrolet Tahoe depending on location. The only Hemi V8 Chargers CHP have are in the EVOC unit used for training purposes. CHP officers also uses utility CHP Officers have been using some police cars from the early 2000s such as Ford Expeditions . CHP officers are responsible for investigating and disposing of car accidents , disabled vehicles, debris, and other impediments to
6664-574: The City of Los Angeles liable and awarded King $ 3.8 million in damages. King was born in Sacramento, California , in 1965, the son of Ronald and Odessa King. He and his four siblings grew up in Altadena, California . King attended John Muir High School and often talked about being inspired by his social science teacher, Robert E. Jones. King's father died in 1984 at the age of 42. On November 3, 1989, King robbed
6800-411: The LAPD for their roles in the beating. During the three-hour sentencing hearing, US District Judge John G. Davies accepted much of the defense version of the beating. He strongly criticized King, who, he said, provoked the officers' initial actions. Davies said that only the final six or so baton blows by Powell were unlawful. The first 55 seconds of the videotaped portion of the incident, during which
6936-609: The Law Enforcement Division of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife into the California Highway Patrol. By doing so, this may allow for better protection of California's environment and natural resources. The underfunded CDFW Law Enforcement Division has faced low numbers of Game Wardens also known as Wildlife Officers for the last ten years; a similar idea is already in place in Oregon and Alaska , where
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#17328477171837072-543: The Los Angeles police to disperse the camp, which ended in 93 people being arrested [1] . More people and students returned soon after to resist the police's efforts to clear the encampment. The police reported no arrests while clearing the encampment for the second time. The encampment at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), was met with more violent police brutality. It was reported that more than 200 people were arrested . With many people being heavily injured. A man
7208-452: The Salgueiro favelas of Rio de Janeiro. João Pedro Matas Pinto, a 14-year-old Black teenager was shot and killed during a police raid that was targeted at suspected local drug traffickers. João Pedro was at his aunt's house playing with his cousins when police stormed the building and opened fire. The teenager was shot in the abdomen by an assault rifle and sustained fatal injuries. Building on
7344-659: The United States in 2024 The main demands of Pro-Palestinian camps in the USA were for universities to divest from Israeli military such that their universities no longer accept research funding from them. And calling for an academic boycott -- from ending academic partnerships with Israeli institutions and organizing for an association or union to support the boycott. These are part of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement. The BDS movement has an extensive website listing how one can show their support. Pro-Palestine encampment
7480-452: The United States to safeguard against police abuse, including an umbrella group, October 22 Coalition to Stop Police Brutality. In 1992, these clips were added in the opening credits of Malcolm X . On September 19, 2021, Holliday died from complications of COVID-19. King was taken to Pacifica Hospital after his arrest, where he was found to have suffered a fractured facial bone , a broken right ankle, and multiple bruises and lacerations. In
7616-508: The United States, where they had often complained of police abuse against their communities. The officers' jury consisted of Ventura County residents: ten white, one Latino, one Asian. Lead prosecutor Terry White was black. On April 29, 1992, the jury acquitted three of the officers but could not agree on one of the charges against Powell. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley said, "The jury's verdict will not blind us to what we saw on that videotape. The men who beat Rodney King do not deserve to wear
7752-640: The acquittal in Los Angeles as well as a local police killing of a Black man in Toronto two days prior. During the riots, on May 1, 1992, King made a television appearance pleading for an end to the riots: I just want to say – you know – can we, can we all get along? Can we, can we get along? Can we stop making it horrible for the older people and the kids? And ... I mean we've got enough smog in Los Angeles let alone to deal with setting these fires and things ... It's just not right. It's not right, and it's not going to change anything. We'll get our justice. They've won
7888-544: The acquittals and the riots, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) sought indictments of the police officers for violations of King's civil rights. On May 7, federal prosecutors began presenting evidence to the federal grand jury in Los Angeles. On August 4, the grand jury returned indictments against the three officers for "willfully and intentionally using unreasonable force" and against Sergeant Koon for "willfully permitting and failing to take action to stop
8024-400: The battle, but they haven't won the war. We'll get our day in court, and that's all we want. And, just, uh, I love – I'm neutral. I love every – I love people of color. I'm not like they're making me out to be. We've got to quit. We've got to quit; I mean, after all, I could understand the first – upset for the first two hours after the verdict, but to go on, to keep going on like this and to see
8160-611: The big groups of protesters, eventually arresting a huge number of them. In a Youtube video published by MEMO , 'German police violently attack Gaza solidarity camp in Berlin', police were seen grabbing protesters' faces and limbs as they arrest them or attempt to pull them away from where they were standing or sitting. The police can be seen forcibly choking protesters, while also throwing punches, and kicking at them. Affected protesters reported to have suffered injuries -- scratches, bleeding from open wounds, broken bones etc. See also: List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in
8296-517: The book describes King's turbulent youth as well as his personal account of the arrest, the trials, and the aftermath. On Father's Day, June 17, 2012, King's partner, Cynthia Kelley, found him dead underwater at the bottom of his swimming pool. King died 28 years to the day after his father, Ronald King, was found dead in his bathtub in 1984. Police in Rialto received a 911 call from Kelley at about 5:25 a.m. PDT . Responding officers removed King from
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#17328477171838432-460: The charge. The Los Angeles County District Attorney subsequently charged four police officers, including one sergeant, with assault and use of excessive force. Due to the extensive media coverage of the arrest, the trial received a change of venue from Los Angeles County to Simi Valley in neighboring Ventura County . The jury was composed of ten white jurors, one biracial male, one Latino, and one Asian American . The prosecutor, Terry L. White,
8568-410: The charge. On his release, King spoke to reporters from his wheelchair, with his injuries evident: a broken right leg in a cast, his face badly cut and swollen, bruises on his body, and a burn area to his chest where he had been jolted with a stun gun . King described how he had knelt, spread his hands out, then slowly tried to move so as not to make any "stupid moves", before being hit across the face by
8704-412: The claims made by the accused officers, show King attempting to flee past Laurence Powell. During the next one minute and 19 seconds, King is beaten continuously by the officers. The officers testified that they tried to physically restrain King before the starting point of the videotape, but King was able to throw them off physically. Afterward, the prosecution suggested that the jurors may have acquitted
8840-457: The conflict. The federal government prosecuted a separate civil rights case, obtaining grand jury indictments of the four officers for violations of King's civil rights. Their trial in a federal district court ended in April 1993, with two of the officers being found guilty and sentenced to serve prison terms. The other two were acquitted of the charges. In a separate civil lawsuit in 1994, a jury found
8976-423: The context of political repression. Police brutality is often used to refer to violence used by the police to achieve politically desirable ends (terrorism) and, therefore, when none should be used at all according to widely held values and cultural norms in the society (rather than to refer to excessive violence used where at least some may be considered justifiable). Studies show that there are officers who believe
9112-518: The crowd at the courthouse, predicted, "By having this verdict, what these people did, they lit the fuse to a bomb." Following a hung jury in Officer Laurence Powell's initial state court trial for assault, a retrial was postponed by Superior Court Judge Stanley Weisberg, pending the federal grand jury trial of Powell for violating King's civil rights. Judge Weisberg stated "I don't think that's in anyone's best interest, to have three trials on
9248-556: The demand for the German government to stop exporting arms to Israel, and to stop criminalising solidarity with the Palestinian movement . The camp lasted for two weeks. There were tents, an information booth about the history of the genocide, and field kitchens set up. Protesters were encouraged to sleep over in the camp or return frequently to provide support in numbers. There were community activities and workshops happening frequently to boost
9384-413: The driver, Bobby Davis, turned and shot Gore twice at close range. Both officers died instantly. When Officers James Pence and George Alleyn drove in moments later, they could not see suspects or other officers, but both immediately came under fire. Officer Pence put out an 11‑99 call ("officer in distress") then took cover behind the passenger door. Alleyn grabbed his shotgun, and positioned himself behind
9520-423: The driver-side door. Both officers were mortally wounded in the ensuing exchange, and one suspect was hit. Suspects Jack Twinning and Bobby Davis escaped, later abandoned their vehicle and then split up. For nine hours, officers blanketed the area searching for the killers. Twinning broke into a house and briefly held a man hostage. Officers used tear gas before storming the house, but Twinning committed suicide with
9656-813: The enforcement of the State Vehicle Act and eventually merged with the smaller California State Police in 1995. It is currently organized as part of the California State Transportation Agency (CalSTA). In addition to its highway patrol duties, the CHP also provides other services including protecting state buildings and facilities (most notably the California State Capitol ) and guarding state officials. The CHP also works with municipal and federal law enforcement agencies, providing assistance in investigations, patrol and other aspects of law enforcement. The California Highway Patrol
9792-404: The facility, showed concern for King's life and said he would die unless his addictions were treated. King also appeared on Sober House , a Celebrity Rehab spin-off focusing on a sober living environment . During his time on Celebrity Rehab and Sober House , King worked on his addiction and what he said was lingering trauma of the beating. King and Pinsky physically retraced King's path from
9928-476: The footage, which showed King on the ground being beaten after initially evading arrest, to local news station KTLA . The incident was covered by news media around the world and caused a public uproar. At a press conference, Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates announced that the four officers involved would be disciplined for use of excessive force and that three would face criminal charges. The LAPD initially charged King with "felony evading", but later dropped
10064-402: The four of using excessive force. The jury could not agree on a verdict for the fourth officer charged with using excessive force. The verdicts were based in part on the first three seconds of a blurry, 13-second segment of the videotape that, according to journalist Lou Cannon , had not been aired by television news stations in their broadcasts. The first two seconds of videotape, contrary to
10200-494: The free flow of traffic. They are often the first responders at the scene of an accident (or obstruction), and in turn summon paramedics , firefighters , tow truck drivers or Caltrans personnel. The CHP files traffic collision reports for state highways and within unincorporated areas. The CHP responds to and investigates all accidents involving school buses throughout the state including incorporated cities. CHP also has Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams (MAIT) for
10336-448: The ground during a fight. King had previously been arrested twice on suspicion of abusing her. He was sentenced to 90 days in jail after being convicted of hit and run. On August 27, 2003, King was arrested again for speeding and running a red light while under the influence of alcohol. He failed to yield to police officers and slammed his vehicle into a house, breaking his pelvis. On November 29, 2007, while riding home on his bicycle, King
10472-453: The ground, and more than 200 officers and other staff, including a SWAT team, deployed in New Orleans . The CHP also has officers assigned to drug task forces and other criminal investigative task forces throughout the state, and maintains highly trained Warrant Service Teams (WST) throughout each of its Divisions. These teams serve high-risk felony arrest and search warrants generated as
10608-621: The group that was the most likely to use excessive force. However, this "bad apple paradigm" is considered by some to be an "easy way out". A broad report commissioned by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) on the causes of misconduct in policing calls it "a simplistic explanation that permits the organization and senior management to blame corruption on individuals and individual faults – behavioural, psychological, background factors, and so on, rather than addressing systemic factors." The report continues to discuss
10744-505: The investigation of traffic collisions. The CHP also publishes data on traffic accidents in California from a database called SWITRS (Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System). After the September 11, 2001 attacks , the CHP became responsible for securing and patrolling a number of potential terrorist targets in California. These sites include nuclear power plants, government buildings, and key infrastructure sites. The CHP also maintains
10880-573: The law enforcement community and the militarization of local police forces. However, many studies have concluded that these efforts are in vain, as the drug market has grown in such nations despite anti-drug policies. For example, in the United States, critics of the War on Drugs waged by the government have been very vocal about the ineffectiveness of the policy, citing an increase in drug-related crimes and overdoses since President Nixon first introduced this policy. A type of government failure that can result in
11016-494: The law. Police officers are legally permitted to use force. Jerome Herbert Skolnick writes in regards to dealing largely with disorderly elements of the society, "some people working in law enforcement may gradually develop an attitude or sense of authority over society, particularly under traditional reaction-based policing models; in some cases, the police believe that they are above the law." There are many reasons why police officers can sometimes be excessively aggressive. It
11152-524: The legal system they serve is failing and that they must pick up the slack. This is known as "vigilantism", where the officer-involved may think the suspect deserves more punishment than what they may have to serve under the court system. During high-speed pursuits of suspects, officers can become angry and filled with adrenaline, which can affect their judgment when they finally apprehend the suspect. The resulting loss of judgment and heightened emotional state can result in inappropriate use of force. The effect
11288-569: The line of duty; 1970 and 1978 were the second deadliest years, in which seven officers died in the line of duty. The "Mexico Liaison Unit" is a Border Division Unit based in San Diego . Since the CHP has no jurisdiction directly in Mexico , officers from the Unit work closely with Mexican authorities to recover stolen vehicles and assist with other law enforcement issues. The purpose of the "Mexico Liaison Unit"
11424-484: The local sheriff's department having a contract with an incorporated city are primarily responsible for investigating and enforcing traffic laws in incorporated cities, but any peace officer of the CHP can still enforce any state law anywhere within the state, even though the agency's primary mission is related to transportation. Furthermore, CHP officers act as bailiffs for the California Supreme Court and
11560-512: The magistrates. Boys are bruised by their ferocity, women insulted by their ruffianism; and that which brutality has done, perjury denies, and magisterial stupidity suffers to go unpunished. [...] And police brutality is becoming one of our most "venerated institutions!" The first use of the term in the American press was in 1872 when the Chicago Tribune reported the beating of a civilian who
11696-494: The manufacturer's warranty. CHP's motorcycle program enhances public safety. Motorcycle officers are able to effectively enforce traffic laws in areas in which enforcement by four-wheel vehicles is impractical. Motorcycles can access scenes of accidents and natural disasters more quickly and work commute traffic in way that is unique to the motorcycle. Additionally, motorcycles play a special role in dignitary protection. The CHP has approximately 415 enforcement motorcycles working
11832-525: The momentum of global Black Lives Matter protests following the murder of George Floyd by police officers in Minneapolis, widespread anti-police brutality protests were held across the country to call for justice and accountability. Members of the public criticized the police for their reckless tactics and the systemic targeting of Black youth. Despite public outrage, progress has been slow-moving, with many similar cases remaining unsolved. In nations with
11968-528: The nation to implement body cameras in their departments so that further investigation will be possible. Police brutality is measured based on the accounts of people who have experienced or seen it , as well as the juries who are present for trials involving police brutality cases, as there is no objective method to quantify the use of excessive force for any particular situation. In addition to this, police brutality may also be filmed by police body cameras , worn by police officers. Whereas body cams could be
12104-551: The nation. On November 22, 2014, the CHP communications centers were formally accredited by CALEA under the Public Safety Communications Agencies Accreditation Program. Having received this honor, the CHP became the first accredited state highway patrol in the nation to receive communications accreditation. Having received accreditation status for its communications centers, the CHP became one of only two agencies in California to receive
12240-533: The night of his beating, eventually reaching the spot where it happened, the site of the Children's Museum of Los Angeles , which is now Discovery Cube Los Angeles. In 2009, King and other Celebrity Rehab alumni appeared as panel speakers to a new group of addicts at the Pasadena Recovery Center, marking 11 months of sobriety for him. His appearance was aired in the third-season episode "Triggers." King won
12376-488: The night watching basketball and drinking at a friend's house in Los Angeles. At 12:30 a.m., officers Tim and Melanie Singer, husband and wife members of the California Highway Patrol , noticed King's car speeding on the freeway. They pursued King with lights and sirens, and the pursuit reached 117 mph (188 km/h), while King refused to pull over. King would later say he fled the police hoping to avoid
12512-450: The normalization of police brutality is a lack of accountability and repercussions for officers mistreating civilians. While it is currently commonplace for civilians to hold officers accountable by recording them, the actual responsibility of police oversight rests heavily on the criminal justice system of a given nation, as police represent the enforcement of the law. One method of increasing police accountability that has become more common
12648-490: The officer's arsenal, with more in‑depth training in their use. The 25th anniversary of the Newhall Incident was observed on April 6, 1995, at the present Newhall Area office, where a brick memorial pays tribute to Officers George Alleyn (6290), Walt Frago (6520), Roger Gore (6547) and James Pence (6885). The memorial once stood at the former Newhall office, but was rebuilt at the new site, about one mile (1.6 km) from
12784-459: The officers because of becoming desensitized to the violence of the beating, as the defense played the videotape repeatedly in slow motion, breaking it down until its emotional impact was lost. Outside the Simi Valley courthouse where the acquittals were delivered, county sheriff's deputies protected Stacey Koon from angry protesters on the way to his car. Movie director John Singleton , who was in
12920-442: The officers were already in the act of beating King. The footage as a whole became an instant media sensation. Portions were aired numerous times, and it "turned what would otherwise have been a violent, but soon forgotten, encounter between the Los Angeles police and an uncooperative suspect into one of the most widely watched and discussed incidents of its kind". Several " copwatch " organizations subsequently were started throughout
13056-408: The officers' version of events. He concluded that Officer Powell never intentionally struck King in the head, and "Powell's baton blow that broke King's leg was not illegal because King was still resisting and rolling around on the ground, and breaking bones in resistant suspects is permissible under police policy." Mitigation cited by the judge in determining the length of the prison sentence included
13192-524: The official report, LAPD Sergeant Koon ordered the four other LAPD officers at the scene—Briseno, Powell, Solano and Wind—to subdue and handcuff King using a technique called a "swarm", where multiple officers grab a suspect with empty hands, to overcome potential resistance quickly. The four officers claim King resisted attempts to restrain him when he stood up to remove Officers Powell and Briseno from his back. Both King and witnesses dispute that claim. The officers would also testify later that they believed King
13328-406: The police department know that he had a videotape of the incident. Still, he could not find anyone interested in seeing the video. He went to KTLA , a local television station, with his recording. KTLA's Warren Wilson was the first reporter to take on the story, interviewing King inside his jail ward. Holliday, whose video camera was in another part of his residence, was unable to retrieve it until
13464-473: The police helicopter overhead. King grabbed his buttocks, which Officer Melanie Singer took to mean King was reaching for a weapon, though he was later found to be unarmed. She drew her pistol and pointed it at King, ordering him to lie on the ground. Singer approached, gun drawn, preparing to arrest him. At this point, Koon, the ranking officer at the scene, told Singer that the LAPD was taking command and ordered all officers to holster their weapons. According to
13600-512: The police than Caucasians, men, and middle-aged to elderly individuals. Various community groups have criticized police brutality. These groups often stress the need for oversight by independent civilian review boards and other methods of ensuring accountability for police action. Umbrella organizations and justice committees usually support those affected. Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization focused on human rights with over three million members and supporters around
13736-761: The pool and performed CPR on him. Still unresponsive, King was then transferred to an advanced life support ambulance where paramedics attempted to revive him. King was transported to Arrowhead Regional Medical Center in Colton , California, and was pronounced dead on arrival at 6:11 a.m. at the age of 47. The Rialto Police Department began a standard drowning investigation and said there did not appear to be any foul play. On August 23, 2012, King's autopsy results were released, stating that he died of accidental drowning. The combination of alcohol, cocaine, and PCP found in his system were contributing factors, as were cardiomegaly and focal myocardial fibrosis . The conclusion of
13872-454: The realization by every citizen that often the only thing that stands between them and losing everything they hold dear ... is the man wearing a badge." A follow-up investigation eventually led to a complete revision of procedures during high-risk and felony stops. Firearms procedures have also changed fundamentally due to this incident, and physical methods of arrest have been improved. The police baton and pepper spray have been added to
14008-423: The report stated: "The effects of the drugs and alcohol, combined with the subject's heart condition, probably precipitated a cardiac arrhythmia , and the subject, incapacitated in the water, was unable to save himself." Police brutality Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group. It is an extreme form of police misconduct and
14144-484: The restrictions were ever-changing. The police would not provide sufficient information about the restrictions, making it difficult to determine what is prohibited or not. From banning languages that are not German or English to be used, to criminalizing the songs and materials shared at their workshops. These restrictions can be seen to have extended to the bigger Berlin society previously. Since early October 2023, Palestinian keffiyeh scarves in schools have been banned by
14280-504: The safety of the public. Additionally, the CHP has dozens of narcotic patrol and explosive detection K-9 teams stationed throughout the state. The California Highway Patrol's additional responsibilities includes a governor protection detail. Somewhat controversially, the cities of Oakland and Stockton have contracted with the California Highway Patrol to assist their police departments with local patrol duties, including traffic stops and responding to 911 calls. Average officer pay
14416-649: The same subject matter involving the same defendant." Subsequent to his trial by the federal grand jury, the assault charge against Officer Laurence Powell was dismissed in state court. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley created the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, also known as the Christopher Commission , in April 1991. Led by attorney Warren Christopher , it was created to conduct "a full and fair examination of
14552-424: The samples taken after a five hour delay, were then below the legal limit of 0.08%. The tests also showed traces of marijuana (26 ng/ml). Pacifica Hospital nurses reported that the officers who accompanied King (including Wind) openly joked and bragged about the number of times they had hit King. Officers obtained King's identification from his clothes pockets at that time. King later sued the city for damages, and
14688-593: The scene of the slayings. On July 12, 1995, the California State Police , which was a separate agency, was merged into the CHP, thus greatly expanding the agency's mandate. In addition to safety on the state highway system, it is now responsible for the safety of all elected state officials and all people who work in or are utilizing a state building in California, such as the State Capitol Building in Sacramento . It has also been discussed to merge
14824-521: The security guard shot on the ground – it's just not right. It's just not right, because those people will never go home to their families again. And uh, I mean, please, we can, we can get along here. We all can get along. We just gotta. We gotta. I mean, we're all stuck here for a while. Let's, you know, let's try to work it out. Let's try to beat it, you know. Let's try to work it out. The widely quoted line has been often paraphrased as, "Can we all just get along?" or " Can't we all just get along?" After
14960-452: The sense of community and morale in the camp. Police violence and brutality were very prominent at the camp, with the police forcefully evicting the occupants from the Bundestag area for various reasons. The police gave the camp many different restrictions and rules to abide by. The police came up with more new restrictions as the camp went on. This made it confusing for everyone at the camp as
15096-526: The shotgun he stole from Frago. Davis was captured, stood trial and convicted on four counts of murder. He was sentenced to death, but in 1972, the California Supreme Court declared the death penalty to be cruel and unusual punishment and in 1973, the court commuted his sentence to life in prison. Of the incident, Ronald Reagan, who was governor of California at the time, said the following: "If anything worthwhile comes of this tragedy, it should be
15232-570: The six California Courts of Appeal , and also provide security at buildings occupied by the State of California. CHP officers enforce the California Vehicle Code , pursue fugitives spotted on the highways, and attend to all significant obstructions and accidents within their jurisdiction. They patrol in various vehicles including the 2014~2023 Ford Police Interceptor Utility , 2015 Dodge Charger and in 2015 Chevrolet Tahoes. The main vehicles that
15368-453: The structure and operation of the LAPD", including its recruitment and training practices, internal disciplinary system, and citizen complaint system. Though few people at first considered race an essential factor in the case, including Rodney King's attorney, Steven Lerman, the Holliday videotape was at the time stirring deep resentment among black people in Los Angeles and other major cities in
15504-439: The suffering the officers had undergone because of the extensive publicity their case had received, high legal bills that were still unpaid, the impending loss of their careers as police officers, their higher risks of abuse while in prison, and their undergoing two trials. The judge acknowledged that the two trials did not legally constitute double jeopardy, but raised "the specter of unfairness". These mitigations were critical to
15640-553: The swarm. King is placed in handcuffs and cord cuffs, restraining his arms and legs. King is dragged on his abdomen to the side of the road to await the arrival of emergency medical rescue. Plumbing salesman and amateur videographer George Holliday's videotape of the beating was shot on his camcorder from his apartment near the intersection of Foothill Boulevard and Osborne Street in Lake View Terrace . Two days later (March 5), Holliday called LAPD headquarters at Parker Center to let
15776-459: The systemic factors, which include: The use of force by police officers is not kept in check in many jurisdictions by the issuance of a use of force continuum , which describes levels of force considered appropriate in direct response to a suspect's behavior. This power is granted by the government, with few if any limits set out in statutory law as well as common law . Violence used by police can be excessive despite being lawful, especially in
15912-633: The trial's verdict and related, longstanding social issues, overlaid with tensions between the African American and Korean American communities. The rioting lasted six days and killed 63 people, with 2,383 more injured; it ended only after the California Army National Guard , the Army , and the Marine Corps provided reinforcements to re-establish control. King advocated for a peaceful end to
16048-411: The uniform of the LAPD." President George H. W. Bush said, "Viewed from outside the trial, it was hard to understand how the verdict could possibly square with the video. Those civil rights leaders with whom I met were stunned. And so was I, and so was Barbara , and so were my kids." Within hours of the acquittals, the 1992 Los Angeles riots began, lasting six days. African-Americans were outraged by
16184-721: The unlawful assault" on King. Based on these indictments, a trial of the four officers in the United States District Court for the Central District of California began on February 25, 1993. The federal trial focused more on the incident. On March 9 of the 1993 trial, King took the witness stand and described to the jury the events as he remembered them. The jury found Officer Laurence Powell and Sergeant Stacey Koon guilty, and they were subsequently sentenced to 30 months in prison. Timothy Wind and Theodore Briseno were acquitted of all charges, but both were soon dismissed by
16320-463: The validity of the sentences imposed because federal sentencing guidelines called for much longer prison terms in the range of 70 to 87 months. The low sentences were controversial and were appealed by the prosecution. In a 1994 ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit rejected all the grounds cited by Judge Davies and extended the terms. The defense appealed the case to
16456-444: The vast majority of the blows were delivered, was within the law because the officers were attempting to subdue a suspect who was resisting efforts to take him into custody. Davies found that King's provocative behavior began with his "remarkable consumption of alcoholic beverage" and continued through a high-speed chase, refusal to submit to police orders and an aggressive charge toward Powell. Davies made several findings in support of
16592-402: The vehicle and to lie face down on the ground. Allen claims that he was manhandled, kicked, stomped, taunted and threatened. Helms was hit on the head while lying on the ground; he was treated for a laceration on the top of his head. His bloody baseball cap was turned over to police. King remained in the car. When he emerged, King was reported to have giggled, to have patted the ground and waved to
16728-786: The verdicts and began rioting in the streets along with the Latino communities. By the time law enforcement, the California Army National Guard , the United States Army , and the United States Marine Corps restored order, the riots had resulted in 63 deaths, 2,383 injuries, more than 7,000 fires, damage to 3,100 businesses, and nearly $ 1 billion in financial losses. Smaller riots occurred in other U.S. cities such as San Francisco, Las Vegas , Seattle, and as far east as Atlanta and New York City. A civil disturbance occurred on Yonge Street in Toronto, Canada when Canadians gathered to protest
16864-402: The videotape, King continues to try to stand again. Koon orders the officers to "hit his joints, hit the wrists, hit his elbows, hit his knees, hit his ankles". Officers Wind, Briseno, and Powell attempted numerous baton strikes on King, resulting in some misses but with 33 blows hitting King, plus seven kicks. The officers again "swarm" King, but this time a total of eight officers are involved in
17000-569: The world. The stated objective of the organization is "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated". Tools used by these groups include video recordings, which are sometimes broadcast using websites such as YouTube . Civilians have begun independent projects to monitor police activity to try to reduce violence and misconduct. These are often called "Cop Watch" programs. California Highway Patrol The California Highway Patrol ( CHP )
17136-499: Was $ 118,000 in 2014. By law, salaries are set by an average of the five largest police departments in the state. In 2012, the top paid CHP officer received $ 483,581, 44 other officers earning over $ 200,000, and over 5,000 officers receiving over $ 100,000. In 2011, CHP officers earned $ 82.4 million in overtime, triple the amount in the second largest state, and with one officer earning over $ 93,000 in overtime alone. Officers are strictly prohibited from working more than 16.5 hours at
17272-471: Was a serious problem. Police brutality is relative to a situation: it depends on if the suspect is resisting. Out of the people who were surveyed about their account of police brutality in 2008, only about 12 percent felt as if they had been resisting. Although the police force itself cannot be quantified, the opinion of brutality among various races, genders, and ages can. African Americans, women, and younger people are more likely to have negative opinions about
17408-435: Was arrested for injuring his wife, Crystal King. Crystal ultimately declined to file a complaint. On August 21, 1993, King crashed his car into a block wall in downtown Los Angeles. He was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol, fined, and entered a rehabilitation program, after which he was placed on probation. In July 1995, King was arrested by Alhambra police after hitting Crystal with his car and knocking her to
17544-425: Was black. Mr. White was a Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles County with eight years of experience. The District Attorney's office denied that race was taken into account when selecting the prosecutor, and multiple trial attorneys from Los Angeles agreed that race likely played no role. On April 29, 1992, the seventh day of jury deliberations, the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of
17680-527: Was said to be the largest case of arrests on campus since 1968 . The police were forcibly removing protesters with a lot of force. Officers were seen to be carrying batons and zip ties for tying the arrestees' hands together. Pro-Palestinian encampment was set up at the University of Southern California (USC). The encampment has been in the Alumni Park, on USC's campus for almost 2 weeks. The university call
17816-461: Was selected as the primary enforcement motorcycle for the California Highway Patrol in 2013. These replacement enforcement motorcycles will replenish the department's aging motorcycle fleet. In a cost-saving move, the CHP previously deferred the purchase of replacement motorcycles and has not purchased enforcement motorcycles since January 14, 2011. As a result, approximately 20 percent of the current fleet has logged 100,000 plus miles – well exceeding
17952-532: Was shot in the face, arms, and back with pellets from a shotgun. He reported that the attackers were a man and a woman who demanded his bicycle and shot King when he rode away. Police described the wounds as looking as if they came from birdshot . In May 2008, King checked into the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena, California , where he filmed as a cast member of Season 2 of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew , which premiered in October 2008. Dr. Drew Pinsky , who runs
18088-501: Was started on April 17 2024, on Columbia University's South Lawn. The encampment demanded that the University divest from companies with ties to Israel , and to be transparent with its direct and indirect investments. There were various tents set up, with many banners and posters stating the encampment's demands. The university quickly called the police in to clear the encampment. The New York Police Department arresting 108 individuals. This
18224-407: Was struck in the chest with a rubber bullet at one point. Brazil is consistently ranked as one of the most violent countries in the world due to record-breaking homicide numbers each year. The issue is exacerbated by widespread and systemic police brutality, particularly against Black people from the poorest neighborhoods. While there was a noticeable decline in police killings from 2020 to 2022 as
18360-522: Was under arrest at the Harrison Street Police Station. In the United States, it is common for marginalized groups to perceive the police as oppressors , rather than protectors or enforcers of the law, due to the statistically disproportionate number of minority incarcerations. Hubert G. Locke wrote: When used in print or as the battle cry in a black power rally, police brutality can by implication cover several practices, from calling
18496-427: Was under the influence of phencyclidine (PCP), although King's toxicology tested negative for the drug. At this point, Holliday's video recording shows King on the ground after being tasered by Koon. He rises and rushes toward Powell—as argued in court, either to attack Powell or to flee—and King and Powell collided in a rush. Taser wire can be seen on King's body. Officer Powell strikes King with his baton , and King
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